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1.
Samples of chert nodules, diagenetic carbonates and evaporites (gypsum/anhydrite) collected from the gypsiferous limestones of the Kef Eddour Member (Ypressian‐Priabonian) near Metlaoui and Sehib (Tunisia) show selective silicification with great variety in the silicified by‐products. Based on δ13C values, which support an organic origin for the carbon, carbonates replaced evaporites microbially through bacterial sulphate reduction. Observations and results suggest two scenarios for chert formation that are related to the rate and timing of diagenetic carbonate replacement of the evaporites (anhydrite/gypsum). In the absence of early diagenetic carbonate phases, silica with δ18O values from +25 to +28·6‰ [standard mean ocean water (SMOW)] replaced the outer parts of anhydrite nodules at pH < 9. In contrast, pore‐fluid pH values > 9 in the innermost parts of the anhydrite nodules prevented silica precipitation. The record of this chemical barrier is preserved in the microquartz rims and geode features that formed in the inner parts of the nodules after dissolution of the anhydrite nucleus. The microbial diagenetic replacement of evaporites (bacterial sulphate reduction) by carbonates (calcite, aragonite and dolomite) favoured silica replacement of carbonates rather than evaporites. Silica, with δ18O signature of +21 to +26‰ (SMOW), replaced carbonates on a volume‐for‐volume basis, yielding a more siliceous groundmass, and accounting for 90–95% of the nodules. The relatively higher δ18O values of quartz replacing anhydrite can be explained by a diagenetic fluid in equilibrium with mixed (meteoric/marine) to marine water. The lower δ18O values of the quartz that replaced the diagenetic carbonates are ascribed to flushing by meteoric water in a later diagenetic stage. The silica supply for chert formation could be derived from the reworked bio‐siliceous deposits (diatomites) to the west of the basin [vestiges of an opal‐CT precursor undetectable by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were revealed by δ29Si magic‐angle‐spinning nuclear magnetic resonance investigations], diagenesis of the extraformational and overlying clay‐rich beds (the host limestones are clay‐poor as shown by XRD measurements), and minor volcanogenic and hydrothermal contributions during early diagenetic stages.  相似文献   

2.
Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen were determined in 45 samples of water (27 samples of oil-associated waters, 17 samples of mineral waters used by spas, 1 sample of surface river water) from the Central Carpathian Synclinorium, covering a stratigraphic range of flysch sediments from Upper Cretaceous to Oligocene. Moreover, oxygen isotope compositions of authigenic calcite (vein and cement) from core samples of four boreholes were made to evaluate isotopic equilibrium between waters and diagenetic carbonates as a function of temperature. The saline and brackish waters (TDS from1 g/l to 48.9 g/l) considered here, generally belong to four hydrogeochemical classes: Na-Cl, Cl-HCO3-Na, HCO3-Cl-Na and HCO3-Na. Their isotopic composition causes them to fall to the right of Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) showing enrichment in 18O and 2H. On the other hand, relative to Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) they are depleted in 2H and both depleted and enriched in 18O. The observed isotopic composition can be explained by the three-component mixing of surface water, diagenetically modified sea water (kind of connate water) and metamorphic water. The mixing is accompanied by an exchange of oxygen isotopes between water and carbonate cements causes 18O enrichment of interstitial waters. The contribution of isotopic exchange between water and clay minerals in shales was evaluated only theoretically basing of the literature.  相似文献   

3.
Authigenic Carbonate Formation in the Ocean   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Oceanic authigenic carbonates are classified according to the origin of carbonate carbon source using a complex methodology that includes methods of sedimentary petrography, mineralogy, isotope geochemistry, and microbiology. Mg-calcite (proto-dolomite) and aragonite predominate among the authigenic carbonates. All authigenic carbonates are depleted in heavy carbon isotope 13 and enriched in heavy oxygen isotope 18O (in PDB system), indicating biological fractionation of isotopes during the carbonate formation. Results obtained show that authigenic carbonate formation is a biogeochemical (microbial) process, which involves carbon from ancient sedimentary rocks, abiogenic methane, and bicarbonate-ion of hydrothermal fluids into the modern carbon cycle.  相似文献   

