共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Gerard Caudal 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,86(1):29-45
Donelan and Pierson have proposed a semiphysical model of the equilibrium sea wave spectrum, based upon a parameterization of wave growth and dissipation terms. Their model is applicable for fully developed seas only. In the framework of Donelan and Pierson's approach, this paper explores the dependence of the equilibrium spectrum upon wave age. To this end, we examine how the dissipation through wave breaking is expected to vary with wave age, according to the approach proposed by Longuet-Higgins in 1969. The constraint imposed by Longuet-Higgins' theory requires an increase of the equilibrium spectrum F(k,0) in the wind direction with increasing inverse wave age U/Cp. This is in accordance with Banner's empirically deduced statement that F(k,0) is proportional to (U/Cp)0.5 in the equilibrium range. Our inferred F(k,0) tends to increase more or less linearly with U/Cp (we find F(k,0) proportional to 1 + 0.25(U/Cp - 0.83), rather than through a power law. If a power law is fitted we obtain F(k,0) approximately proportional to (U/Cp)0.35 for the range 0.83 < U/Cp > 5. Finally, the roughness length of the air-sea interface is inferred from our modelled spectrum through integration of the form drag over wave number under rough conditions. This shows a wave age dependence that is compatible with measurements of wind stress performed in the field at various wave ages. 相似文献
2.
青藏高原上空一次重力波过程的识别与天气影响分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用再分析资料、多套卫星反演资料和WRF中尺度数值模拟资料,识别了2005年1月10日青藏高原上空一次重力波过程,以及重力波对青藏高原西部降雪的影响。结果表明,此次重力波位于急流出口区的左方,以西南-东北走向覆盖青藏高原大部分地区。大尺度的冷暖平流相间分布和不断增强的非平衡流为重力波的形成提供了有利背景场。小波交叉谱分析显示垂直涡度与水平散度在对流层中层满足重力波的极化性质,在青藏高原西部的上升支对应有降雪过程发生。WRF可以较好地再现这一过程,并且能够模拟出再分析资料中无法分辨的中尺度重力波。数值模拟表明,青藏高原近地面强烈非绝热加热使得低层大气静力不稳定,在近地面暖区触发对流后引起高层凝结释放潜热,低层融化冷却,有利于激发重力波,并在其上升支产生固态凝结物,随后到来的冷气团提供了有利的水汽输送条件,大范围的弱抬升运动取代了原间隔进入降雪区的强对流上升支,使得固态凝结物得以落至地面,最终在青藏高原西部形成本次降雪过程。 相似文献
3.
热带平流层多尺度波动分离方案的研究：多站点高分辨率无线电探空联合分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用太平洋地区台风过境期间6个热带气象站的高分辨率无线电探空资料,结合扩展经验正交函数（EEOF）展开,对热带下平流层行星波和重力波扰动进行了分离,给出了一种热带地区提取重力波扰动的新方案。对观测数据做EEOF展开后,选择表征行星尺度波动模态的特征向量和相应权重进行气象要素场的重建。结果显示,在不同的台风过程期间,温度、纬向风和经向风的重建扰动量显示出不同的动力学偏振关系:在准两年振荡（QBO）东风位相时与赤道开尔文波的偏振关系一致,而在准两年振荡西风位相时与混合罗斯贝-重力波（MRG）的偏振关系一致。把行星尺度波动模态从原始观测中剔除,得到新的扰动廓线,对其进行重力波垂直波数谱的谱型拟合。结果发现,与以往方法提取的重力波扰动相比,新方法所得谱型参数中特征垂直波长λ*在不同时期不同站点变化很小,稳定在1.7 km左右,且低频波数段谱斜率s的数值与理论假设1十分接近。综合其研究结果可以推测,用新方法提取的热带重力波扰动更加符合当前的理论垂直波数谱模型。 相似文献
4.
