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1.
东亚冬季风气候变率对SSTA响应特征的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于1951/1952—2012/2013年冬季Hadley气候中心的月平均海表层温度(SST)和中国160个台站冬季逐月平均气温等资料,利用最新发展的广义平衡反馈方法(GEFA),结合EOF,相关分析等,诊断东亚冬季风对多个海盆海表温度异常(SSTA)的响应特征,探讨其成因。结果表明:热带印度洋海盆一致模(TI1,95%置信水平)和热带太平洋SSTA第三模(TP3,90%置信水平)对东亚冬季风的强迫最为显著,方差贡献率分别为18.44%和9.19%。当热带印度洋海盆一致变冷或TP3出现正位相时,东亚冬季风增强。热带印度洋一致变冷使局地大气冷却,对流层高层出现辐合中心。西伯利亚地区对流层高层辐合,低层辐散,且高层辐合强于低层辐散,使该区域的海平面气压(SLP)升高显著。阿留申地区对流层高、低层都出现辐散,SLP降低。赤道西太平洋的对流层高层出现辐散,低层为辐合,SLP变化弱。3个关键区SLP的变化导致了东亚冬季风增强。 相似文献
2.
By using the observed monthly mean data over 160 stations of China and NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data, the generalized equilibrium feedback assessment(GEFA) method, combined with the methods of EOF analysis, correlation and composite analysis, is used to explore the influence of different SST modes on a wintertime air temperature pattern in which it is cold in the northeast and warm in the southwest in China. The results show that the 2009/2010 winter air temperature oscillation mode between the northern and southern part of China is closely related to the corresponding sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) and its associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. Exhibiting warming in Northeast China and cooling in Southwest China, the mode is significantly forced by the El Nio mode and the North Atlantic SSTA mode, which have three poles. Under the influence of SSTA modes, the surface northerly flow transported cold air to North and Northeast China, resulting in low temperatures in the regions. Meanwhile, the mid-latitude westerlies intensify and the polar cold air stays in high latitudes and cannot affect the Southwest China, resulting in the warming there. 相似文献
3.
基于1980—2014年的哈德莱中心海冰及海温的月平均SST资料,美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)的best-track资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,利用广义平衡反馈方法(GEFA)研究南印度洋热带气旋(TC)生成频数对海表温度异常的响应特征。研究表明:(1)南印度TC生成频数对北太平洋第一模态(NP1)和热带大西洋第二模态(TA2)有显著响应,分别通过了置信度为99%和96%的Monte-Carlo检验,对应的响应振幅分别为0.67和0.49。(2)局地环境要素对关键SSTA模的GEFA响应结果显示:当NP1出现类似于太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)的正位相时,850 h Pa相对涡度在15°S附近的印度洋海域上都有一个自西向东的显著正响应带,垂直风切变在马达加斯加以东的大部分海域都表现为显著的负响应,600 h Pa相对湿度在马达加斯加以东的部分海域表现为显著的正响应;当TA2对应的时间系数为正异常时,850 h Pa相对涡度和600 h Pa相对湿度在澳大利亚的西北部印度洋海域表现为显著的正响应,垂直风切变在澳大利亚的西北部印度洋海域表现为显著的负响应。 相似文献
4.
At least two main oceanic fronts (the subarctic and subtropical fronts) exist in the North Pacific. Especially in the subtropical frontal zone (STFZ), the sea subsurface temperature gradient is significantly larger than that of the surface layer in winter. Subseasonal interaction between the subsurface subtropical front and overlaying atmosphere is revealed by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of oceanic temperature gradient. The first EOF mode mainly corresponds to the atmosphere-to-ocean influences. With the enhanced westerly wind, a cold sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) appears and then passes down to affect the subsurface ocean. However, the second EOF mode indicates the ocean-to-atmosphere forcing. For the second mode, cold oceanic temperature anomaly generates in the subsurface layer and passes up, which makes the SST gradient increasing. Due to the increasing atmospheric baroclinicity, the enhanced westerly wind leads to more heat fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere, which results in a colder SSTA and a larger SST gradient in the STFZ. Therefore, a positive ocean-atmosphere feedback begins to maintain in the mid-latitude in winter. 相似文献
5.
