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1.
We investigated initiation and propagation of compaction bands (CB) in six wet and four dry Bentheim sandstone samples deformed in axial compression tests with strain rates ranging from 3.2 × 10?8 s?1 to 3.2 × 10?4 s?1. Circumferential notches with 0.8-mm width and 5-mm depth served to initiate CB at mid-sample length. Wet samples were saturated with distilled water and deformed at 195 MPa confining pressure and 10 MPa pore pressure. Dry samples were deformed at 185 MPa confining pressure. Twelve P-wave sensors, eight S-wave sensors and two pairs of orthogonally oriented strain-gages were glued to the sample surface to monitor acoustic emission (AE), velocities and local strain during the loading process. Nucleation of compaction bands is indicated by AE clusters close to the notch tips. With progressive loading, AE activity increased and AE hypocenters indicated propagation of a single CB normal to the sample axis. CB propagation from the sample periphery towards the centre was monitored. Microstructural analysis of deformed samples shows excellent agreement between location of AE clusters and CBs. In both dry and wet samples the lateral propagation of CBs was about 100 times faster than axial shortening rates. At the slowest displacement rate, AE activity during band propagation was reduced and CB nucleation in wet samples occurred at 20% lower stresses. This may indicate an increasing contribution of stress corrosion processes to the formation of the compaction bands. In dry and wet samples inelastic compaction energy per area ranged between 16 and 80 kJ m?2. This is in good agreement with previous estimates from laboratory and field studies.  相似文献   

2.
We present a comprehensive characterisation of the physical, mineralogical, geomechanical, geophysical, and hydrodynamic properties of Corvio sandstone. This information, together with a detailed assessment of anisotropy, is needed to establish Corvio sandstone as a useful laboratory rock‐testing standard for well‐constrained studies of thermo–hydro–mechanical–chemical coupled phenomena associated with CO2 storage practices and for geological reservoir studies in general. More than 200 core plugs of Corvio sandstone (38.1 and 50 mm diameters, 2:1 length‐to‐diameter ratio) were used in this characterisation study, with a rock porosity of 21.7 ± 1.2%, dry density 2036 ± 32 kg m?3, and unconfined compressive and tensile strengths of 41 ± 3.28 and 2.3 ± 0.14 MPa, respectively. Geomechanical tests show that the rock behaves elastically between ～10 and ～18 MPa under unconfined conditions with associated Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of 11.8 ± 2.8 GPa and 0.34 ± 0.01 GPa, respectively. Permeability abruptly decreases with confining pressure up to ～10 MPa and then stabilises at ～1 mD. Ultrasonic P‐ and S‐wave velocities vary from about 2.8–3.8 km s?1 and 1.5–2.4 km s?1, respectively, over confining and differential pressures between 0.1 and 35 MPa, allowing derivation of associated dynamic elastic moduli. Anisotropy was investigated using oriented core plugs for electrical resistivity, elastic wave velocity and attenuation, permeability, and tracer injection tests. Corvio sandstone shows weak transverse isotropy (symmetry axis normal to bedding) of <10% for velocity and <20% for attenuation.  相似文献   

3.
Several researches published comprehensive reports on dynamic soil properties of cohesive soils, in which many of them outlined, i.e., key factors affecting the dynamic shear modulus. For cohesive soils, the modulus at small strains (g < 10t-3 %) is, first of all, a function of void ratio and effective confining stress. For clays, however, secondary time effects and clay mineralogy (fabric and structure) also appear to be important. The influence of confinement of laboratory-prepared as well as naturally deposited clays consists in an increase of shear modulus logarithmically as a function of time. In this paper, the effect of duration of the various confining pressures on dynamic shear modulus (G) of selected cohesive soils from Warsaw area was evaluated. Shear modulus was determined on the basis of resonant column tests, at low and high shearing strain amplitudes. It is shown that the calculated shear modulus is time-dependent; during approximately first 1000 minutes of consolidation, the moduli increased by almost 50%. Moreover, it is characterized by two phases: an initial one results from primary consolidation and a second one, which occurs after the end of primary consolidation, herein about 16-17 hours, and is called “long-term time effect”. This effect was found also for modulus at higher shearing strains (γ > 103%, e.g., 3 × 103%, 5 × 103%, 8 × 103%, 2 × 103%).  相似文献   

