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1.
Height profile of the mean velocity of an aeolian saltating cloud: Wind tunnel measurements by Particle Image Velocimetry 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The velocity of saltating particles is an important parameter in studying the aeolian sand movement. We used Particle Image Velocimetry to measure the variation with height of the mean particle velocity of a saltating cloud over a loose sand surface in a wind tunnel. The results suggest that both the horizontal and vertical particle velocities fit the Gaussian distribution well, and that the mean particle velocity of a saltating cloud varies with wind velocity, particle size and the height above bed. The mean horizontal velocity is mainly the result of acceleration by the wind and increases with an increase in friction wind velocity but decreases with an increase in grain size because greater wind velocity causes more acceleration and finer particles are more easily accelerated at a given wind velocity. It also increases with an increase in height by a power function, in agreement with previous results obtained by other methods such as the high-speed multi-flash photographic method and Particle Dynamics Analyzer (PDA), reflecting, first, the increase in wind velocity with height through the boundary layer, and second, the longer trajectory-particle path length increases with height and affords a longer time for acceleration by the wind. An empirical model relating the mean horizontal particle velocity and height, friction wind velocity as well as particle size is developed. The ratio of the mean horizontal particle velocity to the clean wind velocity at the same height increases with height but decreases with grain size. The magnitude of mean vertical velocity is much less (one or two orders less) compared with the mean horizontal velocity. The average movement in the vertical direction of a saltating cloud is upward (the mean vertical velocity is positive). Although the upward velocity of a saltating particle should decrease with height due to gravity the mean vertical (upward) velocity (the average of both ascending and descending particles) generally shows a tendency to increase with height. It seems that at higher elevations the data are more and more dominated by the ‘high-flyers’. The underlying mechanism for the mean vertical velocity distribution patterns needs to be clarified by further study. 相似文献
2.
跃移质作为风沙流的主体,其近地表垂直分布规律是风沙物理学的重要研究内容,对防沙工程具有重要的指导意义。受研究条件与观测仪器限制,戈壁特别是极端大风区近地表风沙流结构特性研究较为薄弱。利用多梯度风蚀传感器与阶梯式集沙仪对兰新高铁烟墩风区戈壁近地表风沙流跃移质的垂直分布特性进行了观测研究。结果表明：兰新高铁烟墩风区戈壁沙粒发生跃移运动的2 m高临界风速达12 m·s-1;戈壁近地表风沙流具有明显的阵性特征,沙粒跃移发生的时间比例在50%以下,与平均风速成正相关关系,与风速脉动强度无显著相关关系;2 m高阵风7级风速下,戈壁跃移沙粒主要集中于地表50 cm范围内,近地表风沙流结构呈"象鼻效应",跃移质最大质量通量出现在地表2.5~5 cm高度处,沙粒最大跃移高度可达2 m,且沙粒跃移高度随2 m高风速的增加呈指数规律递增。因此,兰新高铁烟墩风区2 m高阻沙栅栏不足以完全阻截戈壁风沙流,是造成烟墩风区兰新高铁轨道积沙的重要原因之一。 相似文献
3.
风沙流中跃移沙粒冲击速度和角度联合概率分布风洞实验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
近地表跃移沙粒速度和角度概率分布是连接风沙运动宏观研究和微观研究的桥梁,对沙粒跃移轨迹和输沙率分布有很大影响。但是,目前跃移沙粒冲击速度概率分布和角度概率分布之间的关系还不明确。使用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）测量了风洞沙床面1 mm高度处的跃移沙粒速度,通过分析各冲击速度对应的冲击角度的概率分布研究了沙粒冲击速度和角度的联合概率分布。结果表明：沙粒冲击速度概率分布可用对数正态函数描述,冲击角度概率分布可用指数函数描述;各冲击速度对应的冲击角度都符合指数函数分布,且其衰减速度随冲击速度增加而加快。这表明,冲击速度概率分布和冲击角度概率分布之间具有很强的相关性。最后分别给出了沙粒冲击速度和角度的独立假设概率分布和条件联合概率分布。 相似文献
4.