6.
A deep learning–based U-Net model for ENSO-related precipitation responses to sea surface temperature anomalies over the tropical Pacific 
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下载免费PDF全文 《大气和海洋科学快报》2023,16(4):100351
SST–precipitation feedback plays an important role in ENSO evolution over the tropical Pacific and thus it is critically important to realistically represent precipitation-induced feedback for accurate simulations and predictions of ENSO. Typically, in hybrid coupled modeling for ENSO predictions, statistical atmospheric models are adopted to determine linear precipitation responses to interannual SST anomalies. However, in current coupled climate models, the observed precipitation–SST relationship is not well represented. In this study, a data-driven deep learning-based U-Net model was used to construct a nonlinear response model of interannual precipitation variability to SST anomalies. It was found that the U-Net model outperformed the traditional EOF-based method in calculating the precipitation variability. Particularly over the western-central tropical Pacific, the mean-square error (MSE) of the precipitation estimates in the U-Net model was smaller than that in the EOF model. The performance of the U-Net model was further improved when additional tendency information on SST and precipitation variability was also introduced as input variables, leading to a pronounced MSE reduction over the ITCZ.摘要SST–降水反馈过程在热带太平洋ENSO演变过程中起着重要作用, 能否真实地在数值模式中表征SST–降水年际异常之间的关系及相关反馈过程, 对于准确模拟和预测ENSO至关重要. 例如, 在一些模拟ENSO的混合型耦合模式中, 通常采用大气统计模型 (如经验正交函数; EOF) 来表征降水 (海气界面淡水通量的一个重要分量) 对SST年际异常的线性响应. 然而在当前的耦合模式中, 真实观测到的降水–SST统计关系还不能被很好地再现出来, 从而引起 ENSO模拟误差和不确定性. 在本研究中, 使用基于深度学习的U-Net模型来构建热带太平洋降水异常场对SST年际异常的非线性响应模型. 研究发现: U-Net模型的性能优于传统的基于EOF方法的模型. 特别是在热带西太平洋海区, U-Net模型估算的降水误差远小于EOF模型的模拟. 此外, 当SST和降水异常的趋势信息作为输入变量也被同时引入以进一步约束模式训练时, U-Net模型的性能可以进一步提高, 如能使热带辐合带区域的误差显著降低. 相似文献
7.
利用美国国家飓风中心(National Hurricane Center, NHC)的Best Track Data (HURDAT2)数据和美国国家预报中心/大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)大气再分析资料, 运用广义平衡反馈分析方法(GEFA), 研究多个海盆主要海表温度异常(SSTA)模对北大西洋热带气旋生成频数(TCGN)气候变率的强迫作用。(1)北大西洋TCGN的气候变率对北大西洋三极型模态(NA1)和太平洋mega-ENSO式模态(P1)具有显著的响应, 对应的响应振幅分别为0.45和-0.28, 即当NA1(P1)的时间系数增加(减小)1个标准差时, 北大西洋TCGN将增加0.45(0.28)个。(2) TCGN对NA1、P1的气候变率、年代际变率有显著响应, 但对年际变率响应不显著。(3)北大西洋TCGN在1995年前后发生异常变化, 从平均8个增加到12.6个, NA1、P1对1995年后的TCGN异常增加的贡献分别为27%、45%。(4) NA1对北大西洋TC环境场的强迫中心多集中在20 °N附近, 而P1的多位于20 °N以南以及墨西哥湾地区, 为TC生成提供有利的动力和热力条件。 相似文献
8.
回顾了近10 a海洋对大气反馈作用的研究进展,讨论待解决的一个关键问题——怎样在观测研究中有效分离不同海区对大气异常的独立贡献.一般常用方法为利用线性回归或偏相关方法扣除外来主要干扰因子(事先已知),但该方法对解决外来未知海区影响有很大的局限性.广义平衡反馈分析方法(generalized equilibrium feedback assessment,GEFA)可以避免传统方法受未知海区影响的困扰,自动把各海区对大气异常的单独贡献分离出来.它的有效性在简单模式和观测分析中得到了初步验证.GEFA为提高海洋对大气反馈作用的认识提供了一种简单有效的统计工具. 相似文献
9.