4.
The experimental studies done at high temperature and high pressure find that increased temperature can lead to dramatic velocity and strength reductions of most of rocks at high confining pressure[1,2]. What causes this phenomenon? Is it due to dehydrati…  相似文献   

5.
—Uniaxial compression, triaxial compression and Brazialian tests were conducted on several kinds of rock, with particular attention directed to the principal tensile strain. In this paper we aim to clarify the effects of the experimental environment—such as confining pressure, loading rate, water content and anisotropy—on the critical tensile strain, i.e., the measured principal tensile strain at peak load.¶It was determined that the chain-type extensometer is a most suitable method for measuring the critical tensile strain in uniaxial compression tests. It is also shown that the paper-based strain gage, whose effective length is less than or equal to a tenth of the specimen’s diameter and glued on with a rubber-type adhesive, can be effectively used in the Brazilian tests.¶The effect of confining pressure P C on the critical tensile strain ? TC in the brittle failure region was between ?0.02 × 10?10 Pa?1 and 0.77 × 10?10 Pa?1. This pressure sensitivity is small compared to the critical tensile strain values of around ?0.5 × 10?2. The strain rate sensitivities ?? TC /?{log(d|?|/dt)} were observed in the same way as the strength constants in other failure criteria. They were found to be from ?0.10 × 10?3 to ?0.52 × 10?3 per order of magnitude in strain rate in the triaxial tests. The average magnitude of the critical tensile strain ? TC increased due to the presence of water by 4% to 20% for some rocks, and decreased by 22% for sandstone. It can at least be said that the critical tensile strain is less sensitive to water content than the uniaxial compressive strength under the experimental conditions reported here. An obvious anisotropy was observed in the P-wave velocity and in the uniaxial compressive strength of Pombetsu sandstone. It was not observed, however, in the critical tensile strain, although the data do show some variation.¶A "tensile strain criterion" was proposed, based on the above experimental results. This criterion signifies that stress begins to drop when the principal tensile strain reaches the critical tensile strain. The criterion is limited to use within the brittle failure region. The critical tensile strain contains an inelastic strain component as well as an elastic one. It is affected by the strain rate, however, it is relatively insensitive to the confining pressure, the presence of water and anisotropy.  相似文献   

6.
Pressure-induced temperature (PIT) variations are systematically observed in the atmosphere of underground cavities. Such PIT variations are due to the compressibility of the air, damped by heat exchange with the rock surface. It is important to characterize such processes for numerous applications, such as the preservation of painted caves or the assessment of the long-term stability of underground laboratories and underground waste repositories. In this paper we thoroughly study the spatiotemporal dependence of the PIT response versus frequency using vertical and horizontal profiles of temperature installed in an abandoned underground quarry located in Vincennes, near Paris. The PIT response varies from about 20 × 10?3°C hPa?1 at a frequency of 2 × 10?4 Hz to 2–3 × 10?3°C hPa?1 at a frequency of one cycle per day. An analytical expression based on a simple heat exchange model accounts for the observed features of the PIT response and allows for correcting the measured time series, having standard deviations of about 10?2°C, to residual variations with a standard deviation of about 2 × 10?3°C. However, a frequency-dependent attenuation of the response, corresponding to a reduction in amplitude with a factor varying from 2 to 3, is observed near the walls. This effect is not included in the simple analytical expression, but it can be accounted for by a one-dimensional differential equation, solved numerically, where temperature variations in the atmosphere are damped by an effective radiative coupling with the rock surface, complemented by a diffusive coupling near the walls. The TIP response is observed to remain stable over several years, but a large transient enhancement of about a factor of two is observed near the roof at one location from July to October 2005. In a cavity located below the Paris Observatory, an additional contribution is identified in the PIT response function versus frequency for frequencies smaller than 2 × 10?5 Hz. This contribution can be described using a modified analytical expression that includes the effect of heat diffusion into the surrounding rock. Using this expression, in this case also, the temperature time series can then be corrected, giving a residual standard deviation smaller than 1.6 × 10?3°C. Transient temporal variations of the PIT response are observed in all sites, with possible nonlinear components in the PIT. Such effects are not properly understood at this stage, and limit the reduction of time series to standard deviations of the order of 2 × 10?3°C, and consequently limit the search for new transient or seasonal temperature signals, for example due to the presence of tiny heat sources in the cavity or to geodynamical effects.  相似文献   

