共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
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在明渠中开展不同水流条件下低强度均匀沙平衡输沙试验,基于灰度相减方法分析整个床面推移质运动特征,以探寻紊流结构与推移质运动之间的作用机理。结果表明:①受水槽横向方向水流强度分布特征影响,推移质运动概率从水槽中线到两侧壁逐渐变小,且基本呈对称分布;②在紊流相干结构作用下,推移质床面在紊流低速条带区形成凸槽,高速条带区形成凹槽,推移质运动概率沿水槽横向方向存在高低相间的带状分区;③随摩阻雷诺数增大,相邻两推移质运动高概率区域的间距值变化范围为0.13~0.24倍水槽宽度,其值随摩阻雷诺数增大而增大;④不同水流条件下,推移质运动高概率区域间距值约为水深的2倍,这与流向涡模型吻合,表明流向涡是诱导床面出现凹凸相间形态的重要因素。 相似文献
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根据Boltzmann方程得到了床面附近运动颗粒的速度分布函数,将其在速度空间上积分,同时考虑床面颗粒起动概率的影响得到了床面颗粒的冲刷率函数。在此基础上,将该函数代入Einstein提出的推移质输沙基本模式中得到了基于动理学理论的推移质输沙公式。研究结果表明:① 公式计算结果与实验数据吻合,相对误差为10%~50%,可用于高强度和低强度输沙,能够较好地反映出床面附近运动的推移质颗粒的统计属性;② 得到的推移质输沙率理论表达式与经典推移质输沙公式十分接近,同时大大改善了Einstein公式在高强度输沙情况下的计算结果,这也说明了本文理论推导的正确性。 相似文献
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天然河流床沙通常为非均匀沙,准确把握非均匀沙颗粒运动规律是模拟和预测天然河流河床演变的基础。开展了恒定均匀流条件下的非均匀沙推移质运动水槽试验,床沙粒径范围为0.10~20 mm。利用摄像机从顶部拍摄了粗化条件下的推移质颗粒运动,获取大量非均匀沙颗粒的运动轨迹,提取了颗粒运动速度、走停时间等基本运动参数,推移质运动颗粒粒径范围为0.74~8.19 mm。试验结果表明,非均匀沙床面聚集体或大颗粒使推移质颗粒运动方向发生改变,与均匀沙成果相比,非均匀沙推移质颗粒的纵向运动速度减小,横向运动速度增大;推移质颗粒纵向运动速度遵循指数分布,单次运动速度遵循Γ分布,横向运动速度及运动速度矢量角则遵循正态分布。 相似文献
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采用图像识别与推移质动态监测技术,开展基于双峰型非均匀推移质的系列水槽试验.通过引入反映床面粗糙度、粘性底层特性与颗粒非均匀度η(粗细比)的综合水流强度函数Ψb、特征弗劳德数Frb,系统研究了不同水流强度与床沙组成条件下的推移质输移特性以及颗粒非均匀度对输沙率的影响.通过对关键因子的辨识与量纲分析,提出了双峰型非均匀推移质输移模式,建立了基于近壁特征因子的水流强度Ψb与非均匀推移质输移强度Φ'的函数关系.对双峰型底沙输移机理的分析表明,非均匀沙的组成特征使得η成为影响Φ'的重要参量;正是细粒对粗粒的解怙作用对粗沙运动产生重要影响,使推移质输移率与颗粒非均匀度间呈现驼峰关系,峰值对应的粗细比ηc约为3∶7. 相似文献
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天然河道边界上常由于地下水和地表水的水位不同而产生渗流,引起水流的非静水压力分布,进而影响推移质输移规律,也使得常用的推移质输沙率公式不再适用.利用水槽试验测定沙波的尺寸及运动速度与床面渗流水力梯度的关系,结果表明沙波的高度及运动速度随着向下渗流强度的加大而增加,随着向上渗流强度的加大而减少;进而结合理论分析,利用沙波运动特点估算推移质输沙率,并推导出推移质输沙率随床面渗流的引入而变化的计算公式,分析渗流引起非静水压力分布下推移质输沙率的变化. 相似文献
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河流泥沙运动的主要形式有沿床面滚动、跳跃和悬浮。此外在个别条件下可能发生滑动(当床面光滑时)和床面成层移动(当水流强度很大时)。悬浮运动的泥沙称为悬移质;滚动、滑动、跳跃、层移的泥沙称为推移质。推移质运动是由底部水动力和颗粒碰撞所引起,只发生在床面附近的区域(底层)内。1.泥沙起动当水流速度由小增大到一定数值后,床面上原来静止的个别泥沙,或因其粒径较细,或由于其位置突出,再碰上较大的纵向瞬时流速,就开始滚动。此时这种泥沙处于起动状态;而相应的水流时均速度则称为该类泥沙的起动流速。泥沙起动流速关系到开始测验推移质的时机,不冲渠道的设计、河床冲刷的极限深度,以及截流和抢险抛石的尺寸等等,故有重要的实用意义。泥沙起动时所受的作用力有:水流正面推力 P= 相似文献
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为揭示均匀推移质颗粒对流和扩散特性的控制因素,建立了间歇郎之万方程模型。该模型可在单颗粒尺度充分考虑颗粒的受力特性,模拟颗粒随机、间歇运动过程。通过该模型引入不同的停时分布,对模拟的大量单颗粒运动过程进行统计,从而研究均匀颗粒在大的时空尺度上的对流和扩散特征。结果表明,对于均匀颗粒,受颗粒速度分布的窄尾性限制,即便单步步长是长尾分布,也不一定产生超扩散,扩散特性由停时分布的尾部特征决定,不同分布的停时可导致欠扩散、超扩散和正常扩散。进一步与已有的、复杂程度不同的随机模型进行对比,表明忽略单步时间将影响颗粒的扩散(二阶)特性,但不影响颗粒的对流(一阶)特性,类似地可以推广到更普遍规律,即所研究随机发生的统计矩阶数越高,需要的模型越复杂。 相似文献
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通过水槽试验研究浅水非线性波作用下沙纹床面底层流动特性,利用CCD图像技术观测分析非对称沙纹的形成和演化规律。利用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)测量非对称沙纹底床上的流场,得到了不同波高、周期、水深条件下的沙纹峰顶和谷底断面的瞬时速度。试验结果分析表明,浅水非线性波作用下床面上形成非对称沙纹,其近底流速具有较强紊动特性,随着距床面距离的增大紊动强度逐渐减弱。在水流方向改变时,沙纹背部具有明显漩涡运动。沙纹背后形成的漩涡能起到维持沙纹的作用。浅水非线性波作用下,沙纹的形成原因主要是床面泥沙颗粒在非对称流动和床面近壁粘性底层中漩涡结构动力作用下,作受迫摆动、推移所致。 相似文献
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基于水、沙两相的分相测量试验结果,分析了床面附近泥沙颗粒的脉动和力学特性,指出床面附近的泥沙运动有着特殊的力学机制:颗粒相具有较强的非湍流脉动,其产生的脉动应力对颗粒的运动起着重要作用。论述了沙粒在水流中从推移运动到扬起悬浮的物理过程,讨论了过去一些理论中存在的问题和不足,概括了泥沙颗粒在水流中从床面扬起的基本模式,运用两相流理论分析了沙粒在水流中扬起的动力学机理。根据颗粒运动的垂向动量平衡原理,对泥沙颗粒的垂向浓度分布规律作了新的分析解释。证实了除浓度梯度之外,颗粒相的垂向脉动强度梯度也是泥沙扩散的重要扩散势,进一步揭示了悬移质浓度垂线分布存在两种类型的内在机理。 相似文献
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Direct numerical simulation of bedload transport using a local, dynamic boundary condition 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
