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1.
Investigation of gold abundance in a gold-rich mining district by accurate analytical techniques (e.g., Instrumental Neutron Activation and/or Radiochemical Neutron Activation) shows that gold is anomalously distributed in some parts of the Val d'Or mining district of Quebec. It is possible to distinguish: (1) background values (1.4–3.5 ppb Au); (2) zones of primarily anomalous gold values around the Lamaque-Sigma mines (median: 15 ppb Au); (3) enrichment halos around gold orebodies (median: 70 ppb Au); (4) secondary gold enrichment in shear zones; and (5) high background values for the East Sullivan Monzonitic Stock. The Bourlamaque batholith is considered to be a gold-enriched intrusion because of areas (shear zones) that are anomalously enriched in gold (median: 10 ppb Au). It is concluded that there are auriferous geological units in the Val d'Or mining district, such as the Bourlamaque batholith and Val d'Or Formation. The latter contains the Lamaque-Sigma gold mines, representing 49.6% of the total gold production in the district. It is interpreted that the Val d'Or Formation is part of a central volcanic complex within an island arc system, that the centre of this complex is located in the main Lamaque plug, and that this environment may be compared to high-temperature active geothermal systems which are commonly responsible for the formation of epithermal gold deposits. The Lamaque-Sigma area is considered to be a fossil geothermal field, potentially explaining the anomalous gold values. In addition, a dumortierite-bearing, aluminosilicate-rich zone of hydrothermal alteration in the Val d'Or mining district is considered, as for other similar occurrences, to be the result of hydrothermal alteration within a geothermal field producing an Al- and Si-rich leached protholith which has subsequently been metamorphosed and deformed. A model is proposed for the formation of the gold deposits within the primary gold-rich environment, by mobilisation of gold in the volcanic rocks due to metamorphism and deformation. Therefore, two distinct and successive events are postulated: (1) gold-rich synvolcanic geothermal activity; and (2) late remobilisation from the host rocks, followed by deposition of gold ore within favourable structures.  相似文献   

2.
We examine models for volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) mineralization in the ~2.7-Ga Noranda camp, Abitibi subprovince, Superior Province, Canada, using a combination of multiple sulfur isotope and trace element data from ore sulfide minerals. The Noranda camp is a well-preserved, VMS deposit-rich area that is thought to represent a collapsed volcanic caldera. Due to its economic value, the camp has been studied extensively, providing a robust geological framework within which to assess the new data presented in this study. We explore previously proposed controls on mineralization within the Noranda camp and, in particular, the exceptional Au-rich Horne and Quemont deposits. We present multiple sulfur isotope and trace element compositional data for sulfide separates representing 25 different VMS deposits and “showings” within the Noranda camp. Multiple sulfur isotope data for this study have δ34SV-CDT values of between ?1.9 and +2.5?‰, and Δ33SV-CDT values of between ?0.59 and ?0.03?‰. We interpret the negative Δ33S values to be due to a contribution of sulfur that originated as seawater sulfate to form the ore sulfides of the Noranda camp VMS deposits. The contribution of seawater sulfate increased with the collapse and subsequent evolution of the Noranda caldera, an inference supported by select trace and major element analyses. In particular, higher concentrations of Se occur in samples with Δ33S values closer to 0?‰, as well as lower Fe/Zn ratios in sphalerite, suggesting lower pressures and temperatures of formation. We also report a relationship between average Au grade and Δ33S values within Au-rich VMS deposits of the Noranda camp, whereby higher gold grades are associated with near-zero Δ33S values. From this, we infer a dominance of igneous sulfur in the gold-rich deposits, either leached from the volcanic pile and/or directly degassed from an associated intrusion.  相似文献   