7.
We describe a new laboratory technique for measuring the compressional wave velocity and attenuation of jacketed samples of unconsolidated marine sediments within the acoustic (sonic) frequency range 1–10 kHz and at elevated differential (confining – pore) pressures up to 2.413 MPa (350 psi). The method is particularly well suited to attenuation studies because the large sample length (up to 0.6 m long, diameter 0.069 m) is equivalent to about one wavelength, thus giving representative bulk values for heterogeneous samples. Placing a sediment sample in a water‐filled, thick‐walled, stainless steel Pulse Tube causes the spectrum of a broadband acoustic pulse to be modified into a decaying series of maxima and minima, from which the Stoneley and compressional wave, velocity and attenuation of the sample can be determined. Experiments show that PVC and copper jackets have a negligible effect on the measured values of sediment velocity and attenuation, which are accurate to better than ± 1.5% for velocity and up to ± 5% for attenuation. Pulse Tube velocity and attenuation values for sand and silty‐clay samples agree well with published data for similar sediments, adjusted for pressure, temperature, salinity and frequency using standard equations. Attenuation in sand decreases with pressure to small values below Q?1 = 0.01 (Q greater than 100) for differential pressures over 1.5 MPa, equivalent to sub‐seafloor depths of about 150 m. By contrast, attenuation in silty clay shows little pressure dependence and intermediate Q?1 values between 0.0206–0.0235 (Q = 49–43). The attenuation results fill a notable gap in the grain size range of published data sets. Overall, we show that the Pulse Tube method gives reliable acoustic velocity and attenuation results for typical marine sediments.  相似文献   

8.
Inorganic arsenic is a carcinogen and consumption in low dose may lead to cancer. We estimated the cancer risk of the participants from arsenic endemic regions of West Bengal, India. The probable cancer risk was estimated following the assessment of daily inorganic arsenic intake through drinking water and diets of 20 participants for three consecutive years who had been using low arsenic water in the Indian context (median arsenic concentration in the study Years-I, II and III were 22, 16, 13 µg/l respectively). Probable cancer risk of the population was 2.80 × 10?4, 2.94 × 10?4, 3.12 × 10?4 in the three respective study years (Year-I, II and III); just higher than the US EPA risk level of concern. The arsenic species content of the paired raw, cooked rice and urine was estimated in the as is taken basis. The major diet component, rice contained 72–86% inorganic arsenic whereas urine contains 70% organic arsenic on an average. The cancer risk assessment has been proposed to be modified by inclusion of urine arsenic release, considering the fact of arsenic release through urine. The risk became 1.28 × 10?5, 1.13 × 10?5, 1.01 × 10?5 in the study Year-I, II and III respectively, considering urinary arsenic release, attributed the consideration of urine arsenic release into probable cancer risk estimation.  相似文献   

9.
— The influence of differential stress on the permeability of a Lower Permian sandstone was investigated. Rock cylinders of 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm length of a fine-grained (mean grain size 0.2 mm), low-porosity (6–9%) sandstone were used to study the relation between differential stress, rock deformation, rock failure and hydraulic properties, with a focus on the changes of hydraulic properties in the pre-failure and failure region of triaxial rock deformation. The experiments were conducted at confining pressures up to 20 MPa, and axial force was controlled by lateral strain with a rate ranging from 10?6 to 10?7 sec?1. While deforming the samples, permeability was determined by steady-state technique with a pressure gradient of 1 MPa over the specimen length and a fluid pressure level between 40 and 90% of the confining pressure. The results show that permeability of low-porosity sandstones under increasing triaxial stress firstly decreases due to compaction and starts to increase after the onset of dilatancy. This kind of permeability evolution is similar to that of crystalline rocks. A significant dependence of permeability evolution on strain rate was found. Comparison of permeability to volumetric strain demonstrates that the permeability increase after the onset of dilatancy is not sufficient to regain the initial permeability up to failure of the specimen. The initial permeability, which was determined in advance of the experiments, usually was regained in the post-failure region. After the onset of dilatancy, the permeability increase displays a linear dependence on volumetric strain.  相似文献   