基于WRF模式对2011年6月16—19日一次东移西南涡过程的模拟,开展了西南涡激发平流层重力波的特征研究。东移西南涡可以分为发展、强盛和减弱3个阶段,每个阶段均伴随着强降雨天气,但由于降水位置和强度的不同,平流层重力波的分布和强度也不同。西南涡发展阶段,平流层重力波主要位于低涡的东侧,并向东北传播;西南涡强盛阶段,伴随对流降水的强度和范围明显增大,平流层重力波的振幅和范围也显著增大,且围绕西南涡的东侧和南侧呈现出半环状的重力波分布特征可分为两支,东侧波动波列表现为东北西南向分布,南侧的波列表现为东—西向分布;西南涡减弱阶段,重力波的振幅和范围均减小。波谱分析表明,重力波的纬向波数频率谱关于零频率呈非对称分布,且随着西南涡的增强,波谱在小尺度范围显著增大,即强对流更容易激发出小尺度的高频波;经向波数频率谱在波数较小谱段关于零频率基本呈对称分布,但在波数较大谱段,也呈非对称分布,这说明受平流层东风气流的影响,重力波主要向东传播。 相似文献
5.
中尺度大气波动的波谱和谱函数——数学模型和计算方法 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
作者得到了准二维Boussinesq方程组，并用其研究了中尺度大气波动的波谱和谱函数。在一定条件下对该方程组线性化并取标准模后，可将其初边值问题转化为矩阵的广义特征值问题来进行数值求解，这样就可知原问题波谱和谱函数的性质。当无基本流且取地转参数、层结参数为常数时，可求得其波谱和谱函数的解析解。此时该模式中仅包含有一对重力惯性内波模态，且各模态均是简谐波；模态越高，垂直波数越大则波动传播得越慢，所有的模态均为离散谱，并存在聚点。对此作者用数值解作了验算，结果表明，该数值求解方案合理可行，对不太高的模态其精度也令人满意。在无基本流然而考虑层结的垂直变化后，则一般无法求取解析解，为此进行了数值求解。这时该模式仍仅包含有一对重力惯性内波的离散谱模态，不过由于层结参数的变化，各模态结构与简谐波出现了偏差。 相似文献
6.
曲线拟合背景场在提取大气重力波参数中的缺陷 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用一次东亚副热带高空急流演变过程的高分辨率数值模拟结果,采用Morlet小波分析和Fourier功率谱分析方法,以3阶和4阶曲线拟合为例,研究了提取大气重力波参数时常用的曲线拟合背景场获取方法的缺陷.结果表明:虽然4阶拟合对原始风廓线的拟合程度高于3阶拟合,但基于4阶拟合背景场得到风速扰动垂直廓线后,所提取的重力波参数和实际情况的差异大于3阶曲线拟合方法的结果.因此,不能将背景场对原始风廓线的拟合程度作为判断重力波参数提取准确率的依据.曲线拟合方法在大多数情况下会使扰动场中包含背景场信号,且所包含的背景场信号强度差异很大,同时还会引入虚假波信号.所以在提取大气重力波参数时,采用曲线拟合方法获取背景场存在缺陷,需要设计更合理的背景场获取方法. 相似文献
7.
选取四川省的一次暴雨个例分析研究大气中对流活动和重力波的相互内在联系。针对这次暴雨过程,采用MICAPS探空资料和天气雷达资料,并且结合天气学分析以及重力波指数的分析方法对暴雨的形成原因和重力波的机制进行了研究。结果表明:重力波与暴雨有一定的内在联系,重力波引导了暴雨的发展;非线性平衡方程对于诊断大幅度的重力波有很好的指示作用。 相似文献
8.
