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1.
南黄海北部晚更新世以来常量元素记录的化学风化作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以南黄海北部高沉积速率柱状样DLC70-3孔作为研究对象,对沉积物的黏土矿物和常量元素地球化学组成进行了综合分析。结果显示,DLC70-3孔沉积物中黏土矿物组合以伊利石为主,其次为蒙皂石,绿泥石和高岭石含量较低;绝大部分样品中伊利石与蒙皂石含量的比值<6,表明沉积物主要来源于黄河物质的输送。研究认为DLC70-3孔沉积物的化学风化指标CIA值受到海平面变化和源区气候变化共同控制,其中源区的气候变化为主要控制因素,而海平面变化造成的机械沉积分异作用主要影响27.80~38.00 m（MIS 4）层位沉积物的CIA值。CIA值显示在MIS 5和MIS 3期大陆化学风化作用较强,与内陆黄土高原地区夏季风和化学风化指标的变化趋势一致,尤其是在MIS 3早期（40~60 ka）记录的化学风化作用非常强,反映了黄河流域地区出现强夏季风降雨过程。 相似文献
2.
《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2018,47(2):522-543
Southwestern Barents Sea sediments contain important information on Lateglacial and Holocene environmental development of the area, i.e. sediment provenance characteristics related to ice‐flow patterns and ice drifting from different regional sectors. In this study, we present investigations of clay, heavy minerals, and ice‐rafted debris from three sediment cores obtained from the SW Barents Sea. The sediments studied are subglacial/glaciomarine to marine in origin. The core sequences were divided into three lithostratigraphical units. The lowest, Unit 3, consists of laminated glaciomarine sediments related to regional deglaciation. The overlying Unit 2 is a diamicton, dominated by mud and oversized clasts. Unit 2 reflects a more ice‐proximal glaciomarine sedimentary environment or even a subglacial depositional environment; its deposition may indicate a glacial re‐advance or stillstand during an overall retreat. The uppermost Unit 1 consists of Holocene marine sediments and current‐reworked sedimentary material with a relatively high carbonate content. A significant proportion of the sedimentary material could be derived from Svalbard and transported by sea ice or icebergs to the Barents Sea during the late deglacial phase. The Fennoscandian sources and local Mesozoic strata from the bottom of the Barents Sea are the likely provenances of sediments deposited during the deglacial and ice re‐advance phases. Bottom currents and sea‐ice transport were the main mechanisms influencing sedimentation during the Holocene. Our results indicate that the provenance areas can be reliably related to certain ice‐flow sectors and transport mechanisms in the deglaciated Barents Sea. 相似文献
3.
The mineralogy, geochemistry, and radiocarbon ages of two sediment cores (GMX1 and GMX2) collected from the deep sea area of the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico (∼876–1752 m water depth) were studied to infer the sedimentation rate, provenance, heavy metal contamination, and depositional environment. The sediments are dominated by silt and clay fractions. The mineralogy determined by X-Ray diffractometry for the sediment cores reveals that montmorillonite and muscovite are the dominant clay minerals. The sections between 100 and 210 cm of the sediment cores GMX1 and GMX2, respectively, are characterized by the G. menardii group and G. Inflata planktonic foraminiferal species, which represent the Holocene and Pleistocene, respectively. The radiocarbon-age measurements of mixed planktonic foraminifera varied from ∼268 to 45,738 cal. years B.P and ∼104 to 25,705 cal. years B.P, for the sediment cores GMX1 and GMX2, respectively. The variation in age between the two sediment cores is due to a change in sediment accumulation rate, which was lowest at the location GMX1 (0.006 cm/yr) and highest at the location GMX2 (0.017 cm/yr).The chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), and index of chemical maturity (ICV) values indicated a moderate intensity of weathering in the source area. The total rare earth element concentrations (∑REE) in the cores GMX1 and GMX2 vary from ∼94 to 171 and ∼78 to 151, respectively. The North American Shale Composite (NASC) normalized REE patterns showed flat low REE (LREE), heavy REE (HREE) depletion with low negative to positive Eu anomalies, which suggested that the sediments were likely derived from intermediate source rocks.The enrichment factor of heavy metals indicated that the Cd and Zn concentrations in the sediment cores were impacted by an anthropogenic source. The redox-proxy trace element ratios such as V/Cr, Ni/Co, Cu/Zn, (Cu + Mo)/Zn, and Ce/Ce* indicated that the sediments were deposited under an oxic depositional environment. The similarity in major element concentrations, REE content, and the NASC normalised REE patterns between the cores GMX1 and GMX2 revealed that the provenance of sediments remained relatively uniform or constant during deposition for ∼4.5 Ma. The major and trace element based multidimensional discrimination diagrams showed a rift setting for the core sediments, which is consistent with the geology of the Gulf of Mexico. 相似文献
4.