4.
Oxygen isotope microanalyses of authigenic quartz, in combination with temperatures of quartz precipitation constrained by fluid inclusion microthermometry and burial history modelling, are employed to trace the origin and evolution of pore waters in three distinct reservoirs of the Brae Formation in the Miller and Kingfisher Fields (North Sea). Oxygen isotope ratios of quartz cements were measured in situ in nine sandstone thin sections with a Cameca ims-4f ion microprobe. In conjunction with quartz cement paragenesis in the reservoirs, constrained from textural and cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy studies, pore water evolution was reconstructed from the time of deposition of the sandstones in the Upper Jurassic until the present.CL photomicrographs of quartz overgrowths in the Brae Formation sandstones show three cement zones (A, B and C) which can be related to different oxygen isotope compositions: (1) the earliest, and thinnest, zone A (homogeneous CL pattern with probable δ18O values between +23‰ and +26‰—direct measurements were not possible) precipitated in the sandstones at temperatures <60 °C; (2) the second zone B (complex CL pattern and directly measured δ18O values between +15‰ and +18‰) precipitated in the sandstones most likely between 70 and 90 °C; (3) the third zone C (homogeneous CL pattern and directly measured δ18O values between +16‰ and +22‰) precipitated in the sandstones most likely at temperatures >90 °C. Calculated oxygen isotope compositions of pore waters show that zone A quartz cements, and enclosing concretionary calcite, precipitated from a meteoric-type fluid (∼−7‰) during shallow burial (<1.5 km). Zone B quartz cements precipitated from fluids which evolved in composition from a meteoric-type fluid (δ18O −7‰) to a more 18O-enriched fluid (δ18O −4‰) as burial continued to ∼3.0 km. Data from zone C quartz cements are consistent with further fluid evolution from δ18O −4‰ to basinal-type fluids with δ18O similar to the present-day formation water oxygen isotope composition (+0.6‰ at 4.0 km burial). A similar pore water evolution can be derived for all three reservoirs studied, indicating that hydrogeologic evolution was similar across sandstones of the whole Brae Formation.The quartz cement zones observed in the Brae Formation sandstones, and the pore water history derived for the area studied, is analogous to published petrographic and pore water evolution data from the nearby Brent Group reservoirs and from reservoirs located in the Haltenbanken area on the Atlantic margin offshore Norway. Considering quartz cement is a major porosity-occluding phase in many reservoir sandstones, and because pore waters both dissolve quartz and carry the dissolved silica to cementation sites, the data presented are valuable for improving the understanding and prediction of reservoir quality development in sandstones globally.  相似文献   

5.
为探讨成岩作用对烃类流体活动的响应,利用显微观察、包裹体测温、扫描电镜、阴极发光等研究方法,系统地研究了东营凹陷中央隆起带沙三段自生矿物形成与烃类流体活动的相关性。研究表明：研究区沙三段储层的成岩序列为：第一期石英次生加大边→第一期碳酸盐胶结物(黄铁矿)→绿泥石薄膜→第二期碳酸盐胶结物→第二期石英次生加大边（第一期高岭石）→第三期碳酸盐胶结物→第三期石英次生加大边（第二期高岭石）→第四期含铁碳酸盐胶结物（黄铁矿）。第一期油气充注发生于第二期碳酸盐胶结物形成的后期,第二、三期油气充注发生于第三期碳酸盐胶结物形成的中后期,第四期碳酸盐胶结物的形成标志大规模油气充注时期的结束。烃类流体活动对研究区的自生高岭石、含铁碳酸盐矿物（第四期碳酸盐胶结物）、黄铁矿等3类自生矿物的形成过程产生重要影响。砂岩储层中,第二、三期碳酸盐胶结物的港湾状溶蚀现象、高岭石大量发育、第四期碳酸盐胶结物和黄铁矿的共生组合等成岩现象可作为微观上识别烃类流体活动的标志。含油性较好的层段,烃类流体活动可导致碳酸盐胶结物产生大规模的溶蚀作用,并促使长石溶蚀产生大量高岭石,砂泥岩界面处可见黄铁矿与含铁碳酸盐胶结物共生;而含油性差及不含油的层段,由于缺少烃类流体提供的大量有机酸,高岭石发育较少,早期碳酸盐胶结物保存较好。  相似文献   