3.
The 3.09 to 2.97 Ga Murchison Greenstone Belt is an important metallotect in the northern Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa), hosting several precious and base metal deposits. Central to the metallotect is the Antimony Line, striking ENE for over 35?km, which hosts a series of structurally controlled Sb–Au deposits. To the north of the Antimony Line, hosted within felsic volcanic rocks, is the Copper–Zinc Line where a series of small, ca. 2.97 Ga Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)-type deposits occur. New data are provided for the Malati Pump gold mine, located at the eastern end of the Antimony Line. Crystallizations of a granodiorite in the Malati Pump Mine and of the Baderoukwe granodiorite are dated at 2,964?±?7 and 2,970?±?7?Ma, respectively (zircon U–Pb), while pyrite associated with gold mineralization yielded a Pb–Pb age of 2,967?±?48?Ma. Therefore, granodiorite emplacement, sulfide mineral deposition and gold mineralization all happened at ca. 2.97?Ga. It is, thus, suggested that the major styles of orogenic Au–Sb and the Cu–Zn VMS mineralization in the Murchison Greenstone Belt are contemporaneous and that the formation of meso- to epithermal Au–Sb mineralization at fairly shallow levels was accompanied by submarine extrusion of felsic volcanic rocks to form associated Cu–Zn VMS mineralization.  相似文献   

4.
阿尔泰克兰盆地VMS矿床的变形变质与碳质流体特征   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  
阿尔泰南缘克兰火山-沉积盆地的泥盆纪VMS型矿床经历了石炭纪一二叠纪同造山的区域变质和热液叠加改造作用,同构造石英脉和穿切层状铅锌矿化的脉状铜矿化很发育.矿石中反映压力-重结晶作用的各种结构构造发育,包括碎斑结构、交代结构、斑状变晶结构和碎裂结构,以及塑性流动构造或皱纹构造、压力影等.对铁木尔特、大东沟铅锌(铜)矿床的包裹体研究表明,在矿化构造岩和晚期硫化物石英脉中发育极丰富的碳质(CO2-(CH4-N2)流体.与碳质流体共生的LCO2-LH2O型包裹体均一温度为243.1～412.1℃(铁木尔特)和209～430℃(大东沟),碳质流体的捕获压力估计为180～300 MPa.这些特征与区域变质的温压条件相当,与VMS无关.同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)单个包裹体的重金属微量元素初步对比分析表明,造山型萨热阔布金矿的碳质流体中检出有Au、As,而在VMS矿床中没有检出,说明碳质流体在区域变质过程中对A-u成矿有贡献.  相似文献   

5.
郎兴海 《地质与勘探》2017,53(3):508-518
浅成低温热液型矿床是一类主要产于陆相火山岩或与陆相火山岩有关的低温热液矿床,矿床埋藏深度浅是其最大的特点,这也使地球物理勘探方法在这类矿床的勘查中具有先天优势。本文通过对西藏斯弄多Pb-Zn-Ag多金属浅成低温热液型矿床的地球物理参数特征研究,采用激发极化法等综合物探技术在矿体外围探获具有巨大前景的Pb-Zn-Au-Ag浅成低温热液型矿体。目前单工程控制有3段矿体:顶部Au-Ag矿体,中部Au矿体,底部Pb-Zn-Ag矿体。矿体最高Au品位可达5.3g/t,Ag最高品位410g/t,Pb+Zn综合平均品位5.9%。研究结果表明,斯弄多地区林子宗群火山岩物性参数稳定,对矿体异常干扰较小,产于该套火山岩中极强硅化体中的浅成低温热液型Au矿多具有中高极化率和中低阻特征。  相似文献   

6.
四川会东新田金矿矿床地质特征及找矿远景   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
周邦国 《地质与勘探》2013,49(5):872-881
四川会东县新田金矿是本项目组在康滇中东部地区取得的重要找矿成果。在矿产资源调查评价时,已圈定2个铜金矿体,其中K1矿体控制长1200m,平均厚1.88m,矿石平均品位Au 2.53g/t,Cu 0.45%;K2矿体控制长400m,平均厚2.65m,矿石平均品位Au 4.56g/t,Cu 0.74%。初步估算(3341)金属量Au 5218 kg,Cu 1.27万t。本文详细介绍了新田金矿床成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征,通过对控矿因素的研究,认为新田金矿属于构造蚀变岩型金矿床,其成矿时代、矿床成因与紧邻的播卡金矿床类似,受喜山期南北向的韧性剪切带控制。结合区内化探异常成果,提出在新田矿区及外围地区,具有继续寻找同类型矿床的潜力。  相似文献   