新月形沙丘表面100cm高度内风沙流输沙量垂直分布函数分段拟合 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
为研究新月形沙丘表面不同层位风沙流输沙量的垂直分布函数,实测了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地典型新月形沙丘表面100 cm高度内(以1 cm分隔)的输沙量。分段拟合分析表明:新月形沙丘迎风坡脚输沙量垂直分布规律不完全服从指数函数,出现与戈壁风沙流结构特征相似的"象鼻效应",在0~3 cm区间内输沙量逐渐增大,3cm以上输沙量随高度呈指数函数衰减;沙丘顶部0~10 cm区间输沙量随高度呈指数函数衰减,10 cm以上呈二次函数衰减;沙丘左翼端输沙量随高度呈幂函数分布,沙丘右翼端0~20 cm内以指数函数衰减,20 cm以上呈三次函数衰减;沙丘背风坡脚风沙流输沙量在0~60 cm和60 cm以上分别呈不同形式的三次函数分布。 相似文献
5.
The endangerment of aeolian sand is one of the most serious eco-environmental problems facing the southern suburb of Beijing. To control wind erosion is thus a matter of great urgency. This paper chooses typical land-use types, i.e., cultivated land, wild grassland, drifting sandy land, etc. based on the fixed experimental observation and quantitative analysis, to conduct studies on the principles and characteristics of aeolian activities and measures controlling wind erosion in Daxing District of Beijing. The results show that: the near ground wind velocity yielded the logarithmic distribution with height; there are significant differences among different ground cover roughness; there are significant differences in the corresponding friction velocities caused by different properties of the underlying surface; there are differences in the threshold wind velocities speed in different land use types; and there are minus exponential relations between the sediment discharge percentage and the height at a range of 0–20 cm air flow layer. Different land use types result in various degrees of coarse component. There is a significant exponential relation between sediment transport concentration and wind velocity. 相似文献
6.
Sand velocity in aeolian sand transport was measured using the laser Doppler technique of PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) in a wind tunnel. The sand velocity profile, probability distribution of particle velocity, particle velocity fluctuation and particle turbulence were analyzed in detail. The experimental results verified that the sand horizontal velocity profile can be expressed by a logarithmic function above 0.01 m, while a deviation occurs below 0.01 m. The mean vertical velocity of grains generally ranges from − 0.2 m/s to 0.2 m/s, and is downward at the lower height, upward at the higher height. The probability distributions of the horizontal velocity of ascending and descending particles have a typical peak and are right-skewed at a height of 4 mm in the lower part of saltation layer. The vertical profile of the horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of particles shows a single peak. The horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of sand particles is generally larger than the vertical RMS velocity fluctuation. The RMS velocity fluctuations of grains in both horizontal and vertical directions increase with wind velocity. The particle turbulence intensity decreases with height. The present investigation is helpful in understanding the sand movement mechanism in windblown sand transport and also provides a reference for the study of blowing sand velocity. 相似文献
7.
The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in a 40-cm flow layer above the ground surface was investigated through laboratory wind-tunnel tests and field measurements on the mobile dune surface during sand storms in the Taklamakan Desert of China. Results show that vertical distribution of the horizontal mass flux of drifting sand is a discontinuous function of height. More than 90% of the total material is transported in the flow layer from the surface to 14 cm. From 2 to 4 cm above the surface, a distinct transition zone occurs wherein mixed transport by creep, saltation, and suspension becomes saltation and suspension. The flow layer from 14 to 15 cm represents a further transition from saltation to suspension, where the distribution curves of the transport rate against height converge. The basic natural exponential function cannot describe well the vertical distribution of the saltation mass flux in the Taklamakan Desert. As a function of height, saltation mass flux follows a function qsalt = a'Z-bZ, and the distribution of suspension mass flux fits the power function very well. A total transport rate from surface creep to saltation and suspension in the measured flow layer, which is directly proportional to the effective wind speed squared (V - Vt)2, can be predicted by integrating Q = a'Z-bZ + cZ-d. The height distribution of the average quantities of transported materials varies as an exponential function of wind speed, and deceases with the increase in total transport quantity. Higher wind speed results in a higher transport rate and a higher vertical gradient for the particle concentration. The increment of relative transport quantity in the higher flux layer increases as wind speed increases, which generates a higher concentration of drifting particles in the upper flow layer. [Key words: aeolian geomorphology, aeolian transport, horizontal sand flux, sand dune, vertical sediment distribution, Taklamakan Desert.] 相似文献
8.