6.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(3):745-774
This paper explores little investigated diagenesis of spicule‐dominated sediments, based on Permian spiculites and cool‐water carbonates of the Tempelfjorden Group in central Spitsbergen. Field observations, petrography, stable isotope geochemistry, and mineralogical and chemical analyses reveal that the strata have been subjected to multistage diagenesis as the result of silica phase transitions at medium burial depths and deep‐burial overprinting. The growth of silica concretions occurred during the opal‐A/opal‐CT conversion and was controlled by the content and distribution of clay and spicules in the sediment, resulting in a variety of megascopic silica fabrics. Opal‐CT was subsequently dissolved, and all silica is now in a stable quartz stage. Petrographically, the rocks are characterized by a variety of chalcedony and quartz cements which perfectly preserve precursor textures. Most cements precipitated from silica‐oversaturated fluids, and their shapes reflect the silica saturation state and geometry of the pore space. Some microquartz and cryptoquartz also formed by a solid–solid inversion (recrystallization) of chalcedony. The cements have δ 18O values between +30‰ and +20‰ Standard Mean Ocean Water and display a systematic depletion in 18O from the first to the last crystallized, interpreted to reflect a gradual increase in temperature during burial. The precipitation of quartz cements started in the Middle Triassic when the strata passed the 19°C isotherm at burial depths of ca 600 m, and was completed in the mid‐Cretaceous, 2·3 km beneath the sea floor at temperatures of 75°C. Late diagenetic overprinting of the chert includes fracturing, brecciation and cementation with carbonate cements having δ 18O values between +2‰ and −30‰ Pee Dee Belemnite and δ 13C values between +4‰ and −14‰ Pee Dee Belemnite; they are linked to hot solutions introduced during Cretaceous volcanism or Palaeogene tectonism. This study illustrates the diagenetic pathway during burial of spicule‐rich sediments in a closed system and thereby provides a baseline for studies of more complexly altered chert deposits.  相似文献   

7.
综合运用岩石学、矿物学和元素地球化学等方法,对柴达木盆地北缘构造带鄂博梁Ⅲ号构造中新统上干柴沟组碎屑岩的成岩作用、形成环境和物质来源等进行了系统研究。发现上干柴沟组碎屑岩中碎屑颗粒间主要以点-线接触关系为主,长粒矿物被定向排列,经历过较强的压实作用。其中黏土矿物含量较高,平均达到了35.03%,主要以伊利石,绿泥石及伊-蒙混层为主。碳酸盐胶结物类型主要以方解石为主,仅含有少量白云石。碳酸盐胶结物的碳氧同位素含量测定表明,碳同位素(δ13C)分布在-6.8‰~-4.0‰之间,平均为-5.0‰;氧同位素(δ18O)分布于-11.1‰~-5.4‰,平均为-8.7‰;根据碳氧同位素含量推算古盐度Z值分布于108.34~114.89,平均值为112.77;碳酸盐沉淀温度分布在43.36℃~77.84℃,平均值为62.30℃。结合对主量元素、微量元素及有机碳含量等地球化学元素的综合分析,认为鄂博梁Ⅲ号构造带中新统上干柴沟组目前所处的成岩阶段主要为早成岩阶段B期至中成岩阶段A期,在形成早期主要以干、冷的淡水-微咸水环境为主,晚期则以要对暖、湿的淡水环境为主。  相似文献   

