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1.
中国黄土中古土壤的发生学研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
应用形态学、微形态学、化学和矿物学研究了中国黄土中古土壤的发生学性状和成土过程。离石黄土(中更新世)中古土壤为发育程度(碳酸盐淋溶和粘化)不同的褐土型土壤。马兰黄土(晚更新世)中为生草过程强和粘化过程稍弱的灰褐土型土壤。全新世黄土中为碳酸盐淋溶和粘化过程均弱的弱度发育的碳酸盐灰褐土型土壤。午城黄土(早更新世)中可能是棕褐土。本文还探讨了黄土中古土壤在时间和空间上的演替和分类问题。 相似文献
2.
GERALD OSBORN ERIC T. KARLSTROM 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1989,18(4):311-322
Sequences of tills, buried paleosols, wood and tephra in lateral moraines provide a record of Holocene advances and retreats of the Bugaboo Glacier in British Columbia. The oldest paleosol is tentatively classified as a Spodosol (Cryorthod). It incorporates Mazama tephra (6,800 B.P.) and charcoal and humus dated at 3,390 and 4.400B.P., respectively, and records early and middle Holocene warming and/or drying. This paleosol overliesa latest Pleistocene or early Holocene till associated with a nearby end moraine and assigned to the regionally known 'Crowfoot Advance'. Less-developed paleosols (Cryumbrepts) are formed on Neoglacial tills deposited shortly before 3,000 B. P., between c. 2,500 to 1,900 B. P., and between c. 900 B.P. and the 19th century. The paleosols and surface soils form microcatenas with morphological variations due to differences in original topography and vegetation. The chronology derived from these paleosols and tills generally agrees with, but increases the resolution of, what is known of Holocene glacier histories in the Canadian Cordillera. 相似文献
3.
E. P. Yanin 《Geochemistry International》2013,51(9):751-757
The group composition of organic matter (OM) was studied in the channel sediments of the Pakhra River under natural condition and in the zone affected by the town of Podol’sk, Moscow oblast. It was found that the natural alluvium is poor in OM (Corg = 0.65%), the composition of which is dominated by humus acids (81.8% of Corg) at minor fractions of residual OM (16.7%) and lipids (1.5%). Anthropogenic muds formed in the river channel in the zone affected by urban pollution are conspicuous in high OM content (Corg = 1.26–2.60%), the composition of which is enriched in lipids (up to 10–20%) and residual OM (up to 27.3–48.6%), whereas the fraction of humus acids decreases to 29.6–57.1%. The muds are most significantly enriched in lipids (their specific concentration increases by factors of 6–59 compared with the natural alluvium) and residual OM (by factors of 3–11). The amount and character of the group composition of OM from anthropogenic muds are controlled by the specific features of the sources of sedimentary material in the river and the character of the environment of alluvium sedimentation in the zone affected by an industrial town. 相似文献
4.
Newly vegetated sites provide opportunities to enlighten organic matter (OM) transformation mechanisms in soils and sediments at very early stages of development which, in turn, is relevant to better understand general ecosystem functioning. Mine acid soils and sediments in the Lusatian open cast lignite mining district (Germany) contains a high concentration of fossil carbon (lignite) in ad mixture with recent OM from the local vegetation, both contributing to the humified OM pool. In this study, analytical pyrolysis (Py–GC–MS) was used to monitor the different C sources (lignite or plant derived) in developing mine tailing soils and sediments and their degree of degradation in contrasting environments. Representative vegetation and the organic carbon (OC) rich soil/sediment fraction (humus fraction) were sampled at two depths (0–5 and 5–10 cm) in three plots along a transect covering an upland forest soil, a partially submerged sediment at the land–water interface and a constantly submerged sediment. The analysis of plant (lipds, isoprenoids, methoxyphenols and carbohydrates) and possible lignite (alkyl napththalenes, alkyl benzenes and PAHs) biomarkers released after pyrolysis supports previous findings in the area using other proxies. It was possible to discern OM sources in soil/sediment humus fractions, both from the substrate (lignite) as well as from the prevailing vegetation of the area. Environmental conditions in the submerged sediment seem to favour OM protection and the accumulation of decomposing plant material, whereas more intense OM degradation seems to prevail in the land–water interface areas characterized by fluctuating water level. In addition, a well resolved series of organic sulfur compounds (OSCS) found in the submerged sediments of rehabilitated acid lakes, indicates the possible occurrence of particular mechanisms of C preservation in this extreme anoxic S rich environment, i.e. via sulphur “quenching” with plant derived lipids during early diagenesis. 相似文献
5.