海岸风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的垂向分布模式 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
通过对河北昌黎黄金海岸沙丘风沙流的野外实地观测与室内风洞模拟实验数据的数值模拟,探讨了我国典型海岸沙丘风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的垂向分布模式。结果表明,河北昌黎黄金海岸沙丘表面风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的垂向分布特征并不一致,其中细沙和中沙符合典型的指数递减分布规律,但粗沙则为负幂函数分布。究其原因,主要与不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的分布高度及运动方式差异有关。在实际非均匀沙床面上,粗沙主要集中分布于沙丘表面4cm高度内湍流发育的近地表层,运动方式以蠕移为主,沙丘表面湍流的主导作用使其输沙量随高度的变化满足负幂律关系,但中沙和细沙则以跃移运动为主,跃移沙粒输沙量的垂向分布呈现指数递减特征。 相似文献
9.
风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征比较 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为进一步认识风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征的异同,在风洞中分别对风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线进行了测量,风速采集时间间隔缩短至0.01s,分析了风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速、瞬时摩阻风速和瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的变化特征。结果表明：相同来流条件下,风沙流中水平风速脉动强度高于净风场,风沙流中瞬时摩阻风速、瞬时空气动力学粗糙度以及它们的脉动幅度均大于净风场;风沙流和净风场中瞬时摩阻风速概率密度分布均可以表示为正态分布,但其正态分布的特征值却存在一定差别;净风场中瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的概率密度分布表现出单调递减分布,而风沙流中瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的概率密度分布呈现出单峰分布。因此,在相同主流风速下风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征有明显差别。 相似文献
10.
风沙流输沙通量垂向分布研究
——以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘流沙地表风沙流观测为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
于2010年4—6月在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲外缘流沙地进行风速、风向和输沙量同步观测,利用观测到的28组数据对输沙通量的垂向分布进行研究。结果表明,在4.5～8 m·s-1的风速区间内,总输沙率随风速增长速率较慢,大于8 m·s-1时增长迅速。在较小风速时,4个高度层(1 cm、3 cm、9 cm和19 cm)的输沙比率变化不明显,当风速大于6.6 m·s-1时,1 cm和19 cm高度输沙比率的调整较为明显,前者减小而后者增加,中间两层(3 cm、9 cm)则维持一定波动。不同的蚀积条件对于输沙通量的垂向分布具有一定的影响,平均跃移高度则在一定程度上反映了地表沙粒的吹蚀和堆积过程。在4种常见的描述输沙通量垂向分布的模型中,Zingg的修正幂函数具有最好的拟合程度,但反映的风沙流信息最少,简单幂函数的参数包涵了最为丰富的风沙流信息但拟合程度最差,指数函数同时具有较好的拟合程度和参数意义,Fryrear的幂函数则与指数函数恰恰相反。在沙物质以极细沙为主的塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘,指数函数较之简单幂函数能更好地描述该区域输沙通量的垂向分布,验证并补充了风洞实验的结果。综合比较认为,指数函数能更好地描述塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘输沙通量的垂向分布。 相似文献
11.
风沙研究者非常重视对输沙通量随高度变化特征的研究,并为寻找可靠的测量手段付出了不懈的努力。基于高速摄影技术获得的沙粒平均水平速度与沙粒数的垂直剖面,推导了较低风速下环境风洞内输沙通量的垂直剖面。结果表明：沙粒平均水平速度随高度呈幂函数增加,颗粒浓度随高度的算数平方根呈指数衰减。由颗粒平均水平速度剖面与浓度剖面的乘积可获得输沙通量剖面。所获得的输沙通量随高度变化曲线在距床面1~3 mm处均有一个明显的拐点,拐点上方输沙通量随高度呈指数衰减。在床面与拐点之间输沙通量没有明显的变化趋势,这可能是由于气流中颗粒间的碰撞以及颗粒与床面碰撞的影响。平均跃移高度和相对衰减系数是描述输沙通量随高度变化的两个重要参数,两者有着很好的相关性,表明了随着风速增加和沙粒粒径减小跃移颗粒可以达到更大的高度,随着风速减小与粒径增大,输沙通量迅速衰减。 相似文献
12.