A total of 52 years of data (1949–2000) from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis are used to investigate mechanisms involved in forcing and damping of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the South Atlantic Ocean. Organized patterns of coupled ocean–atmosphere variability are identified using EOF and SVD analyses. The leading mode of coupled variability consists of an SST pattern with a strong northeast–southwest gradient and an SLP monopole centered at 15°W, 45°S. The anomalous winds associated with this monopole generate the SST pattern through anomalous latent heat flux and mixed layer deepening. Other heat flux components and anomalous Ekman transport play only a secondary role. Once established, the SST pattern is attenuated through latent heat flux. The higher SST modes are also induced by anomalous winds and destroyed by latent heat flux. It thus appears that the coupled variability in the South Atlantic Ocean consists of atmospheric circulation anomalies that induce SST anomalies through anomalous latent heat fluxes and wind-induced mixed layer deepening. These SST anomalies are destroyed by latent heat flux with no detectable systematic feedback onto the atmospheric circulation. Atmospheric variability in the South Atlantic is found to be largely independent of that elsewhere, although there is a weak relation with ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). 相似文献
10.
The effect of solar wind(SW) on the North Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST) in boreal winter is examined through an analysis of observational data during 1964-2013.The North Atlantic SSTs show a pronounced meridional tripolar pattern in response to solar wind speed(SWS) variations.This pattern is broadly similar to the leading empirical orthogonal function(EOF) mode of interannual variations in the wintertime SSTs over North Atlantic.The time series of this leading EOF mode of SST shows a significant interannual period,which is the same as that of wintertime SWS.This response also appears as a compact north-south seesaw of sea level pressure and a vertical tripolar structure of zonal wind,which simultaneously resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) in the overlying atmosphere.As compared with the typical low SWS winters,during the typical high SWS winters,the stratospheric polar night jet(PNJ) is evidently enhanced and extends from the stratosphere to the troposphere,even down to the North Atlantic Ocean surface.Notably,the North Atlantic Ocean is an exclusive region in which the SW signal spreads downward from the stratosphere to the troposphere.Thus,it seems that the SW is a possible factor for this North Atlantic SST tripolar mode.The dynamical process of stratosphere-troposphere coupling,together with the global atmospheric electric circuit-cloud microphysical process,probably accounts for the particular downward propagation of the SW signal. 相似文献
11.
The effect of solar wind (SW) on the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) in boreal winter is examined through an analysis of observational data during 1964-2013. The North Atlantic SSTs show a pronounced meridional tripolar pattern in response to solar wind speed (SWS) variations. This pattern is broadly similar to the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of interannual variations in the wintertime SSTs over North Atlantic. The time series of this leading EOF mode of SST shows a significant interannual period, which is the same as that of wintertime SWS. This response also appears as a compact north-south seesaw of sea level pressure and a vertical tripolar structure of zonal wind, which simultaneously resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the overlying atmosphere. As compared with the typical low SWS winters, during the typical high SWS winters, the stratospheric polar night jet (PNJ) is evidently enhanced and extends from the stratosphere to the troposphere, even down to the North Atlantic Ocean surface. Notably, the North Atlantic Ocean is an exclusive region in which the SW signal spreads downward from the stratosphere to the troposphere. Thus, it seems that the SW is a possible factor for this North Atlantic SST tripolar mode. The dynamical process of stratosphere-troposphere coupling, together with the global atmospheric electric circuit-cloud microphysical process, probably accounts for the particular downward propagation of the SW signal. 相似文献
12.