本文针对我国西南地区的一次持续性暴雨过程,利用WRF模式引入地形重力波拖曳方案进行120h的模拟,对比结果认为引入地形重力波拖曳的模拟效果总体看来略有优势,并详细分析了不同模拟时段的位势高度场,风场,海平面气压场与降水,其结果认为,引入与未引入地形重力波模拟的差异主要出现在48~72h之后,位势高度场方面,72h之后,在青藏高原主体上引入拖曳方案后的模拟结果相对未引入拖曳方案的结果是正偏差,高原下游地区为负偏差,引入后的模拟相对准确;风场模拟方面同样72h以内的模拟差距较小,72h之后高原上出现一处气旋性涡旋,其中心位置的模拟,引入拖曳方案后的结果相对准确,本次个例中出现的一例西南低涡,两实验都能够较好的模拟出700h Pa的气旋性涡旋;降水模拟的结果表明,在72h之后,对于四川地区降水中心位置的模拟,引入拖曳方案的模拟有所提高,但中心依然过强。这方面主要考虑降水的模拟牵涉模式内部更为复杂的处理过程和其他因素,地形重力波拖曳只是其中一个影响因素而不是核心因素。另外此方案对温度场及海平面气压场模拟的影响不明显。理论上讲引入地形重力波拖曳效应的模拟是物理过程相对更为完善的,在本次个例中模拟效果也略优,但在高原下坡复杂地形处长期应用的模拟效果仍需要更多的测试,将在后续工作中加以完善。 相似文献
9.
利用NCEP/NCAR分辨率为1°×1°再分析资料和气象台实测降水资料及TRMM 3 h降水资料,采用WRF中尺度数值模式,对2010年7月22日发生在黄河流域中游南部的一次暴雨过程进行了数值模拟及诊断分析。结果表明：WRF模式能较为成功的模拟出本次暴雨过程。此次暴雨在大尺度环流形势上,是由于西太平洋副热带高压与河套低压槽的共同影响产生的;来自印度洋、中国南海的大量水汽输送为暴雨提供了充足的水汽来源。处于200 hPa的高空急流,由于地转调整激发出了中尺度重力波,使用散度场、云水分布,能够确定中尺度重力波的存在和移动方向。在利用模拟资料分析重力波对甘肃省东部地区暴雨产生的原因时得出：高空急流中产生的中尺度重力波与低层大气对中尺度重力波的吸收作用,共同导致了该地暴雨的发生。由高空急流风向和非线性平衡方程的数值分布情况,可以提前判断中尺度重力波发生的区域和移动方向,从而能够提前对暴雨可能发生的区域和时间作出预报。 相似文献
10.
Summary Numerical simulations with the NCAR/PSU Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) were performed to study a large-amplitude gravity wave event that occurred on 4 January 1994 along the East Coast of the United States. Results from the MM5 control simulation using a 12-km mesh resolution compared well with the synoptic and mesoscale observational analysis. The simulated gravity waves displayed timing, location, wavelength, and propagation speed similar to those observed in a synoptic-scale environment described by the Uccellini and Koch (1987) conceptual model. Additional features existing upstream of the wave generation region not contained within their conceptual model were a warm occlusion and tropopause fold prior to and during the gravity wave generation. Wave ducting criteria were nearly satisfied along the path of the gravity waves.Several sensitivity tests were performed. In a simulation in which the Appalachian Mountains were removed, the model still produced similar cyclone development and mesoscale gravity waves. Thus topography was not directly responsible for the gravity wave genesis. Also, three different fake dry sensitivity tests were performed with the latent heating related to changes of water substance turned off in the model at different stages of the simulation. The results from these simulations suggest that diabatic heating played an important role in both jet/cyclone development and in gravity wave amplification and maintenance, though not wave generation. The simulation with grid resolution increased to 4km, which included fully explicit microphysics produced gravity wave characteristics similar to those in the control simulation, though the higher resolution resolved much shorter waves (though unverifiable) closely associated with convection. This 4-km sensitivity experiment with no cumulus parameterization also confirmed that the dominant gravity wave was not an artifact of the particular cumulus parameterization scheme used for the control simulation. The reliability of the simulated gravity waves is further confirmed with another sensitivity experiment initialized 20 hours before the observed wave generation in which qualitatively-similar gravity waves were produced.Received August 28, 2000; revised May 2002; accepted October 8, 2002
Published online: April 10, 2003 相似文献
11.
