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为了在地震应急服务管理中能快速计算因房屋倒塌造成人员压埋数量和紧急搜救区空间分布的准确信息,以鲁甸地震和彝良地震为研究样本,建立基于房屋、人口数据的地震压埋人员和紧急搜救区评估模型。根据评估模型反演鲁甸地震因房屋倒塌造成的压埋人员总数为396人,比实际伤亡少86人,误差率为17.50%;评估模型反演彝良地震因房屋倒塌造成的压埋人员总数为15人,比实际伤亡多3人,误差率为25.00%。根据模型计算得到鲁甸地震共有8个紧急搜救区,紧急搜救区面积占地震灾区总面积的0.37%,这8个紧急搜救区内因房屋倒塌造成的实际人员死亡306人,占因房屋倒塌实际死亡总数的63.75%。从反演结果看,评估模型对地震应急救援响应等级启动和救援力量合理部署的数据需求有较好的求解能力。 相似文献
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1987年元月8日凌晨2点19分,甘肃南部甘南藏族自治州迭部县发生了5.9级地震。震后兰州地震研究所立即组织了17人的考察队赴震区进行考察。由于当地房屋均为木结构,所以此次地震没有造成房屋倒塌和人员伤亡。此次地震震中 相似文献
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1993年2月和静5.4级地震震害评估与地震构造 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
１９９３年２月３日零时５分，和静县哈尔莫敦乡发生５．４级中强地震，震源深度２９ｋｍ，震中烈度达Ⅵ度。地震造成个别房屋倒塌，部分房屋出现不同程度的破坏，地表有十几公里的构造地裂缝，地震造成房屋倒塌和破坏的直接经济损失７２．７万元。 相似文献
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正"小震大害"是我国地震灾害的真实写照,其中房屋的严重破坏和倒塌是造成人员伤亡和财产损失的重要原因。而底商多层砌体结构房屋是地震中破坏和倒塌最严重的一类房屋。在汶川地震极震区,这种类型房屋倒塌率达80%。底商多层砌体结构房屋在我国长江以南地区的中小城市非常普遍,据不完全统计,我国现存该类型的房屋约200万栋,涉及居住人口1.2亿。研究该类型结构抗震机理及对现有房屋的加固方法是当前防震减灾的迫切需求。 相似文献
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结构倒塌是地震造成人员伤亡最主要的原因,汶川地震中,底商多层砌体结构房屋倒塌普遍,在北川县城,该类型结构倒塌率达80%。底商多层砌体结构房屋在我国长江以南地区的中小城市非常普遍,据不完全统计,我国现存该类型的房屋约2 000万栋,涉及居住人口 相似文献
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0 前言
地震是地下岩石受构造应力作用突然错动破裂而造成的地面强烈震动。地震造成灾害的原因绝大多数是因为房屋倒塌所致，而房屋的倒塌不仅取决于地震震级的大小和距离震中的远近，还取决于建筑物的地基稳固程度和抗震能力。在西部农牧区地域辽阔、经济相对落后，防震减灾工作十分薄弱，村镇规划未考虑地震安全问题，农村住宅基本不设防，农村住房的抗震性能蒡。据调查， 相似文献
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１９９９年３月２９日印度北方邦发生里氏６．８级地震,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失,印度北部地区普遍有感,１１０人死亡,３００多人受伤,２５００多座房屋倒塌。本文给出了这次地震的震源参数,发震背景,地震构造和历史地震记录资料,简述了印度的地震研究工作。 相似文献
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建筑结构的地震倒塌,是最严重的震害,它会给人民的生命财产造成重大损失。引起建筑结构的地震倒塌是多方面因素造成的。现仅就我们对1981年道孚地震的考察,从结构本身的主要几方面影响因素,对地震倒塌现象作一些分析。 相似文献
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In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January. 相似文献
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3He/4He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The3He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic3He produced by in-situ beta-decay of3H. This shows that tritiogenic3He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic3He and3H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic3He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the3H counting method. 相似文献
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The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate. 相似文献
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Observations of trace gases (SO2, NH3, NO2 and O3) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH3 was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO2 and O3 at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO2 were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO2, NH3 and NO2 showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world. 相似文献
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Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values. 相似文献
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Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong. 相似文献
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M. MONIRUL QADER MIRZA 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):613-631
Abstract The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly. 相似文献
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Ingvar B. Fridleifsson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,117(1-2):242-252
In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites. 相似文献