利用1981~2013年NOAA（美国国家大气海洋管理局）海温资料和NCEP（美国环境预报中心）大气再分析资料,采用经验正交函数（EOF）分解方法对850 hPa瞬变高度场进行分解发现:850 hPa瞬变高度场经验正交函数分解的前两模态表征同一发展型波动的传播特征,该波动在日本以西形成然后向东发展,沿东偏北移动,在日界线附近发展达到最强,之后迅速向东北衰弱直至消亡,本文将其定义为西部型天气尺度涡旋（WSE）。合成分析表明,西部型天气尺度涡旋的强弱变化与北太平洋大范围的海温、副极地海洋锋异常存在密切联系,当西部型天气尺度涡旋活动偏强时,北太平洋北部和中部的海温显著偏冷,副热带地区海温显著偏暖,副极地海洋锋大大增强。同时,西部型天气尺度涡旋的强度与大气环流异常存在明显的协同变化,表现为西部型天气尺度涡旋偏强对应于阿留申低压增强且位置偏东,中纬度上空纬向西风增强。海洋和大气环流的这种变化增强了西北太平洋上空大气的斜压性,使得有效位能向扰动动能的转换增加,从而有利于西部型天气尺度涡旋的发展。 相似文献
13.
耦合模式热带太平洋云—气候反馈模拟误差评估 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
云—气候反馈是热带海气相互作用的重要过程, 同时也是气候模拟的难点。本文利用IPCC AR4提供的耦合模式20世纪模拟试验结果和观测资料, 通过滤波和经验正交展开 (EOF) 的方法将热带太平洋海表温度的年际变化和年代际变化信号分别提取出来, 然后再分别计算观测和模式在年际和年代际时间尺度上云—辐射和热通量反馈特征, 发现在上述两个时间尺度上, 耦合模式模拟的云—辐射和热通量的反馈都要比观测和再分析资料的偏弱。反馈偏弱的可能原因是模式中热带大气对流和云对海表温度变化的敏感性比真实大气要偏弱。值得注意的是, 尽管耦合模式热带太平洋年代际热力反馈偏弱, 但是耦合模式模拟的热带太平洋南北纬10°之间海表温度的年代际增温趋势与观测相当。进一步分析表明, 只用年代际热力反馈来解释热带太平洋的气候变化是不够的, 还必须考虑动力反馈对于海表温度变化的调节作用。 相似文献
14.
Forty one years (1958–1998) of NCEP reanalysis data are used to perform a set of statistical analyses, investigating the
interactions between the sea surface temperature (SST), the storm track activity (STA) and the time mean atmospheric circulation
in the North Atlantic-Europe (NAE) region. When the atmospheric region of study is restricted to Europe, the singular value
decomposition (SVD) lead-lag analysis between seasonal 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500) and SST captures a significant covariance
between a summer SST anomaly and a strong winter anticyclonic anomaly over Europe. The summer SST pattern is close to the
first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of SST for the consecutive months J-A-S-O-N. The same analysis, but extending the
atmospheric area of interest to the entire NAE region, points out the same signal with a phase shift of one month. A more
zonally oriented North-Atlantic-Oscillation-like (NAO) pattern is then found as the SST structure remains practically unchanged.
This summer SST anomaly is found to persist through surface heat fluxes exchanges until winter, when it can finally have an
impact on the atmospheric circulation. Composites are made from the former SST SVD scores, showing the winter STA and different
transient and stationary eddies diagnostics associated with the extreme positive and negative events of the SST anomaly. These
suggest that the SST anomaly induces an anomalous stationary wave in winter, creating an initially small anticyclonic anomaly
over Europe. Anomalous transient eddies located over northern Europe then strengthen this anomaly and maintain it during winter,
thus acting as a positive feedback.
Received: 15 September 2000 / Accepted: 17 April 2001 相似文献
15.
