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1.
硫酸盐还原菌是厌氧环境中参与砷形态转化的重要微生物种群,其介导的生物地球化学循环过程对铁氧化物表面吸附态砷迁移转化的影响亟待深入研究.选取江汉平原典型高砷含水层原位沉积物分离纯化出一株严格厌氧硫酸盐还原菌Desulfovibrio JH-S1,对其进行砷和铁还原能力鉴定,并通过模拟培养实验探究硫酸盐还原菌参与下的铁矿物相转化对吸附态砷迁移的影响.Desulfovibrio JH-S1具有Fe(III)还原能力,无硫和有硫体系中Fe(III)均能被还原,但在硫酸盐充足条件下铁还原量显著增加;该菌株不具备As(V)还原能力,但添加硫酸盐的培养体系中As(V)去除率可达96%以上.Desulfovibrio JH-S1能够还原硫酸盐从而促进载砷的水铁矿还原转化为纤铁矿,并导致吸附的砷释放.江汉平原高砷含水层土著硫酸盐还原菌兼具硫酸盐/铁还原功能,参与了高砷含水层系统中砷-铁-硫耦合循环,对高砷地下水的形成具有重要作用. 相似文献
2.
毒砂是常见的含砷硫化物矿物,其化学式为FeAsS,它的氧化还原过程密切与砷的释放和滞留有关。本次研究采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)和嗜酸铁还原菌(A.CryptumJF-5)分别代表生物氧化过程和还原过程,将其与毒砂连续作用30 d,从地球化学和次生矿物学角度讨论氧化还原过程对毒砂中砷释放的影响。结果表明,Thiobacillus ferrooxidans与毒砂作用30 d其砷的释放浓度要比非生物条件高3倍,生物氧化作用后的毒砂红外光谱、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜同时显示出现结晶度更好的黄钾铁矾(KFe_3(SO_4)~2OH)_6。这些氧化蚀变后的毒砂再与A.CryptumJF-5作用30 d,高活性的JF-5(pH=2)要高于低活性的JF-5(pH=3)80 mg/L。这表明还原过程能够引起氧化过程中释放-再固定的砷从次生矿物中释放出来。这些还原次生矿物的红外光谱在793 cm~(-1)波数出现一个弱振动,XPS结果表明微生物还原过程引起砷的价态从As(V)变为As(III)。SEM电镜揭示还原过程引起次生矿物形貌出现明显的变化。 相似文献
3.
反硝化菌的耐砷驯化及其对水铁矿吸附态砷迁移转化的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采集缺氧活性污泥进行室内微生物驯化,培养耐砷反硝化菌。把耐砷反硝化菌、营养液和吸附As(V)的水铁矿在厌氧条件下培养,研究反硝化菌代谢作用下,系统中Fe、Mn、NO3-和As形态的动态变化。结果表明,缺氧活性污泥中的反硝化菌具有一定的耐砷能力。在砷含量500μg/L以内,其反硝化强度基本不受砷的影响。在吸附有砷的水铁矿体系中,反硝化菌所产生的反硝化作用可导致溶液中NO3-含量的降低、Fe含量的升高、As含量降低,且As(III)所占比例增加。这说明,体系中水铁矿的还原性溶解和As(V)的还原性解吸已经发生。As含量降低的原因是,在培养体系中水铁矿的含量高,Fe的释放量只占很小比例,表层水铁矿被还原后,在次表层形成新的水铁矿吸附位,这种新吸附位不仅可以吸附溶液中已经存在的As,而且能够再吸附由于还原性溶解和解吸所释放出的As。 相似文献
4.