Dune sand transport as influenced by wind directions, speed and frequencies in the Ordos Plateau, China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The Ordos Plateau in China is a region with extensive wind erosion, severe desertification and various aeolian sand hazards. In order to determine aeolian sand transport in this region, the relationship between the sand transport rate and wind speed at 10 min frequencies was established by field observation in both the Qubqi Sand Desert and the Mu Us Sandy Land. Threshold wind speeds (2 m above the ground) for mobile, semi-fixed and fixed dune surfaces were estimated by field observations. The sand transport rate increased with the increase of the bare land ratio and near-bed wind speed. High-resolution meteorological 10 min average wind velocity data at 10 m above the ground were converted into velocity values at a height of 2 m to calculate sand transport potential based on three specific parameters decisive for sand transport: wind speed, duration and direction. The quantity of aeolian sand transported was calculated for various wind speed levels and directions, and the overall characteristics of sand transport on different dune surface types were determined by vector operation techniques. Sand transporting winds took place mainly in springtime. The prevailing wind directions were W, WNW and NW, with a frequency of more than 60% in total, and sand transport in these directions made up more than 70% of the total transport, corresponding to a general southeastward encroachment of aeolian sand in the study area. The relationship between wind frequency and speed can be expressed by a power function. High magnitude strong winds had a low frequency, but they played a dominant role in aeolian sand transport. 相似文献
13.
通过相邻图像减法获得了清晰的沙粒运动图像。在此基础上,分别提出了通过人工目视解译与计算机追踪相结合进行跃移颗粒数字轨迹追踪的多帧图像匹配算法以及更适用于计算跃移沙粒群运动瞬时速度场的两帧图像匹配算法。结果表明：与前人研究采用的单纯的人工匹配计算相比,多帧图像匹配算法在保证数据准确性的同时,极大的提高了工作效率。两帧图像匹配算法克服了传统的PTV匹配算法对流场内粒子群运动特征的要求,更加适宜于跃移沙粒群的速度测量,不仅拥有较高的匹配率,而且全过程实现全自动计算,具有较高的计算速度,能够为跃移相整体运动特性研究提供具有代表性的数据。因此,此方法有助于高速摄影技术在研究跃移沙粒运动中的优势更加明显。 相似文献
14.
Estimating aeolian transport rates in the field is a difficult task even though various transport equations have been proposed. In this study, we used 5 years of field data on aeolian transport from an experimental plot for aeolian research located in the southeastern Tengger Desert to develop a practical aeolian transport equation capable of estimating transport rates in flat shifting sand fields. The resulting equation relates transport to the average wind velocity during a given period through a modified power function. The transport rate increases linearly with the cube of the average wind velocity. The equation can be generalized rate to a form that contains a proportionality coefficient and a threshold average wind velocity. The proposed model has an advantage over previous models in that it is based on a much larger sample size and corrected to account for variability in wind direction, sampling efficiency, and the height of the wind measurements. 相似文献
15.
乌兰布和沙漠东北缘地表风沙流结构特征 总被引：13，自引：4，他引：9
在国家林业局磴口荒漠生态站长期监测的基础上,利用多种积沙仪,对乌兰布和沙漠东北缘流动沙丘、油蒿半固定沙丘、白刺半固定沙丘、油蒿固定沙丘、白刺固定沙丘5种典型下垫面近地面（0～100 cm）的风沙流输沙量进行了实地观测和对比分析。结果表明：（1） 输沙率（q）随高度（h）增加呈幂函数（q=ah-b,R2≥0.8409）规律衰减,随风速（v）增大呈幂函数（q=avb,R2≥0.9256）规律增加,42.8%～70.7%的输沙量分布在10 cm高度内,67.6%～90.0%的输沙量分布于30 cm高度内。当地表植被盖度达到40%以上时,输沙率下降至无植被覆盖地表输沙率的6.6%以下,可有效阻止地表风蚀。（2） 沙物质主要由粒径为50～250 μm的细沙和极细沙构成,各高度层风蚀物粒度组成服从单峰态分布,峰值在100～250 μm。随高度增加,风蚀物粒径范围趋于变窄,粒径趋于更细。（3） 起沙风多出现在WSW和NW方向,占全年起沙风的53.19%。风沙流中跃移输沙、蠕移输沙的空间分布在理论上应与风向频率分布基本一致,差异性主要由各方位风的强度和持续时间等因素导致。研究结果可为该区域防沙工程设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
16.