The Proterozoic Soldiers Cap Group, a product of two major magmatic rift phases separated by clastic sediment deposition, hosts mineralised (e.g. Pegmont Broken Hill‐type deposit) and barren iron oxide‐rich units at three main stratigraphic levels. Evaluation of detailed geological and geochemical features was carried out for one lens of an apatite‐garnet‐rich, laterally extensive (1.9 km) example, the Weatherly Creek iron‐formation, and it was placed in the context of reconnaissance studies of other similar units in the area. Chemical similarities with iron‐formations associated with Broken Hill‐type Pb–Zn deposit iron‐formations are demonstrated here. Concordant contact relationships, mineralogy, geochemical patterns and pre‐deformational alteration all indicate that the Soldiers Cap Group iron‐formations are mainly hydrothermal chemical sediments. Chondrite normalised REE patterns display positive Eu and negative Ce anomalisms, are consistent with components of both high‐temperature, reduced, hydrothermal fluid (≥250°C) and cool oxidised seawater. Major element data suggest a largely mafic provenance for montmorillonitic clays and other detritus during chemical sedimentation, consistent with westward erosion of Cover Sequence 2 volcanic rocks, rather than local mafic sources. Ni enrichment is most consistent with hydrogenous uptake by Mn‐oxides or carbonates. Temperatures inferred from REE data indicate that although they are not strongly enriched, base metals such as Pb and Zn are likely to have been transported and deposited prior to or following iron‐formation deposition. Most chemical sedimentation pre‐dated emplacement of the major mafic igneous sill complexes present in the upper part of the basin. Heating of deep basinal brines in a regional‐scale aquifer by deep‐seated mafic magma chambers is inferred to have driven development of hydrothermal fluids. Three major episodes of extension exhausted this aquifer, but were succeeded by a final climactic extensional phase, which produced widespread voluminous mafic volcanism. The lateral extent of the iron‐formations requires a depositional setting such as a sea‐floor metalliferous sediment blanket or series of brine pools, with iron‐formation deposition likely confined to much smaller fault‐fed areas surrounded by Fe–Mn–P–anomalous sediments. These relationships indicate that in such settings, major sulfide deposits and their associated chemical sediment marker horizons need not overlie major igneous sequences. Rather, the timing of expulsion of hydrothermal fluid reflects the interplay between deep‐seated heating, extension and magmatism. 相似文献
5.
利用X射线衍射,对东海东北部海域80个表层沉积物样品进行黏土矿物的相对含量分析.结果表明:东海东北部海域表层沉积物黏土矿物中伊利石（65.1%）含量最高,其次为绿泥石（26.6%）、高岭石（8.9%）和蒙皂石（4.3%）;矿物组合中伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石-蒙皂石型占绝对优势,伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石型较少.由外陆架至冲绳海槽,伊利石含量分布呈低-高-低-高;绿泥石呈低-高-低;高岭石分布趋势明显异于伊利石和绿泥石,含量值分布出现由高到低的趋势;蒙皂石在个别区域缺失,高值区呈斑块状分布在水深小于100 m的外陆架.快速聚类分析显示,黏土矿物可分为“类长江”、“类黄河”和“类台湾”3种类型,呈4个区域相间展布.“类黄河”型黏土矿物主要由黄海沿岸流将黄河、废黄河等物质再悬浮搬运而来,分布于29.5°N以北、127°E以西的外陆架区,并未越过东海外陆架进入冲绳海槽.外陆架区“类长江”型黏土矿物主要为低海平面时期古长江物质,并混有少量现代长江源悬浮物质;冲绳海槽区“类长江”型黏土矿物主要来自低海平面时期古长江物质.“类台湾”型黏土矿物主要由黑潮控制,由台湾经冲绳海槽南部搬运而来,沿陆坡附近沉积. 相似文献
6.