碱式水解法提取红土分子化石: 以安徽宣城更新世网纹红土为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
红土中种类丰富的分子化石为红土古生态研究提供了直接证据, 但较低含量的分子化石限制了传统索氏抽提方法的推广应用.本次研究尝试性地运用碱式水解法提取安徽宣城更新世红土中的分子化石, 在25g样品中检测到了含量明显、种类丰富的有机物, 且该方法可以显著地降低空白污染, 这说明碱式水解法在分子化石含量低的地质体(如红土) 研究中具有一定的应用潜力.本次研究检测出除了传统索式抽提得到的正构烷烃、脂肪酸、脂肪醇等以外, 还提取到了二元羧酸这一重要化合物, 它的存在为网纹红土可能形成于多水环境提供了新的证据.测试样品中各类分子化石组合信息显示出红土有机物以微生物为主的来源特征, 表明网纹红土形成过程受到了微生物活动的影响, 同时伴有大量低等菌、藻来源有机质的输入, 初步结果为红土形成环境研究提供了新的证据. 相似文献
6.
济源上三叠统古土壤及其意义 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
河南省济源地区上三叠统曲流河体系中发现赋存于洪泛平原和天然堤沉积中的古土壤,湖泊体系中则发现滨岸泥滩和湖泊淤浅古土壤。本文总结了其野外识别标志,探讨其成因,并讨论了将其应用于地层对比、层序地层学研究、盆地和沉积环境分析等方面的前景。 相似文献
7.
古土壤是古代沉积环境和气候变化的灵敏记录者,可以为深刻认识地球演化历史中的重要地质事件提供有效信息,并成为当前沉积学领域的研究热点之一。国外古土壤研究已经涉及到太古代以来的几乎所有沉积地层,而国内古土壤的研究仍以第四纪地层为主,对前第四纪漫长地质时期地层记录中的古土壤研究较少。基于古土壤的识别特征及其埋藏后发生的可能变化,分析了古土壤在沉积环境解释和地层划分对比中的作用。其中,古土壤钙积层发育深度、元素地球化学、成土碳酸盐岩稳定同位素等对于合理评价成土作用过程、划分成土相及定量恢复古气候（年均降水量、年均气温和pCO2）等方面的研究发展迅速,不同估算古气候参数的经验公式都有明显的适用性特点。近年来,国内学者对松辽、四川、胶莱盆地等的白垩系古土壤进行了很多调查研究,并取得了较好的研究成果。而包括江西、广东、浙江等在内的中国东南地区白垩系陆相红层研究结果显示,这些地层含有丰富的古土壤,总体为地表干旱氧化条件下形成的红色古土壤序列。通过对国际古土壤研究动态的综述,以期引起国内更多沉积学工作者关注前第四纪地层记录中的古土壤,为更好地认识古代地球环境变化做出更大贡献。 相似文献
8.
Not a single paleosol had been described from rocks of Ediacaran age until 2011, but 354 Ediacaran paleosols have been described by 20 different authors since then. Some of these newly recognized paleosols have proven controversial, so this paper reviews 20 distinct tests to determine whether a particular Ediacaran bed could be a paleosol, or not. One problem has been that Ediacaran paleosols are not precisely like modern soils because they lack root traces, a diagnostic feature of Silurian and geologically younger paleosols. The principal problem for recognition of some Ediacaran paleosols is the occurrence in them of megafossils assumed to have been marine, although most of these fossils remain problematic for both biological and ecological affinities. Not all the tests discussed here are diagnostic of paleosols, some are ranked permissive or persuasive. Permissive conditions for paleosols include ripple marks, hummocky bedding, pyritic limestones, acritarchs or thalloid fossils, low strontium isotopic ratios, high δ26Mg ratios, and red color. Persuasive tests include loessites, tsunamites, desert playa minerals, low boron content, high δ10B isotopic ratios, high carbon/sulfur ratios, and very low total/reactive iron ratios. Diagnostic tests include matrix-supported lapilli or crystal tuff parent materials, ice wedges and other cryoturbation, sepic birefringence fabrics, evaporitic sand crystals, and negative geochemical strain and mass transfer, and highly correlated δ13C and δ18O. Like other geological periods, the Ediacaran is known from a variety of marine and non-marine paleoenvironments 相似文献
9.