砷的水地球化学及其环境效应 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
砷在水环境中的迁移和富集可以产生严重的砷污染，砷在自然水系中主要以无机砷酸盐（AsO4^3-）和亚砷酸盐（AsO3^3-）两种形式存在，而砷的有机化合物的含量一般都很低，砷酸盐在富氧化性的水体中占优势，而亚砷酸盐则富集于还原性水体中，水体中As3 和As5 的相对含量主要受氧化还原条件和一些吸附一解吸平衡过程控制，As3 类比As5 类的毒性强得多，而无机砷化合物比有机砷化合物的毒性大，在pH值为5－6时，As^5 不易被还原成气态AsH3，而s^3 却能定量地被还原出来，根据这一性质，可完成水体中As3 和As5 的测定，砷在饮用水中的安全阀值仅为10ug/L，水体中高砷的危害可以通过水质净化予在消除或降低，铁的化学沉淀和吸附法，石灰软化法，活性氧化铝净化法和逆流渗透法等都可以有效地去除或降低饮用水中砷的含量。 相似文献
5.
硫在铁和砷的生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要作用,但地下水系统中硫循环的中间产物S(0)对细菌转化铁和砷的影响尚不清楚.采用室内模拟实验,研究硫参与下细菌D2201对液相和载砷针铁矿中Fe(III)和As(V)的还原作用.结果表明:细菌D2201具有很强的铁还原能力,可以将液相中74%的Fe(III)还原;加入硫后,细菌还原S(0)产生的S(-II)使铁还原率提高到94%.但是,硫没有明显影响细菌对砷的还原.在实验初期,细菌明显加速了载砷针铁矿的还原,最终还原释放到液相中的Fe(II)浓度为32.12 μmol/L;硫的加入增强了细菌对载砷针铁矿的还原,还原溶解的Fe(II)增加至284.13 μmol/L,同时,砷的释放量也增加了1.6倍.这些结果表明硫显著促进了细菌对针铁矿的还原溶解并加速砷的释放.XRD和SEM-EDS结果显示,细菌还原针铁矿但不改变其矿相,而硫的加入也仅使矿物发生一定程度的团聚,并没有使其转变为其他矿物,也未导致砷的再吸附. 相似文献
6.
为查明土著微生物活动对高砷地下水形成的影响,利用河套平原高砷地下水中分离出的土著微生物(YH002)进行了微宇宙实验研究.实验结果表明: 高砷地下水中加入的葡萄糖提供了微生物生长所需要的碳源,微生物大量繁殖,分泌的有机酸使溶液的pH值降低.在缺氧条件下,溶液中的OD值最高达到了0.189,pH值最低为6.22;在有氧条件下,OD值最高达到了0.286,pH值最低为6.04.溶液中As(III)的初始质量浓度为74 μg/L,占总砷质量浓度的11.2%,在加入微生物和葡萄糖后,在缺氧和有氧条件下,As(III)的质量浓度分别为278 μg/L和310 μg/L,占总砷质量浓度的42%和47%.微宇宙实验说明地下水中的土著微生物能将As(V)还原成As(III). 相似文献
7.
河岸带作为一种典型的地下水-地表水相互作用带,不同水动力学条件下砷在该作用带中的行为较少有研究报道。基于此,采集河岸带河砂开展室内柱试验,分析不同水动力因素（包括流速和粒径）对砷在河砂中迁移的影响并建立相关模型。结果表明:(1) 0.5 mL/min流速下,河砂对As(V)的吸附速度和达到平衡所需的时间均比As(III)快,且粒径越小,该现象越明显;1.0 mL/min流速下,不同粒径的河砂对As(V)的吸附速度随粒径的增大而增大,对As(III)的吸附则没有明显差异;(2) 相同粒径的填充柱中,河砂对As(III)和As(V)的吸附能力均随流速的增加而降低;(3)不同流速和粒径条件下,As(III)和As(V)在砂柱中的迁移过程均更符合Thomas模型,拟合R2高于相同条件下Yoon-Nelson和Adams-Bohart模型。其中,低流速下,Thomas模型对0.15～0.25 mm粒径中As(III)和As(V)迁移过程拟合的R2（≥0.94）显著优于1.00～2.00 mm的较大粒径;高流速下,该模型对不同粒径中砷迁移过程的拟合R2差异不大。研究有助于加深对地下水-地表水相互作用下水动力因素对砷迁移转化规律影响的认识,并丰富和完善高砷地下水形成的机制理论。 相似文献
8.