Previous field studies have demonstrated that sedimentation is an important factor that can limit oyster reef growth and restoration success. High relief reefs are more productive and resilient than low relief reefs, in part, because increasing reef height reduces sedimentation and enhances oyster growth. In this study, we investigated the relationship between initial reef height and reef development using a simple model. The model contains three coupled differential equations that describe changes in oyster volume, shell volume, and sediment volume per unit area of reef with time. The model was used to investigate how parameters such as flow speed, sediment grain size, and food concentration affect reef survival and final reef height. Whether or not a reef survives depends primarily on the shape of the sediment concentration profile relative to the initial reef height. Over a long time period, three different steady-state reef heights are possible, depending on the environmental parameters and initial reef height: (1) If growth outpaces sedimentation, the reef achieves the maximum possible height, which is independent of sedimentation parameters; (2) if deposition outpaces growth and the shear stress does not exceed the critical shear stress, the reef is buried in sediment and dies; and (3) if deposition outpaces growth and the shear stress exceeds the critical shear stress, a reduced steady-state height is achieved that depends on both growth and sedimentation parameters. The model can be used to assess the ways in which measurable environmental parameters affect reef restoration success. 相似文献
7.
Summary Chemical analyses are used by many authors to describe processes of soil development or laterite formation. In this paper some methods of balance calculations are compared by using samples of a laterite profile on granite from India as testing material. It should be proved which of these calculations of transported matter between the different layers are fitting to the mineral analyses of the laterite profile.Only the results of the method proposed byMashall by using an index-mineral as a base for comparison is confirmed by the mineral analyses.The method ofStreng differs from the above described calculation by using a chemical element as an index. FollowingStreng it is supposed that this element remains unchanged during the weathering processes. But certain chemical elements can be constituents of several minerals of a parent rock. During laterite formation all or almost all minerals of the original rock will be altered and the elements will be transported by weathering solutions. Therefore chemical elements do not serve as an index for balance calculations within a laterite complex.UsingGrossers method one cannot decide wether the abundance of a certain element is caused by accumulation of this element or by lost of other constituents and vice-versa.The use of the method developed byMillot u.Bonifas is not advisable except the structure of the original rock is preserved unaltered during laterite formation. This is not indicated in our case. 相似文献
8.
物源分析是盆地研究的一项重要内容,在有利储层预测和油气田勘探中具有重要作用。不同物源区形成的母岩及沉积环境存在差异性,致使各物源区沉积物组分在微观特征上存在差异。选取民丰洼陷沙三中亚段沉积物特征元素比值和重矿物含量作为研究的样本,采用聚类分析方法对物源体系进行研究。首先,在对特征元素指标进行优选的基础上,通过对沉积物特征元素比值进行Q型聚类分析,精确刻画了不同物源体系的范围;其次,对沉积物重矿物含量进行R型聚类分析,恢复了不同物源区的母岩类型。研究表明：洼陷主体区主要受来自青坨子地区的永安镇三角洲和南部的东营三角洲影响。分析结果与宏观的沉积学特征一致,证明该方法可以有效地判断沉积物的物源方向。 相似文献
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11.
潮间带盐沼植物对海岸沉积动力过程影响的研究进展 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
根据已有文献归纳出盐沼植物对水动力、悬沙运动、沉积、地貌影响研究已取得的进展，包括：①单位距离盐沼中波能的损失可为相邻光滩的数倍至数十倍；波浪传入互花米草盐沼20~30 m后，波能可全部损失；②盐沼植物可使潮流流速降低一个数量级；当植冠被淹没后，垂向流速剖面在植冠附近出现转折；③当植冠被淹没后，垂向上植冠层内的紊动强度趋于一致且明显低于植冠层以上；互花米草盐沼中的紊动强度可比相邻光滩低1~2个数量级；④盐沼植物通过2种机制影响悬沙的运动：其一是降低水体紊动，从而促进悬沙的沉降并遏制滩面沉积物再悬浮；其二是茎叶对悬沙的直接黏附。这两种机制可使盐沼中的悬沙浓度比相邻光滩低一半以上；⑤植物对细颗粒悬沙的促淤作用导致盐沼中的底床滩面沉积物细化；⑥盐沼中的垂向沉积速率可比光滩高7~8倍；盐沼中波痕和侵蚀坑等微地貌不易发育，滩面平整化；与光滩上频繁发生的冲淤交替相比，盐沼中通常只淤不冲，滩面稳定性较高；⑦植物对上述沉积动力过程的影响程度与植物的高度、密度、盖度等生态参数密切相关，因此，不同的植物种类对沉积动力过程的影响往往存在显著差异。在此基础上，展望了今后该领域研究进一步加强的几个方面。
[HT5H]关〓键〓词：[HT5K]
[HT5H]中图分类号:〓〓〓文献标识码：A[HT5SS][HK] 相似文献
12.