尼龙网方格沙障风沙流携沙粒度的空间分异特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了探究塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地尼龙网方格沙障对风沙流携沙粒度的空间分异作用,于2015年4-6月,选取裸沙地和尼龙网2种下垫面,利用方口集沙仪和全方位集沙仪分别收集风沙流中垂直高度层中2~100 cm和16个方位的输沙量,利用BT-2001激光粒度分布仪对沙样进行粒度组成分析。结果表明：沙粒的粒度频率曲线形态表现为单峰分布特征,与下垫面沙粒组成有关。在垂直方向上,沙粒的平均粒径在L1（裸沙地）、L2（沙障前部）处随着高度的增加沙粒平均粒径减小,L3（沙障中部）处平均粒径先增加后趋于稳定;风沙流进入沙障后,分选性变差,偏度增大,峰度减小;L1和L2处沙粒随平均粒径的减小,分选性变差、细尾越来越明显、沙粒粒径分布范围变窄,且L1处分选系数、峰度和偏度与沙粒平均粒径在双变量图上的变化率大于L2处。在水平方位上,沙粒的平均粒径在T1（裸沙地）-T2（沙障前部）-T3（沙障中部）的过程中先增后减,在T2处,分选性最好,偏度系数和峰度最小;3个观测点的粒度参数与平均粒径没有明显的相关关系。 相似文献
17.
为了探究风沙流起动过程中沙粒输运特征,利用PTV测量技术在风洞中对风沙流起动过程进行了测量,分析了沙粒空间分布、沙粒平均水平速度、输沙率、沙粒数密度和输沙通量随时间的变化规律。结果表明：风沙流起动时间大约为1.5 s。起动过程中,输沙率随时间迅速增加,气流中沙粒总数目随时间的变化可表示为指数函数,沙粒数密度和输沙通量随高度的变化均可近似表示为负指数衰减函数。在t=1.0 s时刻的沙粒平均水平速度大于相同高度处以后时刻的沙粒平均水平速度,同一高度处t=1.5 s以后的沙粒数密度大于t=0.5 s、1.0 s时刻的沙粒数密度,同一高度处t=1.5 s以后的输沙通量大于t=1.0 s时刻的输沙通量。沙粒数密度随高度的衰减率一般随时间的增加而减小,并在t=1.5 s后逐渐接近稳定值。 相似文献
18.
The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: a wind tunnel investigation 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud, or the variation of blown sand flux with height, is the reflection of blown sand particles that move in different trajectories, and also the basis for checking drifting sand. Here we report the wind tunnel results of systematic tests of the flux profiles of different sized sands at different free-stream wind velocities. The results reveal that within the 60-cm near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed by an exponential function: qh=aexp(−h/b), where, qh is the blown sand transport rate at height h, a and b are parameters that vary with wind velocity and sand size. The significance of coefficient a and b in the function is defined: a represents the transport rate in true creep and b implies the relative decay rate with height of the blown sand transport rate. The true creep fraction, the ratio of the sand transported on the surface (h=0) to the total transport varies widely, decreasing with both sand size and wind speed. The flux profiles are converted to straight lines by plotting sand transport rate, qh, on a log-scale. The slope of the straight lines that represents the relative decay rate with height of sand transport rate decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and sand grain size, implying that relatively more of the blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase. The average saltating height represented by the height where 50% of the cumulative flux percentage occurs increases with both wind speed and grain size, implying that saltation becomes more intense as grain size and/or wind velocity increase. 相似文献
19.
1 Introduction Wind erosion, which occurred in arid, semiarid and sub-humid areas, is a critical process in land desertification and degradation. It is a global environmental problem (Dong et al., 1996; Gomesa et al., 2003). Previous researches on process… 相似文献
20.
Size frequency distributions of sediment particles in a wind tunnel containing a bed of non-uniform sand are investigated by re-interpreting existing experimental data using particle-size analysis. Each particle sample is classified into one of eight groups according to its size grading. The analysis reveals that the modal shape of the particle-size frequency distributions of the saltating sand at different elevations or longitudinal distances is similar to that of the mixed sand in the bed once the boundary layer is fully developed. The standard deviation of the grain-size frequency distribution increases with increasing elevation above the bed then stays constant, whereas its skewness decreases. The mean grain size decays exponentially with elevation. The aeolian sand mass flux is determined for each size grading at different vertical and horizontal measurement locations. The vertical profile of aeolian horizontal mass flux depends on the size grading. The distribution of the sand transport rate according to the mean grain size in each grading fits the normal distribution. A parameter wi is defined to reflect the likelihood of saltation for sand particles of the i-th size grading, and the mean sand size corresponding to the maximum value of wi is found to be 0.2 mm. In addition, wind velocity strongly influences the magnitudes of the particle-size distribution and the sand mass flux distribution in both vertical and longitudinal directions. 相似文献