7.
富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床目前提供了全球几乎所有的硒、碲及部分铊产量,其中氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床可共伴生碲、硒、铊等稀散金属。文章从元素地球化学行为、矿床类型、岩浆作用、赋存状态、稀散金属与铜金关系等方面,总结了氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床中有关碲、硒、铊富集机制的研究进展。碲、硒具有亲铁和亲硫的特征,而铊具有亲硫和亲石的双重特征,三者具有不同程度的挥发性。岩浆热液型矿床伴生有碲、硒、铊矿化。基性岩浆的注入和岩浆硫化物熔离可能是氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床碲、硒、铊富集的主要岩浆作用。氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床中铜和金含量通常呈正相关性,发育有丰富的含碲/硒/铊矿物,但碲、硒、铊与铜、金的关系还不清楚。长江中下游成矿带发育多个氧化性矽卡岩金矿、矽卡岩铜金矿,伴生大规模的碲、硒、铊矿化,且已被综合回收利用,该带是探讨氧化性富金矽卡岩矿床中碲、硒、铊富集机制的理想对象。  相似文献   

8.
Orientation studies over the Sarpda? prospect in the Biga peninsula and the Arapdagi deposit near Izmir have provided elear evidence for elemental dispersion around west Turkish gold prospects. Although these deposits are of different types, silicification associated with the deposits results in the main part of both deposits forming topographic highs.At Sarpda? gold mineralisation is relatively weak compared with nearby prospects and associated with a silicified cap on the main hill. Comparison of coarse and fine fractions, based on a 190 μm size split of 8 kg of -2 mm material, suggests that gold disperses clastically on the steep slopes, probably within silica, but coarse grains break down giving Au concentrations in the finer fractions at the base of the main slope. Discrete gold grains, that can be panned, only occur 1–2 km downstream within the streams and heavy mineral concentrations are very limited. This interpretation of Au dispersion is consistent with the data from 1 kg samples collected at the higher primary grade, but more contaminated, Arapda?i prospect.Antimony is the most consistent pathfinder both for the silicified cap at Sarpda? and for gold-rich veins at Arpada?i. It gives high contrast anomalies. Arsenic is useful being more mobile than Sb, although contrast may be low. High resolution Ag data can be useful but base metal enrichments are also often associated with Ag anomalies. Most prospects have some base metal enrichments although they can be displaced from the main gold-rich parts of the deposit and anomalies may be weak. Lead and Cu are the more consistently useful elements.The use of large (> 8 kg of -2 mm material) samples produces consistent stream sediment data that can be used to reliably interpret single samples and quantify Au anomalies. A survey around the Halíköy Hg and Emirli Sb mines, using these large samples, confirmed the extension of the known gold-bearing Emirli structure. In contrast the major Hg-bearing Halíköy Fault is gold poor although a structure parallel to it is auriferous.  相似文献   

9.
Throughout Earth??s history, all volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)-hosting environments are associated with specific assemblages of mafic and felsic rocks with distinct petrochemistry (petrochemical assemblages) indicative of formation at anomalously high temperatures within extensional geodynamic environments. In mafic-dominated (juvenile/ophiolitic) VMS environments, there is a preferential association with mafic rocks with boninite and low-Ti tholeiite, mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), and/or back-arc basin basalt affinities representing forearc rifting or back-arc initiation, mid-ocean ridges or back-arc basin spreading, or back-arc basins, respectively. Felsic rocks in juvenile oceanic arc environments in Archean terrains are high field strength element (HFSE) and rare earth element (REE) enriched. In post-Archean juvenile oceanic arc terrains, felsic rocks are commonly HFSE and REE depleted and have boninite like to tholeiitic signatures. In VMS environments that are associated with continental crust (i.e., continental arc and back-arc) and dominated by felsic volcanic and/or sedimentary rocks (evolved environments), felsic rocks are the dominant hosts to mineralization and are generally HFSE and REE enriched with calc-alkalic, A-type, and/or peralkalic affinities, representing continental arc rifts, continental back-arcs, and continental back-arcs to continental rifts, respectively. Coeval mafic rocks in evolved environments have alkalic (within-plate/ocean island basalt like) and MORB signatures that represent arc to back-arc rift versus back-arc spreading, respectively. The high-temperature magmatic activity in VMS environments is directly related to the upwelling of mafic magma beneath rifts in extensional geodynamic environments (e.g., mid-ocean ridges, back-arc basins, and intra-arc rifts). Underplated basaltic magma provides the heat required to drive hydrothermal circulation. Extensional geodynamic activity also provides accommodation space at the base of the lithosphere that allows for the underplated basalt to drive hydrothermal circulation and induce crustal melting, the latter leading to the formation of VMS-associated rhyolites in felsic-dominated and bimodal VMS environments. Rifts also provide extensional faults and the permeability and porosity required for recharge and discharge of VMS-related hydrothermal fluids. Rifts are also critical in creating environments conducive to preservation of VMS mineralization, either through shielding massive sulfides from seafloor weathering and mass wasting or by creating environments conducive to the precipitation of subseafloor replacement-style mineralization in sedimented rifts. Subvolcanic intrusions are also products of the elevated heat flow regime common to VMS-forming environments. Shallow-level intrusive complexes (i.e., within 1?C3?km of the seafloor) may not be the main drivers of VMS-related hydrothermal circulation, but are likely the manifestation of deeper-seated mantle-derived heat (i.e., ~3?C10?km depth) that drives hydrothermal circulation. These shallower intrusive complexes are commonly long-lived (i.e., millions of years), and reflect a sustained thermally anomalous geodynamic environment. Such a thermally anomalous environment has the potential to drive significant hydrothermal circulation, and, therefore multi-phase, long-lived subvolcanic intrusive complexes are excellent indicators of a potentially fertile VMS environment. The absence of intrusive complexes, however, does not indicate an area of low potential, as they may have been moved or removed due to post-VMS tectonic activity. In some cases, shallow-level intrusive systems contribute metals to the VMS-hydrothermal system.  相似文献   