Mayla A. Ramos-Vázquez John S. Armstrong-Altrin Leticia Rosales-Hoz María L. Machain-Castillo Arturo Carranza-Edwards 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(6):148
Coastal margins, especially the river-influenced coastal areas, are considered as active interfaces between the continental and oceanic environments, which have huge dispersal of detrital materials and heavy metal input. It is well determined that the fine-grained sediments are important reservoir for the accumulation of heavy metals. In this study, we analyzed the radiocarbon age, texture, organic matter, carbonate content, and geochemical compositions of two sediment cores (GM42 and GM44) retrieved in front of the Coatzacoalcos River mouth basin, southwestern Gulf of Mexico (～864 and 845 m water depth, respectively). Our objective was to infer the sedimentation rate, intensity of weathering, provenance, and influence of anthropogenic activities on heavy metal contamination in sediments. The radiocarbon-age measurements of mixed planktonic foraminifera for core GM44 reveals an age of 21,289 ± 136 cal. years B.P., which fall within the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21000 ± 2000 years B.P). The calculated sedimentation rate for core GM42 (~0.013 cm/year) is lower than in core GM44 (0.022 cm/year), which is probably due to the variations in detrital sediment input and/or seafloor topography. The weathering indices such as chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), and plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) suggested that the source area experienced low to moderate intensity of chemical weathering under warm to humid climatic conditions. The SiO2/Al2O3, Al2O3/Na2O, and K2O/Al2O3 ratio values indicated moderate to high compositional maturity. The major and trace element concentrations suggested that the sediments were likely derived from intermediate source rocks. The heavy metal contents indicated that the sediments were not contaminated by the industrial waste disposals supplied by the Coatzacoalcos River. The redox proxy sensitive elements such as V, Cr, Cu, and Zn indicated an oxic depositional environment for the deep-sea sediment cores. The application of discrimination diagrams for the geochemistry data revealed a passive margin setting for the sediment cores. The compositional variations observed at the upper sections (<30 cm) between the two sediment cores revealed that the type of detrital sediments supplied by the Coatzacoalcos River to the deep sea area is not uniform, which is also revealed by the variation in sedimentation rate. 相似文献
13.
Dr. Kay Wohlfeil 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1983,72(1):137-165
The components from nine sediment cores in the region of the Iceland-Faeroe-Ridge have been analysed. In this region, characterized by very complicated hydrographical and glacial conditions, only the Arctic slope of the ridge shows comparatively clear conditions which make it possible to correlate different parts of the cores. The sedimentation on the Atlantic slope, on the contrary, seems to be less clearly differentiated due to reworking processes. The components of the sand- and pebble-fraction can be divided into an autochthonous group of basalt- and shale-pebbles, derived from the ridge itself, and an allochthonous group, transported over large distances, with quartz, crystalline rocks, sandstone, flint, and chalk as main components. Whereas the autochthonous group shows parts of the cores which can be correlated with each other based on different sedimentation rates, the distribution of allochthonous group varies so strongly that it is impossible to recognize any regularity in sedimentation. Only the flint and the chalk occur in well-defined levels and thus make possible to correlate the cores. The Iceland-Faeroe-Ridge was supplied with allochthonous components from a broad source area which was, however, homogeneous with respect to both its horizontal distribution and the time-span representend in the sediment cores. Maxima of sedimentation were subsequently blurred by reworking processes on both slopes of the ridge. During the periods of glaciation the hydrographic conditions in the North Atlantic area were completely different from those of to-day. 相似文献
14.
一种计算沉积速率的新方法--宇宙尘埃特征元素法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
地球每时每刻都在接受宇宙尘埃的沉降,且其年沉降量相对稳定,加之宇宙尘埃中的Ir、Co等特征元素的平均含量较恒定,因此沉积物中宇宙尘埃特征元素Ir、Co的丰度值能够体现出沉积物的沉积速率。当沉积速率较慢时,沉积物中宇宙尘埃特征元素的丰度值较大,反之,则较小。本文在前人工作的基础上,对利用宇宙尘埃特征元素计算沉积速率的方法和原理进行了探讨,并运用该方法对山东临朐N/E界线地层的沉积速率进行了实例研究。与传统方法相比,依据宇宙尘埃特征元素在地层中的分布特征计算沉积速率具有更好的实用性和准确性。 相似文献
15.
本文根据开挖砂金的浅井剖面,分析讨论了这一地区晚更新世地层的一般特征,重矿特征用古沉积环境,并对砂金的富集和分布做了初步的分析。 相似文献
16.