微生物参与铁氧化物矿物的还原性溶解是高砷地下水形成的关键过程,其中具有砷还原功能的微生物如何参与含水层砷释放的生物地球化学过程亟待研究.利用从江汉平原典型高砷含水层中厌氧条件下分离出的四株细菌(Citrobacter sp.JH-1、Clostridium sp.JH-6、Exiguobacterium sp.JH-13、Paenibacillus sp.JH-33),通过室内厌氧模拟培养实验,查明其砷、铁还原能力,并通过分别与铁氧化物矿物及原位沉积物共同培养,探究原位含水层微生物参与的砷释放机理.结果表明:四株细菌均具有厌氧条件下砷、铁还原功能,Citrobacter sp.JH-1砷还原能力最强,96 h内还原的As(Ⅴ)浓度为2.22 μmol/L.其中Citrobacter sp.JH-1不仅可在厌氧和有氧条件下还原溶液中的As(Ⅴ),还可在厌氧条件下还原溶液中的Fe(Ⅲ)和无定型的水铁矿,在与含水层沉积物共培养12 d后,沉积物中铁与砷的释放量分别为510 mg/kg及1 150 μg/kg.江汉平原含水层中的原位微生物兼具砷/铁还原功能,在厌氧条件下可还原沉积物中的铁氧化物矿物并促进砷的释放,为深入揭示高砷地下水成因机理与地下水砷污染的防控提供重要科学依据. 相似文献
9.
地下水中铵根、砷、溶解铁的共存是一个普遍现象。它们之间发生强烈的相互作用,并影响地下水系统的氮循环和砷迁移转化。文章在系统总结地下水氮循环过程及影响因素、地下水氮循环功能微生物及特征、地下水砷富集的水文地球化学过程等国内外研究现状的基础上,深入分析了地下水系统中的氮循环过程（硝化、反硝化、铁铵氧化、厌氧铵氧化、硝酸根异化还原产铵等）对地下水砷迁移转化的影响,总结出含水层中铁氧化物和溶解态Fe(II)的动态转化是氮循环影响地下水中砷迁移转化的重要桥梁。据此提出不同氧化还原环境的含水层中氮循环过程、地下水氮循环与砷迁移转化耦合机理、Fe(III)-Fe(II)的循环-地下水氮循环-砷迁移转化之间的相互作用过程、地表水-地下水相互作用带氮-铁-砷的循环过程及其对人类活动的响应等是今后该领域需要关注的重要科学问题和主要发展趋势。这些科学问题的解决不仅有利于识别地下水中氮的来源和迁移转化,而且有利于提高对高砷地下水富集机理的整体认识。 相似文献
10.
岩溶地下河中砷迁移过程及其影响因素分析——以广西南丹县里湖地下河为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以广西南丹县里湖地下河作为研究区,对砷在地下河中的存在形态,迁移过程及其影响因素进行了分析。结果发现,里湖地下河中砷浓度较高且与人类活动密切相关;由于地下河中相对较低的氧化还原环境,使毒性更强的 As（Ⅲ）含量超过 As（V）,占总无机砷的53%,增加了该地区发生砷中毒的风险;总 As、As （III）和 As（V）在地下河中衰减了51%、36%、59%。相关性分析结果表明,沉积物中的 Fe、Ca、Mn、有机质及水体中的 Ca2＋与沉积物中的砷呈现显著正相关关系,有助于水体中砷的吸收;而水体中的 Cl-、SO 2-4、HCO -3与沉积物中的砷呈现负相关关系,不利于砷的吸附,其中 HCO -3的抑制作用最为明显。与非岩溶区水体相比,Ca 和 HCO -3成为影响砷迁移转化的主要因素,因此在岩溶地下河砷污染治理中应考虑岩溶区的水文地质特点,提高砷的污染治理效率。 相似文献
11.
Arsenic Geochemistry of the Great Dismal Swamp,Virginia, USA: Possible Organic Matter Controls 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Shama E. Haque Jianwu Tang William J. Bounds David J. Burdige Karen H. Johannesson 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2007,13(4):289-308
Surface water samples for arsenic (As) concentration and speciation analysis were collected from organic matter-rich blackwaters
of the Lake Drummond portion of the Great Dismal Swamp in southeastern Virginia, USA. Arsenic concentrations and speciation
were determined by selective hydride generation, gas chromatography with photoionization detection. Surface waters from the
Great Dismal Swamp are high in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (445–9,600 μmol/kg) and of low pH (4.2–6.4).