8.
In order to understand the post-depositional history of carbonate rocks of Guri Member (Lower to Middle Miocene), three stratigraphic sections were selected in north Bandar-Abbas in southeast of Iran. Sampling was carried out, analyzed for selective parameters such as oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions (δ18O and δ13C) and interpreted in the present study. We recognized several diagenetic processes including micritization, cementation, neomorphism, compaction, dissolution, silicification, dolomitization, fracturing and vein filling. Some of the diagenetic processes occurred at different conditions, so in order to achieve precise interpretation, samples from different carbonate components such as, micrite, fracture cement, solution pore cement, intergranular cement, and some biotic allochems were analyzed. In this study micrite samples were subdivided into two groups including micro-spary and micrite. They were recognized under Cathodoluminescence microscope. In addition, micrite samples were classified into five groups based on their depositional environments: supratidal, lagoon, coral bar, open sea, and open basin. There were minor changes in stable isotope ratios based on the sedimentary environments, stratigraphy successions, and micro-spary or micrite properties. In this study, similar calcite cements in petrography studies were differentiated by stable isotope data. Those calcite cements have formed in different diagenetic environments such as meteoric and burial cements. Paragenetic sequence of carbonate rocks were interpreted by integration of petrographic and isotopic studies. We have reconstructed diagenetic models of Guri Member into four stages including marine, meteoric, burial, and uplifting.  相似文献   

9.
海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷南屯组与松辽盆地孤店CO2气田泉头组发育大量含片钠铝石砂岩。通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、茜素红-S染色、X射线衍射、电子探针与INCA能谱分析等,对含片钠铝石砂岩的骨架碎屑组分、胶结物与自生矿物、成岩共生序列等岩石学特征进行了系统研究。研究表明,含片钠铝石砂岩的岩石类型为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,粒度以细粒、细-中粒为主,分选差-中等。砂岩中胶结物主要为次生加大石英、自生石英、片钠铝石、铁白云石和粘土矿物。其中,片钠铝石最高可达砂岩总体积的22％在砂岩中或以放射状、束状、菊花状、杂乱毛发状、毛球状、板状等集合体充填孔隙,或呈束状和板状交代长石和岩屑。电子探针与INCA能谱综合分析表明,片钠铝石主要由Na、Al、O、C等组成。在含片钠铝石砂岩中,成岩共生序列依次为粘土矿物包壳-次生加大石英、自生石英、自生高岭石-油气充注-CO2充注-片钠铝石-铁白云石。其中,CO2注入前形成的自生矿物组合主要为次生加大石英、自生石英和自生高岭石,CO2注入后形成的自生矿物组合主要为片钠铝石和铁白云石。  相似文献   

10.
The oxygen isotope compositions of diagenetic carbonate minerals from the Lower Jurassic Inmar Formation, southern Israel, have been used to identify porewater types during diagenesis. Changes in porewater composition can be related to major geological events within southern Israel. In particular, saline brines played an important role in late (Pliocene-Pleistocene) dolomitization of these rocks. Diagenetic carbonates included early siderite (δ18OSMOW=+24.4 to +26.5‰δ13CPDB=?1.1 to +0.8‰), late dolomite, ferroan dolomite and ankerite (δ18OSMOW=+18.4 to +25.8‰; δ13CPDB=?2.1 to +0.2‰), and calcite (δ18OSMOW=+21.3 to +32.6‰; δ13CPDB=?4.2 to + 3.2‰). The petrographic and isotopic results suggest that siderite formed early in the diagenetic history at shallow depths. The dolomitic phases formed at greater depths late in diagenesis. Crystallization of secondary calcite spans early to late diagenesis, consistent with its large range in isotopic values. A strong negative correlation exists between burial depth (temperature) and the oxygen isotopic compositions of the dolomitic cements. In addition, the δ18O values of the dolomitic phases in the northern Negev and Judea Mountains are in isotopic equilibrium with present formation waters. This behaviour suggests that formation of secondary dolomite post-dates the tectonic activity responsible for the present relief of southern Israel (Upper Miocene to Pliocene) and that the dolomite crystallized from present formation waters. Such is not the case in the Central Negev. In that locality, present formation waters have much lower salinities and δ18O values, indicating invasion of freshwater, and are out of isotopic equilibrium with secondary dolomite. Recharge of the Inmar Formation by meteoric water in the Central Negev occurred in the Pleistocene, and halted formation of dolomite.  相似文献   