Abraham Zangvil 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1981,21(1):39-46
The meaningfulness of spectral presentations, and of spectral peaks in particular, is considered by the use of simple examples. First, we derive analytically the spectra of sinusoidal finite-length waves and subject the spectra to several area-conserving transformations. The peak of the logarithmic spectrum (power density per unit natural logarithm of frequency) is shown to be the most appropriate for defining the scales (or frequencies) of the waves. The advantage of the logarithmic spectrum becomes even more apparent when a wave consisting of the positive part of a sine wave is considered. In that case, the conventional frequency presentation is misleading because in addition to the erroneous location of the spectral peak, an increase of power density towards low frequencies occurs, giving the spectra the appearance of red noise. For the same wave, it is shown that the logarithmic spectrum has a single peak at the position corresponding with the actual wave frequency. 相似文献
12.
Properties and stability of a meso-scale line-form disturbance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
By using the 3D dynamic equations for small- and meso-scale disturbances, an investigation is performed on the heterotropic instability (including symmetric instability and traversal-type instability) of a zonal line-like disturbance moving at any angle with respect to basic flow, arriving at the following results: (1) with linear shear available, the heterotropic instability of the disturbance will occur only when flow shearing happens in the direction of the line-like disturbance movement or in the direction perpendicular to the disturbance movement, with the heterotropic instability showing the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave; (2) in the presence of second-order non-linear shear, the disturbance of the heterotropic instability includes internal inertial gravity and vortex Rossby waves. For the zonal line-form disturbance under study, the vortex Rossby wave has its source in the second-order shear of meridional basic wind speed in the flow and propagates unidirectionally with respect to the meridional basic flow. As a mesoscale heterotropic instable disturbance, the vortex Rossby wave has its origin from the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance and is independent of the condition in the direction parallel to the flow; (3) for general zonal line-like disturbances, if the second-order shear happens in the meridional wind speed, i.e., the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance, then the heterotropic instability of the disturbance is likely to be the instability of a mixed Rossby–internal inertial gravity wave; (4) the symmetric instability is actually the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave. The second-order shear in the flow represents an instable factor for a symmetric-type disturbance; (5) the instability of a traversal-type disturbance is the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave when the basic flow is constant or only linearly sheared. With a second or nonlinear vertical shear of the basic flow taken into account, the instability of a traversal-type disturbance may be the instability of a mixed vortex Rossby – gravity wave. 相似文献
13.
An experimental scheme was designed to obtain laboratory-scale verification of Hasselmann's nonlinear wave—wave interaction and white-cap dissipation theories. Water wave height and fluctuating air pressure were measured simultaneously in a fixed reference frame as a function of fetch in the Stanford Wind, Water-Wave Research Facility under the conditions of a steady wind and a stationary wave spectrum. All the data were obtained 5 mm above the highest point of the wind waves for five stations (3 m apart on average) and at three wind speeds (7.1, 8.0 and 8.9 m/sec). The wave height and fluctuating pressure were measured by a capacitance wave-height gauge and a crystal pressure transducer, respectively.Based on the experimental results, Hasselmann's nonlinear wave—wave interaction theory appears to be valid. Barnett's approximate parametric equation for calculating the energy transfer of nonlinear wave—wave interaction and Hasselmann's white-capping dissipation model were also verified and appeared to be applicable in the relatively low and intermediate frequency region of a wave spectrum for a normalized fetch range of 100–500. Based on the results of an overall energy balance in a gravity wind-wave spectrum, the nonlinear wave—wave interaction mechanism is shown to play a dominant role in the energy transfer processes after the wave spectrum is generated. 相似文献
14.
15.
利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)开发的新一代ERA5再分析资料、中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐小时降水资料以及国家卫星气象中心FY-2G卫星云图资料,对2018年5月21～22日发生在四川盆地西南部的一次山地突发性暴雨过程中的重力波特征进行天气动力学分析.得到以下结果:此次山地突发性暴雨受到了波长约为1... 相似文献
16.