Total dissolved As concentrations [i.e., As(III) + As(V)], hereafter AsT, range from 2.2 nmol/kg to 21.4 nmol/kg. Arsenite, As(III), concentrations range from ∼1 nmol/kg to 17.7 nmol/kg, and As(V)
ranges from ∼1 nmol/kg to 14.1 nmol/kg. Arsenate, As(V), is the predominant form of dissolved As in the inflow waters to the
Great Dismal Swamp, whereas within the swamp proper arsenite, As(III), dominates. Arsenite accounts for 8–37% of AsT in inflow waters west of the Suffolk Scarp, and between 54% and 81% of AsT in Lake Drummond and Great Dismal Swamp waters east of the scarp. Arsenite is strongly correlated to DOC (r = 0.94) and inversely related to pH (r = −0.9), both at greater than the 99% confidence level. Arsenate is weakly related to pH and DOC (r = 0.4 and −0.37, respectively), and neither relationship is statistically significant. No statistical relationships exist
between As(V) or As(III) and PO4 concentrations. The predominance of As(III) and its strong correlation with DOC in Great Dismal Swamp waters suggest that
DOC may inhibit As(III) adsorption or form stable aqueous complexes with As(III) in these waters. Alternatively, phytoplankton
and/or bacterially mediated reduction of As(V) may be important processes in the organic-rich blackwaters and/or sediment
porewaters of the swamp, leading to the prevalence of As(III) in the water column. 相似文献
12.
13.
Andreas Kappler Katja Amstaetter Thomas Borch Philip Larese-Casanova Jie Jiang Iris Bauer Andrea Paul 《Applied Geochemistry》2011
The toxicity and mobility of the redox-active metalloid As strongly depends on its oxidation state, with As(III) (arsenite) being more toxic and mobile than As(V) (arsenate). It is, therefore, necessary to know the biogeochemical processes potentially influencing As redox state to understand and predict its environmental behavior. The first part of this presentation will discuss the quantification of As redox changes by pH-neutral mineral suspensions of goethite [α-FeIIIOOH] amended with Fe(II) using wet-chemical and synchrotron X-ray absorption (XANES) analysis (Amstaetter et al., 2010). First, it was found that goethite itself did not oxidize As(III). Second, in contrast to thermodynamic predictions, Fe(II)–goethite systems did not reduce As(V). However, surprisingly, rapid oxidation of As(III) to As(V) was observed in Fe(II)–goethite systems. Iron speciation and mineral analysis by Mössbauer spectroscopy showed rapid formation of 57Fe–goethite after 57Fe(II) addition and the formation of a so far unidentified additional Fe(II) phase. No other Fe(III) phase could be detected by Mössbauer spectroscopy, EXAFS, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction or high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. This suggests that reactive Fe(III) species form as an intermediate Fe(III) phase upon Fe(II) addition and electron transfer into bulk goethite but before crystallization of the newly formed Fe(III) as goethite.The second part of the presentation will show that semiquinone radicals produced during microbial or chemical reduction of a humic substance model quinone (AQDS, 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid) can react with As and change its redox state (Jiang et al., 2009). The results of these experiments showed that these semiquinone radicals are strong oxidants and oxidize arsenite to arsenate, thus decreasing As toxicity and mobility. The oxidation of As(III) depended strongly on pH. More arsenite (up to 67.3%) was oxidized at pH 11 compared to pH 7 (12.6% oxidation) and pH 3 (0.5% oxidation). In addition to As(III) oxidation by semiquinone radicals, hydroquinones that were also produced during quinone reduction, reduced As(V) to As(III) at neutral and acidic pH values (less than 12%) but not at alkaline pH. In an attempt to understand the observed redox reactions between As and reduced/oxidized quinones present in humic substances, the radical content in reduced AQDS solutions was quantified and Eh-pH diagrams were constructed. Both the radical quantification and the Eh-pH diagram allowed explaining the observed redox reactions between the reduced AQDS solutions and the As.In summary these studies indicate that in the simultaneous presence of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides, Fe(II), and humic substances as commonly observed in environments inhabited by Fe-reducing microorganisms, As(III) oxidation can occur. This potentially explains the presence of As(V) in reduced groundwater aquifers. 相似文献
14.