11.
We present some of the first analyses of the stable isotopic composition of dissolved silicon (Si) in groundwater. The groundwater samples were from the Navajo Sandstone aquifer at Black Mesa, Arizona, USA, and the Si isotope composition of detrital feldspars and secondary clay coatings in the aquifer were also analyzed. Silicon isotope compositions were measured using high-resolution multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (HR-MC-ICP-MS) (Nu1700 & NuPlasma HR). The quartz dominated bulk rock and feldspar separates have similar δ30Si of −0.09 ± 0.04‰ and −0.15 ± 0.04‰ (±95% SEM), respectively, and clay separates are isotopically lighter by up to 0.4‰ compared to the feldspars. From isotopic mass-balance considerations, co-existing aqueous fluids should have δ30Si values heavier than the primary silicates. Positive δ30Si values were only found in the shallow aquifer, where Si isotopes are most likely fractionated during the dissolution of feldspars and subsequent formation of clay minerals. However, δ30Si decreases along the flow path from 0.56‰ to −1.42‰, representing the most negative dissolved Si isotope composition so far found for natural waters. We speculate that the enrichment in 28Si is due to dissolution of partly secondary clay minerals and low-temperature silcretes in the Navajo Sandstone. The discovery of the large range and systematic shifts of δ30Si values along a groundwater flow path illustrates the potential utility of stable Si isotopes for deciphering the Si cycling in sedimentary basins, tracing fluid flow, and evaluating global Si cycle.  相似文献   

12.
Carbonate concretions in the Lower Carboniferous Caton Shale Formation contain diagenetic pyrite, calcite and barite in the concretion matrix or in different generations of septarian fissures. Pyrite was formed by sulphate reduction throughout the sediment before concretionary growth, then continued to form mainly in the concretion centres. The septarian calcites show a continuous isotopic trend from δ13C=?28·7‰ PDB and δ18O=?1·6‰ PDB through to δ13C=?6·9‰ PDB and δ18O=?14·6‰ PDB. This trend arises from (1) a carbonate source initially from sulphate reduction, to which was added increasing contributions of methanogenic carbonate; and (2) burial/temperature effects or the addition of isotopically light oxygen from meteoric water. The concretionary matrix carbonates must have at least partially predated the earliest septarian cements, and thus used the same carbonate sources. Consequently, their isotopic composition (δ13C=?12·0 to ?10·1‰ PDB and δ18O=?5·7 to ?5·6‰ PDB) can only result from mixing a carbonate cement derived from sulphate reduction with cements containing increasing proportions of carbonate from methanogenesis and, directly or indirectly, also from skeletal carbonate. Concretionary growth was therefore pervasive, with cements being added progressively throughout the concretion body during growth. The concretions contain barite in the concretion matrix and in septarian fissures. Barite in the earlier matrix phase has an isotopic composition (δ34S=+24·8‰ CDT and δ18O=+16·4‰ SMOW), indicating formation from near‐surface, sulphate‐depleted porewaters. Barites in the later septarian phase have unusual isotopic compositions (δ34S=+6 to +11‰ CDT and δ18O=+8 to +11‰ SMOW), which require the late addition of isotopically light sulphate to the porewaters, either from anoxic sulphide oxidation (using ferric iron) or from sulphate dissolved in meteoric water. Carbon isotope and biomarker data indicate that oil trapped within septarian fissures was derived from the maturation of kerogen in the enclosing sediments.  相似文献   