Towards constraining climate sensitivity by linear analysis of feedback patterns in thousands of perturbed-physics GCM simulations 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Benjamin M. Sanderson C. Piani W. J. Ingram D. A. Stone M. R. Allen 《Climate Dynamics》2008,30(2-3):175-190
A linear analysis is applied to a multi-thousand member “perturbed physics" GCM ensemble to identify the dominant physical
processes responsible for variation in climate sensitivity across the ensemble. Model simulations are provided by the distributed
computing project, climate prediction.net . A principal component analysis of model radiative response reveals two dominant independent feedback processes, each
largely controlled by a single parameter change. The leading EOF was well correlated with the value of the entrainment coefficient—a
parameter in the model’s atmospheric convection scheme. Reducing this parameter increases high vertical level moisture causing
an enhanced clear sky greenhouse effect both in the control simulation and in the response to greenhouse gas forcing. This
effect is compensated by an increase in reflected solar radiation from low level cloud upon warming. A set of ‘secondary’
cloud formation parameters partly modulate the degree of shortwave compensation from low cloud formation. The second EOF was
correlated with the scaling of ice fall speed in clouds which affects the extent of cloud cover in the control simulation.
The most prominent feature in the EOF was an increase in longwave cloud forcing. The two leading EOFs account for 70% of the
ensemble variance in λ—the global feedback parameter. Linear predictors of feedback strength from model climatology are applied
to observational datasets to estimate real world values of the overall climate feedback parameter. The predictors are found
using correlations across the ensemble. Differences between predictions are largely due to the differences in observational
estimates for top of atmosphere shortwave fluxes. Our validation does not rule out all the strong tropical convective feedbacks
leading to a large climate sensitivity. 相似文献
16.
中国东北地区冬季气温趋势及反相模态分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用1951—2010年我国东北地区共97个台站的逐月气温资料,应用trend-EOF和EOF分析方法研究了我国东北地区冬季气温的趋势模态和反相模态及其影响因子。trend-EOF的结果表明,东北地区均为一致型的趋势变化,trend-PC1有明显的年代际周期变化和更长期的上升趋势变化特征。去除全球变暖信号后的EOF分析结果表明:第一模态仍为全区一致型的空间分布,而第二模态的空间分布呈现南北反相型的分布特征,是东北冬季气温变化模态中极为重要的一部分,对应的时间序列有明显的年际周期变化,前两个模态可以解释总方差80%以上的变化。东北地区全区一致的上升趋势是在全球变暖大背景下发生的,既是对全球变暖的局地响应,同时全球变暖也使大气环流发生了变化,西伯利亚高压减弱,纬向环流增强,导致了东北地区冬季气温全区的上升趋势。赤道东太平洋的异常海温对第二模态的出现具有一定的预示意义,当太平洋出现典型的厄尔尼诺年海温距平场分布特征时,东北南部较常年偏暖,北部地区却较常年偏冷。 相似文献
17.
Sea surface temperature (SST) variations include negative feedbacks from the atmosphere, whereas SST anomalies are specified in stand-alone atmospheric general circulation simulations. Is the SST forced response the same as the coupled response? In this study, the importance of air–sea coupling in the Indian and Pacific Oceans for tropical atmospheric variability is investigated through numerical experiments with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. The local and remote impacts of the Indian and Pacific Ocean coupling are obtained by comparing a coupled simulation with an experiment in which the SST forcing from the coupled simulation is specified in either the Indian or the Pacific Ocean. It is found that the Indian Ocean coupling is critical for atmospheric variability over the Pacific Ocean. Without the Indian Ocean coupling, the rainfall and SST variations are completely different throughout most of the Pacific Ocean basin. Without the Pacific Ocean coupling, part of the rainfall and SST variations in the Indian Ocean are reproduced in the forced run. In regions of large mean rainfall where the atmospheric negative feedback is strong, such as the North Indian Ocean and the western North Pacific in boreal summer, the atmospheric variability is significantly enhanced when air–sea coupling is replaced by specified SST forcing. This enhancement is due to the lack of the negative feedback in the forced SST simulation. In these regions, erroneous atmospheric anomalies could be induced by specified SST anomalies derived from the coupled model. The ENSO variability is reduced by about 20% when the Indian Ocean air–sea coupling is replaced by specified SST forcing. This change is attributed to the interfering roles of the Indian Ocean SST and Indian monsoon in western and central equatorial Pacific surface wind variations. 相似文献
18.