Arsenic speciation in Mono Lake, California: Response to seasonal stratification and anoxia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James T. Hollibaugh Steve Carini Robert Jellison Gary LeCleir Lydia Vasquez 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(8):1925-1937
Mono Lake is a closed-basin, alkaline, hypersaline lake located at the western edge of the Great Basin in eastern California. We studied the distribution of arsenic (As) species in the water column of Mono Lake between February and November, 2002. This period captured the seasonal progression from winter mixing, through summer thermal stratification, to autumn overturn. Arsenic speciation was determined by ion chromatography-inductively coupled-plasma-mass spectrometry of samples preserved in the field by flash-freezing in liquid nitrogen. We found that arsenic speciation was dominated (>90%) by arsenate when oxygen was detectable. Once levels fell below 6 μmol/L O2, arsenic speciation shifted to dominance by reduced species. Arsenate and arsenite co-occurred in a transition zone immediately below the base of the oxycline and low but significant concentrations of arsenate were occasionally detected in sulfidic hypolimnion samples. Thio-arsenic species were the dominant form of As found in sulfidic waters. Maxima of thio-arsenic species with stoichiometries consistent with mono-, di- and trithio-arsenic occurred in succession as sulfide concentration increased. A compound with a stoichiometry consistent with trithio-arsenic was the dominant As species (∼50% of total As) in high sulfide (2 mmol/L) bottom water. Lower concentrations of total As in bottom water relative to surface water suggest precipitation of As/S mineral phases in response to sulfide accumulation during prolonged anoxia. 相似文献
15.
地下水中砷形态标准物质研制 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
砷元素的不同形态对人体有不同的毒性,无机砷的毒性最大,有机砷毒性较小,准确测定水体中尤其是地下水中砷形态的含量对于人体健康和环境保护有重要意义。但目前国内外尚缺乏地下水中砷形态的标准物质。文章研制了5个地下水砷形态标准物质,候选物样品采自山西和内蒙古高砷地区,在样品的采集和制备过程中使用冷冻干燥法和加保护剂两种方法保证砷形态稳定,定值参数为砷全量、As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ),定值方法采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法。经检验,制备的砷形态标准物质具有良好的均匀性和稳定性。该系列标准物质研制中首次应用冷冻干燥技术,样品保存问题得到了很好的解决,采用多家实验室协作定值,测试方法准确、可靠,标准值和不确定度合理,填补了国内外砷形态标准物质研制的空白。 相似文献
16.
Olga V. Shuvaeva Svetlana B. Bortnikova Tamara M. Korda Elena V. Lazareva 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2000,24(2):247-252
Gold recovery in ores containing arsenopyrite releases significant amounts of arsenic into the environment due to mineral processing and oxidation during storage. The extent of arsenic weathering in a tailings dam has been investigated. Speciation of As in surface and pore waters and pond sediments showed that for gold tailings in the dam, As enrichment took place in the pore water relative to the surface water. In pond sediments As was predominantly present as residual arsenopyrite and partly as a substance co-precipitated with iron hydroxide. The arsenic release from the sediment results from a reductive dissolution of the arsenopyrite and Fe oxides. In the surface water, arsenate and arsenite are the main arsenic species (arsenate is dominant), but in the pore waters methylation processes play a significant role. Arsenic transport is accompanied by the transformation of As into the less toxic compounds (methylated species) co-existing with the most toxic species (arsenite). 相似文献
17.