Motivated by the mean current and stratification structure associated with the equatorial undercurrent (EUC), we examine the stability and wave propagation characteristics of a highly idealized model flow: the asymmetrically stratified jet. This is a parallel shear flow in which the depth-varying current has the sech2 form of a Bickley jet. The stratification has a step function structure: the buoyancy frequency takes uniform values above and below the center of the jet, with the larger value occurring below. The spectrum contains three classes of unstable normal modes. Two are extensions of the sinuous and varicose modes of the unstratified Bickley jet; the third has not been described previously. The asymmetric stratification structure allows instabilities to radiate gravity wave energy from the upper flank of the jet to the lower flank, where it encounters a critical layer. From here, wave energy may be reflected, absorbed or transmitted. Absorption results in wave saturation and momentum transfer to the mean flow, in close analogy with the breaking of orographic gravity waves in the middle atmosphere. Transmission beyond the lower flank may partly account for wave signals observed in the deep equatorial oceans. All of these processes exert zonal forces on the jet that alter its speed and shape. The wave structures and associated fluxes developed by the idealized model are compared with observations of the EUC. 相似文献
17.
本文用ＷＫＫＢＪ方法研究了地形对重力惯性波传播与发展的影响，得到了地形影响下重力惯性波的波作用量守恒方程。结果表明：重力惯性波能量有向地形较高的区域传播的趋势，并且波包振幅上坡时加大，下坡时减小。 相似文献
18.
An investigation is made on the damping of gravity oscillations in closed basins by using the singular perturbation method of Hukuda and Mysak. A perturbation solution, pivoting on a small bottom friction parameter ε, is derived for an arbitrary shaped basin with a sloping beach. It is shown that at 0(ε) the gravity oscillations are attenuated at a decay rate equal to the kinetic energy of 0(1) wave field. A simple law of decay rates is proposed for estimating the e-folding time of lake seiches, on the basis of calculations in both circular and elliptical basins with parabolic depth. The theoretical prediction is in good agreement with the long life cycle of a uninodal seiches observed in Lake Vättern, Sweden, as quoted in Defant. 相似文献
19.
为了研究三维静力适应过程的机理,推导三维静力适应方程组并导出声重力波的频散特征、解析解和能量转换关系以及位涡方程。结果表明,三维静力适应过程实际上就是三维声重力波和重力内波的频散过程,声重力波和重力内波的频率在水平方向上可以区分开来。声重力波的频率随着水平波数和垂直波数的增大而增大。取近轴近似,其解析解在空间上呈螺旋曲面,为大气中热通量和动量从一个区域向另一个区域的输送提供了一种机制,从而为研究大气提供了新的视角。垂直速度在动能与有效势能的转换、有效势能与有效弹性势能的转换中发挥着重要的作用,并且只发生在垂直方向上。在静力适应过程中总能量和位涡是守恒的。适应终态中有效势能比有效弹性势能大一个数量级。 相似文献
20.
大气重力波是一种普遍存在于大气层中的波动现象,与多种不同尺度天气现象均有密切联系,研究平流层重力波的时空分布特征及其可能影响机制对于全球大气环流、大尺度气候变化和各类中尺度天气系统的研究具有重要意义.利用基于PANGAEA数据中心提供的2002—2015年逐月平流层重力波参数资料和SPARC数据中心提供的1992—1997年逐月纬向风资料,分析了平流层重力波参数的时空分布特征,并讨论了影响平流层重力波变化的可能机制.结果表明,对于重力波参数的纬向平均分布,平流层重力波扰动温度和垂直波长随高度增加而增大,而水平波数和绝对动量通量则相反.在夏半球的中低纬度和冬半球的高纬度存在重力波参数的大值区,在赤道附近全年存在重力波参数的低值区.平流层重力波参数水平分布表现为纬向上的带状分布,强度随季节发生变化.在相同纬度,重力波参数的大值中心出现在大陆,特别是山脉地区.平流层纬向风和重力波参数二者的分布具有一致性,说明背景风对大气的扰动是影响重力波参数的可能机制之一. 相似文献