Chemical and physical weathering in a hot‐arid,tectonically active alluvial system of Anza Borrego Desert,California 
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下载免费PDF全文 Investigation of chemical and physical weathering of bedrock and alluvial sediment in the Anza Borrego Desert, California, sheds light on weathering processes in hot‐arid systems and clarifies interpretations of climate from alluvial sediment. All of the alluvial sediment in the study area emanates from Cretaceous tonalite of the Peninsular Range, enabling exploration of the effects of external variables – climate, transport distance and tectonics – on the physical and chemical properties of the sediment. Chemical weathering in this area is dominated by plagioclase alteration observed in both bedrock outcrops and sediment, evinced most clearly by changes in the Eu anomaly. Biotite chemical weathering, manifested by interlayer K+ loss, is not evident in bedrock, but clearly observed in the sediment. Despite the weak intensity of chemical weathering (Chemical Index of Alteration = 56 to 62), fine‐grained (<63 μm) sediment displays a clear weathering trend in A–CN–K space and contains up to 25% clay minerals. Physical abrasion and grain‐size reduction in biotite during transport predominates in the sediment, whereas physical (insolation) weathering affecting bedrock is inferred from estimates of differential thermal expansion of mineral phases in response to extreme temperature changes in the study area. Chemical alteration and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area both increase within the active Elsinore fault zone at the distal end of the depositional transect, reflecting tectonic‐induced fracturing and associated accelerated weathering. Extensive fracturing, together with a more humid Pleistocene climate, probably facilitated in situ bedrock weathering, preceding arid alluvial deposition in the Holocene. This study demonstrates that both climate and tectonic processes can affect chemical and physical weathering, resulting in alteration of plagioclase, leaching of K+ from biotite in the sediment and formation of clay minerals, even in hot, arid systems. 相似文献
17.
珠江口表层沉积物的重矿物分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文研究了珠江口表层沉积物中约200个样品的矿物,着重分析重矿物的组合、含量变化,形态特征等,把珠江口重矿物的平面分布划为五个重矿物区。指出珠江口为现代陆源物质充填的河口湾,沉积环境控制了重矿物的特征、分布及分区,重矿物沉积过程的规律性,可供寻找地质时期和现代的浅海(古滨海)砂矿借鉴。 相似文献
18.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2015,56(10):1437-1450
We studied recent sedimentation in small saline and brackish lakes located in the Ol’khon region (western Baikal area) with arid and semiarid climate. The lakes belong to the Tazheran system; it is a series of compactly located closed shallow lakes, with a limited catchment area and different mineralization, under the same landscape, climatic, geologic, and geochemical conditions. Two complementary approaches are applied in the research: (1) a detailed study of individual lake and (2) a comparison of the entire series of lakes, which can be considered a natural model for studying the relationship between endogenic mineral formation and the geochemistry of lake waters. The lake waters and bottom sediments were studied by a set of modern methods of geochemistry, mineralogy, and crystal chemistry. The mineral component of the bottom sediments was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The lakes are characterized by predominant carbonate sedimentation; authigenic pyrite, smectite, chlorite, and illite are detected in assemblage with carbonate minerals in the bottom sediments. Carbonate phases have been identified, and their proportions have been determined in the samples by decomposition of the complex XRD profiles of carbonate minerals into peaks using the Pearson VII function. Mathematical modeling of the XRD profiles of carbonates has revealed that predominantly Mg-calcites with variable Mg content and excess-Ca dolomite accumulate in lake bottom sediments influenced by biogenic processes. Aragonite, monohydrocalcite, and rhodochrosite form in some lakes along with carbonates of the calcite-dolomite series. We show a dependence of the composition of the assemblages of the newly formed endogenic carbonate minerals and their crystallochemical characteristics on the chemical composition of lake waters. 相似文献
19.
Iron silicate minerals are a significant component of sedimentary systems but their modes of formation remain controversial. Our analysis of published data identifies end‐member compositions and mixtures and allows us to recognize controls of formation of different mineral species. The compositional fields of glaucony, Fe‐illite, Fe–Al smectites are determined in the M+/4Si vs. Fe/Sum of octahedral cations (M+ = interlayer charge). Solid solutions could exist between these phases. The Fe–Al and Fe‐rich clay minerals form two distinct solid solutions. The earliest phases to be formed are Fe–Al smectites or berthierine depending on the sedimentation rate. Reductive microsystems appear in the vicinity of organic debris in unconsolidated sediments. The Fe is incorporated first in pyrite and then in silicates after oxidation. Potassium ions diffuse from the sea‐water–sediment interface. If not interrupted, the diffusion process is active until reaction completion is reached, i.e. formation of Fe‐illite or glauconite or a mineral assemblage (berthierine–nontronite) according to the available Al ion amounts in the microsystem. Mixed‐layer minerals are formed when the diffusion process is interrupted because of sedimentation, compaction or cementation. Despite the common belief of their value as palaeoenvironment indicators, these minerals can form in a variety of environments and over a period of millions of years during sediment burial. 相似文献