G. J. Retallack 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(8):1083-1106
Cambrian marine, grey shales are widespread, and so are Cambrian intertidal, redbeds with weakly developed marine-influenced paleosols. A broader view of Cambrian landscapes and soilscapes now comes from paleosols of alluvial coastal plains of the Cambrian (to Ordovician?) Parachilna, Billy Creek, Moodlatana, Balcoracana, Pantapinna and Grindstone Range Formations in the central Flinders Ranges of South Australia. Paleosols are recognised by soil structures such as calcareous nodules (caliche) and cracked ridges (mukkara). They also show gradational changes down-profile in minerals, grainsize and chemical composition comparable with soils. Some of these Cambrian paleosols are thick (>1 m) and well developed (large caliche nodules). They indicate stable alluvial and coastal landscapes of quartzo-feldspathic and locally tuffaceous sediments. Paleoclimates were generally semiarid, although several intervals of subhumid paleoclimate coincide with local marine transgression. Drab-haloed filaments in red claystones, and elephant-skin and carpet textures in sandstones of some of the paleosols may be evidence of biological soil crusts, and some waterlogged marginal marine and lacustrine paleosols had animal burrows. Cambrian paleosols of the Flinders Ranges are assignable to the modern soil orders Vertisol, Aridisol, Inceptisol and Entisol. Modern soils of the Flinders Ranges and central Australia are within the same orders as the Cambrian paleosols, supporting evidence from paleogeomorphology that some Australian landscapes and soilscapes are very ancient indeed. 相似文献
10.
The concentration and biomarker compositions of sedimentary organic matter (OM) as well as fine and coarse suspended particles were analysed to identify the impact of deforestation on the transport of terrigenous organic matter (OM) in the Rio Tapajós, a major tributary to the Amazon. Substantial shifts in the concentration and composition of recently deposited sedimentary OM suggest that intensive deforestation over the last few decades has considerably modified the natural inputs of sedimentary materials to the aquatic ecosystems by disrupting the terrigenous fluxes of humus and soil materials from the drainage basin. The observed compositional changes of bulk OM and land derived biomarkers (e.g. lignin) in recent sediments illustrate a sedimentary enrichment in OM from soil horizons that, under normal forest cover, tend to be retained in the drainage basin. On average, the recently accumulated OM is nitrogen-rich ((C/N)a=12–15) and more highly degraded ((Ac/Al)v=0.4–0.6 and DHBA/V=0.15–0.20) than deep materials ((C/N)a=20–30, (Ac/Al)v=0.25–0.4, and DHBA/V=0.05–0.10), showing that this recently accumulated material is more humified than original inputs to the aquatic system, and consistent with increased exportation of fine eroded mineral and organic particles from surface soils along river banks. The present study illustrates the relevance of using OM oxidation products in sediment profiles to evaluate deforestation impacts on aquatic ecosystems and to characterize the nature of eroded soil materials, complementing studies on mineral/metal cycling. 相似文献
11.