ABSTRACT Temporally and spatially averaged models of bedload transport are inadequate to describe the highly variable nature of particle motion at low transport stages. The primary sources of this variability are the resisting forces to downstream motion resulting from the geometrical relation (pocket friction angle) of a bed grain to the grains that it rests upon, variability of the near‐bed turbulent velocity field and the local modification of this velocity field by upstream, protruding grains. A model of bedload transport is presented that captures these sources of variability by directly integrating the equations of motion of each particle of a simulated mixed grain‐size sediment bed. Experimental data from the velocity field downstream and below the tops of upstream, protruding grains are presented. From these data, an empirical relation for the velocity modification resulting from upstream grains is provided to the bedload model. The temporal variability of near‐bed turbulence is provided by a measured near‐bed time series of velocity over a gravel bed. The distribution of pocket friction angles results as a consequence of directly calculating the initiation and cessation of motion of each particle as a result of the combination of fluid forcing and interaction with other particles. Calculations of bedload flux in a uniform boundary and simulated pocket friction angles agree favourably with previous studies. 相似文献
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为研究植被环境中床面泥沙起动特性,以天然河道中的植被及沙床为原型,对刚性植被环境中床面形态变化及泥沙起动规律进行了试验研究,并采用单位床面空间平均流速表述植被环境中泥沙的起动流速。研究结果表明,淹没植被条件下动床床面泥沙运动可分为3个阶段,即静止、部分起动及全部起动阶段,定义第3个阶段为刚性植被环境中泥沙起动的标准;推导的淹没刚性植被环境中的泥沙起动流速半经验函数关系式可以表述植被环境中泥沙起动特性,其中植被因子Fv对泥沙起动的影响最明显;植被密度一定时,植株周围冲坑深与空间平均流速成线性关系。研究认为采用植被环境中单位床面空间平均流速表述泥沙起动特性的方法是可行的。 相似文献
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The literature review on discrete element (DEM) model analysis of jigging reveals that an idealized fluid behavior is assumed and the damping of the fluid motion across the mineral bed is generally ignored. A microscopic model based on the principles of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the liquid flow and stratification of coal particles with a wide size range and density distribution in jigging. Fluid motion is calculated by directly solving the Navier–Stokes equations. Coal particles are moved in a Lagrangian frame through the action of forces imposed by the fluid and gravity. Particle effects on fluid motion are fed back at each time step through calculating the velocity disturbance caused by the particle. Particle–particle and particle–wall collisions are also considered. The snapshots of particle configurations for the simulation of stratification in oscillating flow show that the model predicts the macroscopic behavior, such as segregation and stratification, of particles reasonably well. 相似文献
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目的是从非线性科学角度探讨泥沙运动的规律。通过分析非均匀沙起动的影响因素得到了尖点突变模型的状态变量和控制变量,建立了能描述推移质运动的尖点突变模型。在尖点突变标准方程的基础上,应用尖点突变理论的坐标变换和拓扑变换,导出了输沙强度和水流参数的函数关系式。将输沙强度作为状态变量,水流参数和床沙密实系数作为控制变量。用水槽实验资料和其它推移质输沙率公式进行了对比验证。验证结果表明,计算值与其它推移质输沙率公式和水槽实验结果基本相符,误差一般在-90%～80%之间。说明建立的推移质输沙率公式是合理的,能够反映泥沙的起动和输移规律。 相似文献
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A discrete element method is applied to a three‐dimensional analysis related to sediment entrainment on a micro‐scale. Sediment entrainment is the process by which a fluid medium accelerates particles from rest and advects them upward until they are either transported as bedload or suspended by the flow. Modelling of the entrainment process is a critically important aspect for studies of erosion, pollutant resuspension and transport, and formation of bedforms in environmental flows. Previous discrete element method studies of sediment entrainment have assumed the flow within the particle bed to be negligible and have only allowed for the motion of the topmost particles. At the same time, micro‐scale experimental studies indicate that there is a small slip of the fluid flow at the top of the bed, indicating the presence of non‐vanishing fluid velocity within the topmost bed layers. The current study demonstrates that the onset of particle