13.
The surface sediments of two mud mounds (“Mound 11” and “Mound 12”) offshore southwest Costa Rica contain abundant authigenic carbonate concretions dominated by high-Mg calcite (14–20 mol-% MgCO3). Pore fluid geochemical profiles (sulfate, sulfide, methane, alkalinity, Ca and Mg) indicate recent carbonate precipitation within the zone of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) at variable depths. The current location of the authigenic carbonate concretions is, however, not related to the present location of the AOM zone, suggesting mineral precipitation under past geochemical conditions as well as changes in the flow rates of upward migrating fluids. Stable oxygen and carbon isotope analysis of authigenic carbonate concretions yielded δ18Ocarbonate values ranging between 34.0 and 37.7 ‰ Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW) and δ13Ccarbonate values from ?52.2 to ?14.2 ‰ Vienna Pee Dee belemnite (VPDB). Assuming that no temperature changes occurred during mineral formation, the authigenic carbonate concretions have been formed at in situ temperature of 4–5 °C. The δ18Ocarbonate values suggest mineral formation from seawater-derived pore fluid (δ18Oporefluid = 0 ‰ VSMOW) for Mound 12 carbonate concretions but also the presence of an emanating diagenetic fluid (δ18Oporefluid ≈5 ‰) in Mound 11. A positive correlation between δ13Ccarbonate and δ18Ocarbonate is observed, indicating the admixing of two different sources of dissolved carbon and oxygen in the sediments of the two mounds. The carbon of these sources are (1) marine bicarbonate (δ13Cporefluid ≈0 ‰) and (2) bicarbonate which formed during the AOM (δ13Cporefluid ≈?70 ‰). Furthermore, the δ18Oporefluid composition, with values up to +4.7 ‰ Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW), is interpreted to be affected by the presence of emanating, freshened and boron-enriched fluids. Earlier, it has been shown that the origin of 18O-enriched fluids are deep diagenetic processes as it was indicated by the presence of methane with thermogenic signature (δ13CCH4 = ?38 ‰). A combination of present geochemical data with geophysical observations indicates that Mounds 11 and 12 represent a single fluid system interconnected by deep-seated fault(s).  相似文献   

14.
The geochemistry of the stable isotopes of silicon   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
One hundred thirty two new measurements of the relative abundances of the stable isotopes of silicon in terrestrial materials are presented. The total variation of δ30Si found is 6.2%., centered on the mean of terrestrial mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks, δ30Si = ?0.4%.. Igneous rocks show limited (1.1%.) variation; coexisting minerals exhibit small, systematic silicon isotopic fractionations that are roughly 13 the magnitude of concomitant oxygen isotopic fractionations at 1150°C. In both igneous minerals and rocks, δ30Si shows a positive correlation with silicon content, as does δ18O. Opal from both sponge spicules and sinters is light, with \?gd30Si = ?2.3 and ?1.4%., respectively. Large δ30Si values of both positive and negative sign are reported for the first time from clay minerals (?2.3 to +1.8%.), opaline phytoliths (?1.4 to +2.8%.), and authigenic quartz (+ 1.4%.). All highly fractionated samples were precipitated from solution at low temperatures; however, aqueous silicon is not measurably fractionated relative to quartz at equilibrium. A kinetic isotope fractionation of ≈3.5%. is postulated to occur during the low temperature precipitation of opal and, possibly, poorly ordered phyllosilicates, with the silicate phase being enriched in 28Si. This fractionation, coupled with a Rayleigh precipitation model, is capable of explaining most non-magmatic δ30Si variations. Chert δ30Si values are largely inherited, but the primary opal δ30Si values can be modified by isotopic equilibration of silicate silicon and dissolved silicon during the transformation of opal into quartz.  相似文献   

15.
The Pongkor gold–silver deposit is the largest low‐sulfidation epithermal precious metal deposit in Indonesia, and is of Pliocene age. The deposit consists of nine major subparallel quartz–adularia–carbonate veins with very low sulfide content. Vein infill records five paragenetic sequences, dominated by calcite in the early stage and quartz in the later stage of the hydrothermal evolution. Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal calcite and quartz of all stages indicate a temperature ranging from 180 to 220°C and a meteoric water origin (very low salinity close to 0 wt% NaCl equivalent). Carbon isotope data on calcite display a narrow range from ?6.5 to ?3.0‰δ13C. The oxygen isotope values have a wider range of +4.6 to +10.1‰δ18O. The broadly positive correlation of the δ13C versus δ18O plot suggests that the carbon species, which equilibrated during the formation of calcite, is dominated by H2CO3 not far from equilibrium with HCO3?. The abundance of rare earth and yttrium (REY) in carbonate samples is very low (>REY mostly <2 ppm). However, there is always a positive Eu anomaly, which indicates a deeper fluid reservoir at >250°C.  相似文献   