我国冬季降水年际变化的主模态分析 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
利用我国160站的观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及英国气象局哈德莱中心的海表面温度（SST) 资料, 分析了我国冬季降水年际变化的主模态以及与其相联系的大气环流异常和海温异常。结果表明, 在年际变化的时间尺度上, 我国冬季降水主要表现为长江以南地区降水量的一致变化（EOF1) 和华南、西南地区与新疆北部、华北和长江中下游地区降水反位相振荡的变化（EOF2) 两个主模态, 它们分别可以解释年际变化总方差的49.6％和17.3％, 并具有显著的2～4年周期。此外, 这两个模态也有明显的年代际信号, EOF1表现为20世纪80年代中期以前南方地区冬季降水偏少, 1988年之后转为偏多, 而进入21世纪后逐渐接近历史平均值并有再次转为偏少的趋势, 而EOF2表现为1980年至2005年新疆北部和长江中下游地区的冬季降水出现年代际增多, 而华南地区的冬季降水出现年代际减少。进一步通过回归分析表明, 我国冬季降水年际变化的EOF1与ENSO循环以及东亚冬季风强度的变化有密切的关系, 当ENSO处于其暖（冷) 位相的冬季时, 东亚冬季风系统偏弱 （强), 来自孟加拉湾和南海的异常水汽输送在我国南方地区形成辐合（辐散), 从而有利于该地区降水异常偏多（少)。与我国冬季降水年际变化EOF2相联系的环流表现为欧亚大陆上空具有相当正压结构的一个波列, 该波列对应于东亚沿岸的异常北 （南) 风, 进而引起长江中下游地区水汽辐散（辐合) 和华南地区水汽辐合（辐散), 有利于南正（负) 北负（正) 的降水异常分布。赤道中东太平洋和北大西洋挪威海地区的SST异常分别与这两个模态具有紧密的联系, 并对这两个模态具有一定的潜在预报意义。 相似文献
19.
The influence of the spring AO on ENSO has been demonstrated in several recent studies. This analysis further explores the physical process of the influence of AO on ENSO using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data over the period 1958–2010. We focus on the formation of the westerly wind burst in the tropical western Pacific, and examine the evolution and formation of the atmospheric circulation, atmospheric heating, and SST anomalies in association with the spring AO variability. The spring AO variability is found to be independent from the East Asian winter monsoon activity. The spring AO associated circulation anomalies are supported by the interaction between synoptic-scale eddies and the mean-flow and its associated vorticity transportation. Surface wind changes may affect surface heat fluxes and the oceanic heat transport, resulting in the SST change. The AO associated warming in the equatorial SSTs results primarily from the ocean heat transport in the face of net surface heat flux damping. The tropical SST warming is accompanied by anomalous atmospheric heating in the subtropical north and south Pacific, which sustains the anomalous westerly wind in the equatorial western Pacific through a Gill-like atmospheric response from spring to summer. The anomalous westerly excites an eastward propagating and downwelling equatorial Kelvin wave, leading to SST warming in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in summer-fall. The tropical SST, atmospheric heating, and atmospheric circulation anomalies sustain and develop through the Bjerknes feedback mechanism, which eventually result in an El Niño-like warming in the tropical eastern Pacific in winter. 相似文献
20.
本文主要研究了1979—2016期间斯里兰卡在西南季风期间降水的年代际、年际变化以及与印度洋海温的联系.首先用经验正交的方法分析了斯里兰卡以及周边地区降水的时空分布,发现前两个模态能够解释超过70%的方差.其中第一模态为均一模态,且其PC1以及斯里兰卡7 a滑动平均降水序列都有年代际变化,降水异常在2000年前后异常偏多和偏少.通过合成分析发现2000年之后降水的异常减少与热带西部、中部印度洋的暖海温异常有关.暖海温异常通过调整经向环流引起了斯里兰卡上空的下沉运动,抑制了降水.在第二模态中,负的信号出现在斯里兰卡大部分地区,只有在斯里兰卡北部海角很小地区出现了正的信号.PC2表现出了年际变化,且与热带东南印度洋海温异常有显著的关系.通过Gill-Matsuno响应,热带东南印度洋海温异常造成热带北印度洋上空的气旋性环流异常,引起了水汽的辐合,从而利于降水. 相似文献