François Prognon Isabelle Cojan Pascal Kindler Michel Demange 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(1):256-266
The alternation of carbonate deposits and paleosols compose the emerged part of the Bermuda archipelago. The pedological units present a complex and diversified mineralogy. Former studies demonstrated that the paleosols are not primarily a product of the unique dissolution of the surrounding carbonates, but contain a massive input of allochthonous non-carbonate detrital material. Researchers during more than the past three decades have attributed this flux of insoluble residues (IR) to Saharan dusts. We carried out systematic field and mineralogical analyses on the Quaternary paleosols from the Bermuda archipelago. Their mineralogical assemblage predominantly includes carbonates, clay minerals (kaolinite, chlorite and chlorite/vermiculite), phosphates, and aluminium and iron oxides/hydroxides. This assemblage is strikingly close to the mineralogy of the weathered volcanic substrate of Bermuda, but noticeably different from the mineralogy of Saharan dust. Moreover, we found volcanic lithoclasts in numerous paleosol profiles all over the archipelago and in all the recorded time intervals. We thus consider the volcanic seamount underlying Bermuda as the main source of non-carbonate minerals detected in the paleosols. This hypothesis further resolves the anomalous maturity of Bermudan paleosols compared to their southern counterparts in the Bahamas and Barbados. 相似文献
12.
Various paleosols have been reported from within the Witwatersrand and Ventersdorp Supergroups, South Africa. They were studied in an attempt to constrain the amount of oxygen available in the atmosphere during deposition of the gold- and uranium-bearing Witwatersrand conglomerates. The majority of these horizons do not have any physical characteristics of paleosols, and none of them have a chemistry consistent with weathering, suggesting they have been subjected to modification by later alteration processes. A similar chemistry, indicating overprinting of any original soil chemistry, has been reported from paleosols elsewhere (Elliot Lake region, Canada; Hekpoort basalt, South Africa), but it does not appear that significant cognizance has been taken of this fact when using these paleosols to determine the composition of the Precambrian atmosphere. It is concluded here that characteristics previously attributed to Precambrian weathering in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere are better explained by post-burial, hydrothermal alteration along lithological contacts. 相似文献
13.
Nathaniel W Rutter Dean RokoshMichael E Evans Edward C LittleJiri Chlachula Andrei Velichko 《Quaternary Research》2003,60(1):101-109
Loess-paleosol sequences of the last interglacial-glacial cycle are correlated from European Russia to central Siberia and the Chinese Loess Plateau. During cold periods represented by marine oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 2 and 4, loess deposition dominated in the Russian Plain and the Loess Plateau. In central Siberia, loess deposition took place also, but five to seven thin, weakly developed paleosols are identified in both stages. OIS 3, in the Chinese Loess Plateau near Yangchang, consists of a loess bed that is flanked by two weakly developed paleosols. At Kurtak, Siberia, OIS 3 is represented by two distinct, stacked paleosols with no loess bed separating the paleosols. In the Russian Plain, OIS 3 consists of a single, possibly welded paleosol, representing upper and lower stage-3 climates. Brunisols and Chernozems dominate the profiles in China and Siberia, whereas Regosols, Luvisols, and Chernozems are evident in the northern and southern Russian Plain, respectively. OIS 5 is represented in China and the Russian Plain by pedo complexes in a series of welded soils, whereas in contrast, the Kurtak site consists of six paleosols with interbedded loess. The paleosols consist largely of Brunisols and Chernozems. Although the three areas examined have different climates, geographical settings, and loess source areas, they all had similar climate changes during the last interglacial-glacial cycle. 相似文献
14.
黄土中蜗牛壳Mn^2＋的EPR研究及其古气候意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对黄土高原陕西省洛川和甘肃省西峰剖面中黄土－古土壤层中的蜗牛壳进行了EPR波谱分析，同时对洛川地区的现代蜗牛壳也进行了测定。结果显示：（1）不同种类的蜗牛壳具有相近的EPR信号强度，表明不同种类的蜗牛对Mn^2+的吸收没有差异性。（2）黄土层中蜗牛壳的EPR信号强度远大于占土壤中的，即黄土中蜗牛壳所含的Mn^2+远大于古土壤中的蜗牛壳的Mn^2+的含量，说明前者生活在比较还原的条件下，后者形成环境的氧化性较高。因此本认为为蜗牛壳中Mn^2+的含量可反映其生长环境中Mn^2+的含量和氧化还原条件，对古气候的重建具有重要意义。 相似文献
15.