16.
《Applied Geochemistry》1995,10(1):111-113
Positive identification of the origin of fine-grained quartz in highly weathered soils is not proven by routine microscopic examination. The oxygen isotope composition (δ18O vs SMOW) of quartz was determined in the albic horizon of three soils developed on the Cretaceous Nohhi rhyolite from Kiso, central Japan. Differences in the isotopic composition of quartz as a function of particle size were observed and attributed to the degree of hydrothermal alteration. One soil sample developed nearby hornblende porphyrite intrusion showed systematic increases in the δ18O values with increasing particle size, from +3.6‰ (1–10 μm) to +9.5‰ (500–2000 μm). Such a trend is indicative of the higher contribution of secondary quartz precipitated from hydrothermal meteoric fluids in fine size fractions in contrast to primary magmatic quartz in coarse size fractions. Hydrothermal activity was inferred for another soil where no lateral intrusion is mapped. The variation in the oxygen isotopic composition of quartz in different particle sizes precludes both eolian and authigenic origins for the soils. The stable isotope technology provides the only rationale for positive identification of the origin of fine-grained quartz in soils.  相似文献   

17.
《Applied Geochemistry》1994,9(3):297-309
Seventy-nine samples of formation water from geothermal boreholes, oil-field and ground-water wells, tapping the Dogger (Middle Jurassic) limestone reservoir of the Paris Basin, have been analyzed for their 2H, 18O, TDS, bromide and chloride contents. Geostatistical mapping of 2H and of 18O contents and their variations with chloride content indicate that both isotopes have a common origin and a similar behaviour within the aquifer. The σ2H and σ18O values increase progressively from the outcrops toward a zone where temperature, Cl− and TDS values are high. The σ2H and σ18O values are very uniform in this zone and do not show any relation with formation temperature, in contrast to what is generally observed in other sedimentary basins. A discussion of isotopes exchange with the carbonate matrix for oxygen, and with H2S for deuterium, shows that such processes are not controlling the heavy isotope contents of groundwaters. This is attributed to the relatively short residence time of groundwaters in the aquifer. Both 2H and 18O contents of groundwater may thus be considered as conservative tracers in the Dogger aquifer of the Paris Basin and their initial contents are modified only by fluid mixings.Complex mixing processes account for stable isotope composition, TDS, Cl− and Br− values of the Dogger fluids. All mixtures include a brine component. Meteoric water percolated and dissolved halite in the Triassic aquifer (secondary brine). This saline solution mixed with some residual primary brine, then migrated via vertical faults into the Dogger aquifer. Such migration is found to be in agreement with data from fluid inclusions in late carbonate cements from the Liassic and Dogger strata. The requirement that these units were exposed implies that meteoric invasion could not have occurred before the Tertiary. Successive mixings of the brine with several types of meteoric waters depleted in heavy isotopes account for the present isotope and chemical compositions of the Dogger fluids.  相似文献   

18.
Early carbonate cements in the Yanchang Formation sandstones are composed mainly of calcite with relatively heavier carbon isotope （their δ^18O values range from -0.3‰- -0.1‰） and lighter oxygen isotope （their δ^18O values range from -22.1‰- -19.5‰）. Generally, they are closely related to the direct precipitation of oversaturated calcium carbonate from alkaline lake water. This kind of cementation plays an important role in enhancing the anti-compaction ability of sandstones, preserving intragranular volume and providing the mass basis for later disso- lution caused by acidic fluid flow to produce secondary porosity. Ferriferous calcites are characterized by relatively light carbon isotope with δ^13C values ranging from -8.02‰ to -3.23‰, and lighter oxygen isotope with δ^18O values ranging from -22.9‰ to -19.7‰, which is obviously related to the decarboxylation of organic matter during the late period of early diagenesis to the early period of late diagenesis. As the mid-late diagenetic products, ferriferous cal- cites in the study area are considered as the characteristic authigenic minerals for indicating large-scaled hydrocarbon influx and migration within the clastic reservoir. The late ankerite is relatively heavy in carbon isotope with δ^13C values ranging from -1.92‰ to -0.84‰, and shows a wide range of variations in oxygen isotopic composition, with δ^18O values ranging from -20.5‰ to -12.6‰. They are believed to have nothing to do with decarboxylation, but the previously formed marine carbonate rock fragments may serve as the chief carbon source for their precipitation, and the alkaline diagenetic environment at the mid-late stage would promote this process.  相似文献   