10.
The effect of the amplitude of ultrasonic waves propagating through a sample is not often taken into account in laboratory experiments. However, ultrasonic waves can produce relatively large strain inside the sample, and thus change the properties of the sample. To investigate the effect of strain amplitude on the P-wave velocity, a series of ultrasonic wave propagation experiments were carried out on three different media. All measurements were performed at 1 MHz central frequency and at the strain levels inside propagating waves of  ∼3.0 × 10−6 to 6.0 × 10−5 without applying confining pressure to the sample. Strains in the waves were measured by a laser Doppler interferometer upon wave arrival on a free surface of the sample. The ultrasonic velocities were measured by a pair of P-wave transducers located at the same measuring point as the laser beam of the LDI. The effect of strain on P-wave velocity varied for different material. The P-wave velocity was calculated using both a first arrival and a first maximum peak at different applied voltage. The P-wave velocity remained unchanged for a pure elastic medium (aluminium); however, the velocity increased continuously with the increasing of the strain for polymethylmethacrylate and Gosford sandstone. For Gosford sandstone, velocity increases up to 0.8% with strain increase from 7.0 × 10−6 to 2.0 × 10−5. This effect of velocity increase with the strain induced by an ultrasonic wave can be explained by the in-elasticity of both the polymethylmethacrylate and Gosford sandstone samples.  相似文献   

11.
Variability of the Earth’s structure makes a first-order impact on attenuation measurements which often does not receive adequate attention. Geometrical spreading (GS) can be used as a simple measure of the effects of such structure. The traditional simplified GS compensation is insufficiently accurate for attenuation measurements, and the residual GS appears as biases in both Q 0 and η parameters in the frequency-dependent attenuation law Q(f) = Q 0 f η . A new interpretation approach bypassing Q(f) and using the attenuation coefficient χ(f) = γ + πf/Q e(f) resolves this problem by directly measuring the residual GS, denoted γ, and effective attenuation, Q e. The approach is illustrated by re-interpreting several published datasets, including nuclear-explosion and local-earthquake codas, Pn, and synthetic 50–300-s surface waves. Some of these examples were key to establishing the Q(f) concept. In all examples considered, χ(f) shows a linear dependence on the frequency, γ ≠ 0, and Q e can be considered frequency-independent. Short-period crustal body waves are characterized by positive γ SP values of (0.6–2.0) × 10?2 s?1 interpreted as related to the downward upper-crustal reflectivity. Long-period surface waves show negative γ LP ≈ ?1.9 × 10?5 s?1, which could be caused by insufficient modeling accuracy at long periods. The above γ values also provide a simple explanation for the absorption band observed within the Earth. The band is interpreted as apparent and formed by levels of Q e ≈ 1,100 within the crust decreasing to Q e ≈ 120 within the uppermost mantle, with frequencies of its flanks corresponding to γ LP and γ SP. Therefore, the observed absorption band could be purely geometrical in nature, and relaxation or scattering models may not be necessary for explaining the observed apparent Q(f). Linearity of the attenuation coefficient suggests that at all periods, the attenuation of both Rayleigh and Love waves should be principally accumulated at the sub-crustal depths (~38–100 km).  相似文献   