晚第三纪以前形成古土壤的鉴别、分类及其在古环境研究中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
晚第三纪以前形成的古土壤可以揭示地质时期的古环境。辨识古土壤的主要标志包括野外形态特征、微形态特征、地球化学特征等。当前古土壤分类一般基于现代土壤的系统分类体系，即采用诊断层和诊断特征，辅之以古土壤总体的化学性质等指标划分古土壤类型。形成于晚第三纪以前的古土壤可以重建全球范围的古气候变化历史，同时揭示前寒武纪时期古大气O2分压以及后寒武纪时期古大气CO2浓度水平的演化过程；古土壤具有空间和时间等多重信息，能反映流域或区域的古景观、古地貌、古水文特征。但目前缺乏一个广为接受的古土壤分类系统,成岩作用对古土壤特征的影响以及古土壤记录的古环境信息机制与解译等方面也还需要深入探讨。今后必须加强成岩作用对古土壤特性的影响以及现代土壤与其环境的对应关系的研究。 相似文献
16.
对各种古土壤的分类标准进行比较之后,重点介绍了Mack的古土壤分类及其土壤的演变序列。Mack的古土壤分类主要依据稳定矿物和保存在土壤中的古地貌属性,将古土壤划分为9种。在地层序列中古土壤的识别标志主要包括颜色、粒度、生物成因构造（植物生长痕迹）、原生沉积构造退化特征、层次化和边界特征、宏观结构特征、矿物及地球化学特征等。可以通过野外观察、室内显微镜观察、实验室化验及地震、测井资料来进行鉴别。陆相盆地具有很强的分隔性,盆地相变又非常复杂,寻找区域性较稳定的层序界面比较困难。越来越多的研究证实用古土壤划分陆相成因地层层序、解决地区及全球对比具有重要的实用价值。 相似文献
17.
18.
文章从古土壤及其环境信息、人类文明以来的土壤变化以及未来土壤环境变化的一些趋势3方面进行综述。指出土壤不仅是个历史自然体,而且是有自身发展变化规律的地球系统的一个圈层,土壤随地球系统的发展而不断演化;列举了我国主要埋藏古土壤和残余古土壤后指出,研究古土壤可揭示许多环境信息,发现未来变化的主要趋势;阐述了人类文明以来之土壤变化,包括建立了人为土,与此同时也引起了土壤退化。面对工业化与城市化以来出现的土壤环境问题,从土壤学角度提出了有关环境保护和农业可持续发展的对策和建议。 相似文献
19.
Abundant Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian–Hauterivian) paleosols have been recognized in the Sichuan Basin, along with the preserved pedogenetic features, e.g., soil horizons, soil structure, root traces and pedogenic nodules. Chemical, geochemical and mineralogical analyses were used to examine the paleosols. These paleosols were classified as Entisols, Inceptisols, Aridisols and Alfisols in terms of the modern soil taxonomic system. Early Cretaceous paleoprecipitation and paleotemperature in the Sichuan Basin were estimated from the degree of chemical weathering for non-calcareous paleosols, and from the depth to the calcic horizon and stable oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonates in calcareous paleosols, respectively. A temperate semi-arid climate generally prevailed in the Sichuan Basin as a part of the South China Block (SCB) and was controlled by subtropical high-pressure and a rain-shadow effect because the humid air masses from the Paleo-Pacific were impeded by the highlands of the South China Block. Further, several intervals of sub-humid paleoclimate occurred due to strengthened monsoonal circulation in the Early Cretaceous. Using the paleosol barometer, the paleoatmospheric CO2 levels of the Early Cretaceous are estimated to range from ∼120 to ∼520 ppmv, with a mean of 305 ppmv. Regional temperature is generally coupled with atmospheric CO2 concentration and is roughly consistent with the sea level fluctuation. 相似文献
20.
A review of work on buried paleosols in the disciplines of pedology, Quaternary geology, and archaeology is presented under the headings of (1) the problems of identification, (2) techniques of study, (3) buried paleosols and Quaternary stratigraphy, (4) archaeological stratigraphy and dating, (5) layered soils, and (6) past environment from buried paleosols. It is suggested that future pedological research of interest to Quaternary studies should concentrate on clarifying what is a soil as opposed to a weathered sediment, what processes and features are peculiar to pedogenesis as opposed to diagenesis, and what are the relationships between soil-site conditions and soil characteristics. 相似文献