19.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(2):360-399
Sedimentary gaps are a major obstacle in the reconstruction of a carbonate platform's history. In order to improve the understanding of the early diagenesis and the succession of events occurring during the formation of discontinuity surfaces in limestones, secondary ion mass spectrometry was used for the first time to measure the δ 18O and δ 13C signatures of 11 early cement and fabric stages in several discontinuity surfaces from the Jurassic carbonate platform of the Paris Basin, France. Pendant cements show a high variability in δ 18O, which was impossible to detect by the less precise microdrilling method. The morphology of a given cement can be produced in various environments, and dogtooth cements especially can precipitate in marine phreatic and meteoric phreatic to vadose environments. Marine dogtooth cements and micritic microbially induced fabrics precipitated directly as low‐magnesium calcite in marine waters, as attested to by the preservation of their initial δ 18O and δ 13C signals. Five discontinuity types are recognized based on high‐resolution geochemical analyses, and their palaeoenvironmental history can be reconstructed. Two exposure surfaces with non‐ferroan pendant or meniscus cements formed in the oxidizing vadose zone. A hardground displays marine fibrous cements and non‐ferroan dogtooth cements that formed in a subtidal environment in oxidizing water. Two composite surfaces have undergone both marine and subaerial lithification. Composite surface 1 displays non‐luminescent ferroan dogtooth cements that precipitated in reduced conditions in seawater, followed by brown‐luminescent dogtooth cements characteristic of a meteoric phreatic environment. Composite surface 2 exhibits microbially induced fabrics that formed in marine water with abundant organic matter. The latter discontinuity, initially formed in a subtidal environment, was subsequently exposed to meteoric conditions, as evidenced by ferroan geopetal cements. A high‐resolution ion microprobe study is essential to precisely document the successive diagenetic environments that have affected carbonate rocks and discontinuities with a polygenic and intricate history.  相似文献   

20.
The carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope compositions of carbonate rocks from the upper Miocene Kudankulam Formation, southern India, were measured to understand palaeoenvironment and carbonate diagenesis of this formation. Both carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of various carbonate phases including whole rocks, ooids, molluscan mold-fill and sparry pore-fill calcite cements are depleted in 18O and 13C compared to those of contemporaneous seawater, indicating that the Kudankulam carbonates underwent extensive meteoric diagenesis. Based on δ13C and δ18O values for sparry calcite cements (pore-fill and molluscan mold-fill) formed in the meteoric diagenetic realm (δ13C from −7.8‰ to −6.0‰ and −9.0‰ to −7.0‰; δ18O from −9.2‰ to −6.5‰ and −9.4‰ to −2.6‰, respectively), it is interpreted that the diagenetic system was open and was proximal to the vadose water recharge zone. The negative δ18O values of various carbonate components (about −9.4‰ to −4.1‰ for whole rocks; about −8.4‰ to −2.6‰ for ooids) suggest that during the late Miocene the paleoclimate of the study area was humid, unlike today, probably due to the intense Indian monsoon system. The carbon isotope compositions (−7.9‰ to −3.6‰ for whole rocks; −4.9‰ to −1.5‰ for ooids) are consistent with the interpretation that the paleo-ecosystem comprised a significant proportion of C4 type plants, supporting a scenario of expansion of C4 plants during the late Miocene in the Indian subcontinent as far south as the southern tip of India. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Kudankulam carbonates (0.70920 to 0.72130) are much greater than those of the contemporaneous or modern seawater (between 0.7089 and 0.7091) and show a general decrease up-sequence. Such high Sr isotope ratios indicate significant radiogenic 87Sr influx to the system from the Archean rocks exposed in the drainage area, implying that the deep-seated Archean rocks were already exposed in southern India by the late Miocene.  相似文献   

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