12.
A Bayesian network-based risk assessment (BN-RA) model was developed to assess the risk of hazmat transportation by identifying, modeling, and quantitatively calculating the risk on the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (MRSNWTP) in China. First, we selected seven parameters from five categories of impact factors (i.e., human, vehicle, tank, weather, and road environment) as quintessential risk factors for accidents. Second, we used the developed BN-RA model to predict the probability of accidents. Third, using bidirectional inference in the BN approach, we analyzed and ranked the importance of the effects of these factors. The developed model was subsequently applied to assess the risks of major bridges crossing canals with different pavement grades and traffic flow levels both at present and in the future for the Beijing-Shijiazhuang Section of the MRSNWTP. The results indicated the following: (1) Although the overall potential risk of hazmat transportation accidents on all bridges in the Beijing-Shijiazhuang Section was fairly low (e.g., 0.08 %), the impacts cannot be ignored because of the potential for huge losses. (2) According to the analysis of many factors that may affect accidents, the driving patterns of drivers exerted the strongest influence on the probability of an accident, followed by vehicle conditions and lighting conditions. (3) If a vehicle were to fail, the highest probability (0.17 %) of an accident would arise if it were traveling on a road with no street lighting and poor road conditions at night. (4) Assuming that a vehicle was in good condition, the highest probability (0.12 %) of an accident arised when the vehicle suddenly encountered poor road conditions with no lights on a foggy night. (5) The predicted probabilities of accidents on Bridge TCWRR (short for the Tang County West Ring Road Bridge) in the short (i.e., the year 2017), medium (i.e., the year 2022) and long terms (i.e., the year 2027) were 3.25 × 10?4, 5.37 × 10?4, and 8.89 × 10?4, respectively. For Bridge DNR (short for the Dian Bridge on the North Road), these values were 8.64 × 10?6, 1.02 × 10?5, and 1.21 × 10?5, respectively. Based on the risk assessment results, to lower the accident probability and avoid the serious consequences resulting from hazmat transportation accidents, we developed an appropriate emergency response program to reduce potential hazards. This research resolved the problems of randomness and uncertainty associated with hazmat transportation in the MRSNWTP and can provide a reference for the effective prevention of hazmat transportation accidents and scientific decision-making in risk management.  相似文献   

13.
The accuracy of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), wavelet-ANN and wavelet-ANFIS in predicting monthly water salinity levels of northwest Iran’s Aji-Chay River was assessed. The models were calibrated, validated and tested using different subsets of monthly records (October 1983 to September 2011) of individual solute (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, SO4 2? and Cl?) concentrations (input parameters, meq L?1), and electrical conductivity-based salinity levels (output parameter, µS cm?1), collected by the East Azarbaijan regional water authority. Based on the statistical criteria of coefficient of determination (R2), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSC) and threshold statistics (TS) the ANFIS model was found to outperform the ANN model. To develop coupled wavelet-AI models, the original observed data series was decomposed into sub-time series using Daubechies, Symlet or Haar mother wavelets of different lengths (order), each implemented at three levels. To predict salinity input parameter series were used as input variables in different wavelet order/level-AI model combinations. Hybrid wavelet-ANFIS (R2 = 0.9967, NRMSE = 2.9 × 10?5 and NSC = 0.9951) and wavelet-ANN (R2 = 0.996, NRMSE = 3.77 × 10?5 and NSC = 0.9946) models implementing the db4 mother wavelet decomposition outperformed the ANFIS (R2 = 0.9954, NRMSE = 3.77 × 10?5 and NSC = 0.9914) and ANN (R2 = 0.9936, NRMSE = 3.99 × 10?5 and NSC = 0.9903) models.  相似文献   

14.
刘斌 《地球物理学报》1998,41(4):537-546
选择具有不同孔隙度的三种岩石样品,在最高达600MPa （干燥样品）或300MPa （水饱和样品）的不同围压条件下,同时测量了在其中传播的纵、横波的速度及衰减。对于低孔隙度的花岗岩,干燥和水饱和样品的 Q 值几乎没有差别,但与干燥样品相比,水饱和样品中的纵波速度较高而横波速度稍低。对于中等孔隙度的杂砂岩,干燥样品和水饱和样品的波速和 Q 值及其随围压的变化有明显的不同。在高孔隙度的砂岩中这种不同更加显著。综合分析同时测得的纵、横波速度和 Q 值可以发现,当围压增加时,低孔隙度的花岗岩中同体应变相关的能量损失与同剪切应变相关的能量损失之比减小,但在中等孔隙度的杂砂岩和高孔隙度的砂岩中这一比值增大;同时,水饱和样品中的这一比值要比干燥样品中的大,而且它们之间的差别同样品的孔隙度正相关。  相似文献   