incipient motion, which immediately precedes particle entrainment, is highly sensitive to this small fluid flow within the topmost bed layers. Using an exponential decay profile for the inner‐bed fluid flow, the discrete element method calculations are repeated with different fluid penetration depths within the bed for several small particle Reynolds numbers. For cases with slip velocity corresponding to that observed in previous experiments with natural sediment, the predicted particle velocity is found to be a few percent of the fluid velocity at the top of the viscous wall layer, which is a reasonable range of velocities for observation of incipient particle motion. This method for prescribing the fluid flow within the particle bed allows for the current discrete element method to be extended in future studies to the analysis of sediment entrainment under the influence of events such as turbulent bursting. Additionally, predictions for the slip velocities and fluid flow profile within the bed suggest the need for further experimental studies to provide the data necessary for additional improvement of the discrete element method models. 相似文献
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The sedimentation rate of sand grains in the hindered settling regime has been considered to assess particle shape effects. The behaviour of various particulate systems involving sand has been compared with the widely used Richardson–Zaki expression. The general form of the expression is found to hold, in as much as remaining as a suitable means to describe the hindered settling of irregular particles. The sedimentation exponent n in the Richardson–Zaki expression is found to be significantly larger for natural sand grains than for regular particles. The hindered settling effect is therefore greater, leading to lower concentration gradients than expected. The effect becomes more pronounced with increasing particle irregularity. At concentrations around 0·4, the hindered settling velocity of fine and medium natural sands reduces to about 70% of the value predicted using existing empirical expressions for n. Using appropriate expressions for the fluidization velocity and the clear water settling velocity, a simple method is discussed to evaluate the sedimentation exponent and to determine the hindered settling effect for sands of various shapes. 相似文献
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HOUSTON C. SAUNDERSON 《Sedimentology》1977,24(5):623-638
The Guelph esker (Ontario, Canada) consists of a sinuous, steep-sided and segmented ridge which comprises poorly sorted, matrix-supported sands and gravels. These sands and gravels were probably deposited during the sliding bed stage which has been observed by others in closed-conduit hydraulic experiments. The poor sorting probably resulted from a high concentration of bed-material load in the lower part of a subglacial tunnel, sorting being restricted to that produced by particle collisions. Inclusive graphic standard deviation is characteristically large for the sands and gravels, indicating that virtually all sizes available were in transport. The overall grain size distribution shows a characteristic undulatory shape on arithmetic probability paper, mostly because of selective removal of pebble gravel and granule sizes. This poorly sorted fades is believed to be diagnostic of transport in a subglacial tunnel flowing full of water, and may be used to identify subglacial conditions in other eskers. Deltaic sands and gravels occur downcurrent of the esker and contain a greater diversity of structures; climbing-ripple cross-laminae, parallel laminae and massive structure, deposited in large-scale foresees at the end of a subglacial tunnel. These deltaic sands and gravels grade distally into outwash sands and gravels. 相似文献