10.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are one of the most important base–metal deposit types in China, are major sources of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag, and Au, and significant sources for Co, Sn, Se, Mn, Cd, In, Bi, Te, Ga, and Ge. They typically occur at or near the seafloor in submarine volcanic environments, and are classified according to base metal content, gold content, or host-rock lithology. The spatial distribution of the deposits is determined by the different geological settings, with VMS deposits concentrated in the Sanjiang, Qilian and Altai metallogenic provinces. VMS deposits in China range in age from Archaean to Mesozoic, and have three epochs of large scale mineralization of Proterozoic, Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. Only Hongtoushan Cu–Zn deposit has been recognized so far in an Archaean greenstone belt, at the north margin of the North China Platform. The Proterozoic era was one of the important metallogenic periods for the formation of VMS mineralization, mainly in the Early and Late Proterozoic periods. VMS-type Cu–Fe and Cu–Zn deposits related to submarine volcanic-sedimentary rocks, were formed in the Aulacogens and rifts in the interior and along both sides of the North China Platform, and the southern margin of the Yangtze Platform. More than half of the VMS deposits formed in the Palaeozoic, and three important VMS–metallogenic provinces have been recognized, they are Altai–Junggar (i.e. Ashele Cu–Pb–Zn deposit), Sanjiang (i.e. Laochang Zn–Pb–Cu deposit) and Qilian (i.e. Baiyinchang Cu–Zn deposit). The Triassic is a significant tectonic and metallogenic period for China. In the Sanjiang Palaeo–Tethys, the Late Triassic Yidun arc is the latest arc–basin system, in which the Gacun-style VMS Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag deposits developed in the intra-arc rift basins, with bimodal volcanic suites at the northern segment of the arc.  相似文献   

11.
The reason some VMS deposits contain more gold or other metals than others might be due to the influence of intrusions. A new approach examining this possibility is based on examining the information about many VMS deposits to test statistically if those with associated intrusions have significantly different grades or amounts of metals. A set of 632 VMS deposits with reported grades, tonnages, and information about the observed presence or absence of subvolcanic or plutonic intrusive bodies emplaced at or after VMS mineralization is statistically analyzed.Deposits with syn-mineralization or post-mineralization intrusions nearby have higher tonnages than deposits without reported intrusions, but the differences are not statistically significant. When both kinds of intrusions are reported, VMS deposit sizes are significantly higher than in the deposits without any intrusions. Gold, silver, zinc, lead, and copper average grades are not significantly different in the VMS deposits with nearby intrusions compared to deposits without regardless of relative age of intrusive. Only zinc and copper contents are significantly higher in VMS deposits with both kinds of intrusive reported. These differences in overall metal content are due to significantly larger deposit sizes of VMS deposits where both intrusive kinds are observed and reported, rather than any difference in metal grades.  相似文献   