15.
We investigate the scaling relationships among earthquake source parameters using more than 300 good quality broad band seismograms from 30 small earthquakes in the Kumaon Himalaya from the spectral analysis of P and S waves. The average ratio of P/S wave corner frequency is found to be 1.13, which is suggestive of shift in the corner frequency. The estimated seismic moment range from 1.6?×?1013–5.8?×?1015 N?m, while the stress drop varies from 0.6 to 16 bars with 80 % of the events below 10 bars. An analysis of stress drop and apparent stress drop indicates the partial stress drop mechanism in the region. The source radii are between 0.17 and 0.88 km. The total seismic energy varies from 1.79?×?108 to 7.30?×?1011 J. We also observe the variation in seismic energy for a given seismic moment. The scaling relation between the seismic moment and stress drop suggests the breakdown of constant stress drop scaling for the range of seismic moments obtained here for the region. This shows the anomalous behavior of small earthquakes in the region. The study indicates that the stress drop is the dominant scaling factor for the moments studied here.  相似文献   

16.
Cracks play a very important role in many geotechnical issues and in a number of processes in the Earth’s crust. Elastic waves can be used as a remote sensing tool for determining crack density. The effect of varying crack density in crystalline rock on the P- and S-wave velocity and dynamic elastic properties under confining pressure has been quantified. The evolution of P- and S-wave velocity were monitored as a suite of dry Westerly granite samples were taken to 60, 70, 80 and 90 % of the unconfined uniaxial strength of the sample. The damaged samples were then subjected to hydrostatic confining pressure from 2 MPa to 200 MPa to quantify the effect of varying crack density on the P- and S-wave velocity and elastic properties under confining pressure. The opening and propagation of microcracks predominantly parallel to the loading direction during uniaxial loading caused a 0.5 and 6.3 % decrease in the P- and S-wave velocity, respectively. During hydrostatic loading, microcracks are closed at 130 MPa confining pressure. At lower pressures the amount of crack damage in the samples has a small but measureable effect. We observed a systematic 6 and 4 % reduction in P- and S-wave velocity, respectively, due to an increase in the fracture density at 2 MPa confining pressure. The overall reduction in the P- and S-wave velocity decreased to 2 and 1 %, respectively, at 50 MPa. The elastic wave velocities of samples that have a greater amount of microcrack damage are more sensitive to pressure. Effective medium modelling was used to invert elastic wave velocities and infer crack density evolution. Comparing the crack density results with experimental data on Westerly granite samples shows that the effective medium modelling used gave interpretable and reasonable results. Changes in crack density can be interpreted as closure or opening of cracks and crack growth.  相似文献   

17.
We investigated systematically the micromechanics of compaction in two carbonates of porosity above 30%, Majella grainstone and Saint Maximin limestone. The composition, grain size and pore surface area of these rocks were determined. Hydrostatic compression experiments were performed under dry and wet conditions beyond the onset of grain crushing. A significant water weakening effect was observed in both rocks. A set of conventional triaxial experiments was also performed on both rocks under dry conditions at confining pressures ranging from 3 to 31 MPa. Microstructural observations were carried out on the deformed samples. The mechanical behavior of these high porosity carbonates is dominated by shear-enhanced compaction associated in most cases with strain hardening. Stress-induced cracking and grain crushing are the dominant micromechanisms of deformation in both rocks. In Majella grainstone, compactive shear bands appeared at low confinement, in qualitative agreement with the deformation bands observed in the field. At higher confining pressures, compaction localization was inhibited and homogeneous cataclastic flow developed. In Saint Maximin limestone, compaction localization was observed at all confining pressures. An increasing number of compactive shear bands at various orientations appeared with increasing strain. These new data suggest that compaction localization is important in the mechanical compaction of high porosity carbonates.  相似文献   