Robert A. Root Kate M. Campbell Janet G. Hering 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(23):5782-5803
High-iron sediments in North Haiwee Reservoir (Olancha, CA), resulting from water treatment for removal of elevated dissolved arsenic in the Los Angeles Aqueduct system, were studied to examine arsenic partitioning between solid phases and porewaters undergoing shallow burial. To reduce arsenic in drinking water supplies, ferric chloride and a cationic polymer coagulant are added to the aqueduct upstream of Haiwee Reservoir, forming an iron-rich floc that scavenges arsenic from the water. Analysis by synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) showed that the aqueduct precipitate is an amorphous hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) similar to ferrihydrite, and that arsenic is associated with the floc as adsorbed and/or coprecipitated As(V). Arsenic-rich floc and sediments are deposited along the inlet channel as aqueduct waters enter the reservoir. Sediment core samples were collected in two consecutive years from the edge of the reservoir along the inlet channel using 30- or 90-cm push cores. Cores were analyzed for total and extractable arsenic and iron concentrations. Arsenic and iron speciation and mineralogy in sediments were examined at selected depths by synchrotron XAS and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Sediment-porewater measurements were made adjacent to the core sample sites using polyacrylamide gel probe samplers. Results showed that sediment As(V) is reduced to As(III) in all cores at or near the sediment-water interface (0-4 cm), and only As(III) was observed in deeper sediments. Analyses of EXAFS spectra indicated that arsenic is present in the sediments mostly as a bidentate-binuclear, inner-sphere sorption complex with local atomic geometries similar to those found in laboratory studies. Below about 10 cm depth, XAS indicated that the HFO floc had been reduced to a mixed Fe(II, III) solid with a local structure similar to that of synthetic green rust (GR) but with a slightly contracted average interatomic Fe-Fe distance in the hydroxide layer. There was no evidence from XRD for the formation of a crystalline GR phase. The release of dissolved iron (presumably Fe2+) and arsenic to solution, as monitored by in situ gel probes, was variable but, in general, occurred at greater depths than arsenic reduction in the sediments by spectroscopic observations and appears to be near or below the depth at which sediment GR was identified. These data point to reductive dissolution of the sorbent iron phase as the primary mechanism of release of sorbed arsenic to solution. 相似文献
18.
Effect of arsenic concentration on microbial iron reduction and arsenic speciation in an iron-rich freshwater sediment 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Stephanie S. Chow 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(20):6008-6021
Depth profiles in the sediment porewaters of the Chattahoochee River (Georgia, USA) show that iron oxides scavenge arsenate in the water column and settle to the sediment-water interface (SWI) where they are reduced by iron-reducing bacteria. During their reduction, these particles seem to release arsenic to the porewaters in the form of arsenate only. Sediment slurry incubations were conducted to determine the effect of low concentrations of arsenic (?10 μM) on biogeochemical processes in these sediments. Experiments confirm that any arsenate (As(V)) added to these sediments is immediately adsorbed in oxic conditions and released in anoxic conditions during the microbial reduction of authigenic iron oxides. Incubations in the presence of ?1 μM As(V) reveal that arsenate is released but not concomitantly reduced during this process. Simultaneously, microbial iron reduction is enhanced significantly, spurring the simultaneous release of arsenate into porewaters and secondary formation of crystalline iron oxides. Above 1 μM As(V), however, the microbial reductive dissolution of iron oxides appears inhibited by arsenate, and arsenite is produced in excess in the porewaters. These incubations show that even low inputs of arsenic to riverine sediments may affect microbial processes, the stability of iron oxides and, indirectly, the cycling of arsenic. Possible mechanisms for such effects on iron reduction are proposed. 相似文献
19.
20.
《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2005,85(2):55-62
Concern about arsenic is increasing throughout the world, including areas of the United States. Elevated levels of arsenic above current drinking-water regulations in ground and surface water can be the result of purely natural phenomena, but often are due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining and agriculture. The current study correlates arsenic speciation in acid mine drainage and mining-influenced water with the important water-chemistry properties Eh, pH, and iron(III) concentration. The results show that arsenic speciation is generally in equilibrium with iron chemistry in low pH AMD, which is often not the case in other natural-water matrices. High pH mine waters and groundwater do not always hold to the redox predictions as well as low pH AMD samples. The oxidation and precipitation of oxyhydroxides deplete iron from some systems, and also affect arsenite and arsenate concentrations through sorption processes. 相似文献