18.
Fifty earthquakes that occurred in Hungary (central part of the Pannonian basin) with local magnitude $M_\textrm{L}$ ranging from 0.8 to 4.5 have been analyzed. The digital seismograms used in this study were recorded by six permanent broadband stations and 20 short-period ones at hypocentral distances between 10 and 327 km. The displacement spectra for P- and SH-waves were analyzed according to Brune’s source model. Observed spectra were corrected for path-dependent attenuation effects using an independent regional estimate of the quality factor Q S . To correct spectra for near-surface attenuation, the κ parameter was calculated, obtaining it from waveforms recorded at short epicentral distances. The values of the κ parameter vary between 0.01 and 0.06 s with a mean of 0.03 s for P-waves and between 0.01 and 0.09 s with a mean of 0.04 s for SH-waves. After correction for attenuation effects, spectral parameters (corner frequency and low-frequency spectral level) were estimated by a grid search algorithm. The obtained seismic moments range from 4.21×1011 to 3.41×1015 Nm (1.7?≤?M w ?≤?4.3). The source radii are between 125 and 1,343 m. Stress drop values vary between 0.14 and 32.4 bars with a logarithmic mean of 2.59 bars (1 bar = 105 Pa). From the results, a linear relationship between local and moment magnitudes has been established. The obtained scaling relations show slight evidence of self-similarity violation. However, due to the high scatter of our data, the existence of self-similarity cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

19.
Spectra of internal friction between 2 and 8 Hz were studied in a single crystal of enstatite, in a polycrystal of synthetic forsterite and in several samples of natural peridotite. Measurements of Q?1 and μ were performed in vacuum (10?6 torr), from room temperature up to 1100°C. For these experimental conditions no peak was observed in the polycrystalline undeformed forsterite, but the background attenuation irregularly increased from 5 · 10?3 to 10?2.A peak Q?1 = 7 · 10?2 appears in a deformed peridotite at 930°C. It is reduced of 60% after 5 h of annealing at 1100°C. But the background attenuation persists. In the single crystal of enstatite, a peak is observed at 760°C (Q?1 = 6 · 10?2). A mechanism involving dislocations is suggested as a possible explanation for the peak obtained with the peridotite samples. If this hypothesis is right, the observed effect would be diffusion controlled so that one can expect pressure to translate it towards higher temperature. This mechanism could therefore appear in the upper mantle. Background attenuation could be the result of intergranular thermal losses.  相似文献   

20.
The evolution of the deep salinity-maximum associated with the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) is assessed using a set of 37 hydrographic sections collected over a 20-year period in the Southern Ocean as part of the WOCE/CLIVAR programme. A circumpolar decrease in the value of the salinity-maximum is observed eastwards from the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean through the Indian and Pacific sectors to Drake Passage. Isopycnal mixing processes are limited by circumpolar fronts, and in the Atlantic sector, this acts to limit the direct poleward propagation of the salinity signal. Limited entrainment occurs into the Weddell Gyre, with LCDW entering primarily through the eddy-dominated eastern limb. A vertical mixing coefficient, κV of (2.86 ± 1.06) × 10?4 m2 s?1 and an isopycnal mixing coefficient, κI of (8.97 ± 1.67) × 102 m2 s?1 are calculated for the eastern Indian and Pacific sectors of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). A κV of (2.39 ± 2.83) × 10?5 m2 s?1, an order of magnitude smaller, and a κI of (2.47 ± 0.63) × 102 m2 s?1, three times smaller, are calculated for the southern and eastern Weddell Gyre reflecting a more turbulent regime in the ACC and a less turbulent regime in the Weddell Gyre. In agreement with other studies, we conclude that the ACC acts as a barrier to direct meridional transport and mixing in the Atlantic sector evidenced by the eastward propagation of the deep salinity-maximum signal, insulating the Weddell Gyre from short-term changes in NADW characteristics.  相似文献   

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