12.
《Ore Geology Reviews》2006,28(1-4):203-237
VMS deposits of the South Urals developed within the evolving Urals palaeo-ocean between Silurian and Late Devonian times. Arc-continent collision between Baltica and the Magnitogorsk Zone (arc) in the south-western Urals effectively terminated submarine volcanism in the Magnitogorsk Zone with which the bulk of the VMS deposits are associated. The majority of the Urals VMS deposits formed within volcanic-dominated sequences in deep seawater settings. Preservation of macro and micro vent fauna in the sulphide bodies is both testament to the seafloor setting for much of the sulphides but also the exceptional degree of preservation and lack of metamorphic overprint of the deposits and host rocks. The deposits in the Urals have previously been classified in terms of tectonic setting, host rock associations and metal ratios in line with recent tectono-stratigraphic classifications. In addition to these broad classes, it is clear that in a number of the Urals settings, an evolution of the host volcanic stratigraphy is accompanied by an associated change in the metal ratios of the VMS deposits, a situation previously discussed, for example, in the Noranda district of Canada.Two key structural settings are implicated in the South Urals. The first is seen in a preserved marginal allochthon west of the Main Urals Fault where early arc tholeiites host Cu–Zn mineralization in deposits including Yaman Kasy, which is host to the oldest macro vent fauna assembly known to science. The second tectonic setting for the South Urals VMS is the Magnitogorsk arc where study has highlighted the presence of a preserved early forearc assemblage, arc tholeiite to calc-alkaline sequences and rifted arc bimodal tholeiite sequences. The boninitc rocks of the forearc host Cu–(Zn) and Cu–Co VMS deposits, the latter hosted in fragments within the Main Urals Fault Zone (MUFZ) which marks the line of arc-continent collision in Late Devonian times. The arc tholeiites host Cu–Zn deposits with an evolution to more calc-alkaline felsic volcanic sequences matched with a change to Zn–Pb–Cu polymetallic deposits, often gold-rich. Large rifts in the arc sequence are filled by thick bimodal tholeiite sequences, themselves often showing an evolution to a more calc-alkaline nature. These thick bimodal sequences are host to the largest of the Cu–Zn VMS deposits.The exceptional degree of preservation in the Urals has permitted the identification of early seafloor clastic and hydrolytic modification (here termed halmyrolysis sensu lato) to the sulphide assemblages prior to diagenesis and this results in large-scale modification to the primary VMS body, resulting in distinctive morphological and mineralogical sub-types of sulphide body superimposed upon the tectonic association classification.It is proposed that a better classification of seafloor VMS systems is thus achievable using a three stage classification based on (a) tectonic (hence bulk volcanic chemistry) association, (b) local volcanic chemical evolution within a single edifice and (c) seafloor reworking and halmyrolysis.  相似文献   

13.
《Ore Geology Reviews》2010,37(4):282-292
Accretionary orogens throughout space and time represent extremely fertile settings for the formation and preservation of a wide variety of mineral deposit types. These range from those within active magmatic arcs, either in continental margin or intra-oceanic settings, to those that develop in a variety of arc-flanking environments, such as fore-arcs and back-arcs during deformation and exhumation of the continental margin. Deposit types also include those that form in more distal, far back-arc and foreland basin settings. The metallogenic signature and endowment of individual accretionary orogens are, at a fundamental level, controlled by the nature, composition and age of the sub-continental lithosphere, and a complex interplay between formational processes and preservational forces in an evolving Earth. Some deposit types, such as orogenic gold and volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, have temporal patterns that mimic the major accretionary and crustal growth events in Earth history, whereas others, such as porphyry Cu–Au–Mo and epithermal Au–Ag deposits, have largely preservational patterns. The presence at c. 3.4 Ga of (rare) orogenic gold deposits, whose formation necessitates some form of subduction–accretion, provides strong evidence that accretionary processes operated then at the margins of continental nuclei, while the widespread distribution of orogenic gold and VMS deposits at c. 2.7–2.6 Ga reflects the global distribution of accretionary orogens by this time.  相似文献   

14.
The Meso-Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the eastern Pontides orogenic belt provides a key to evaluate the volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits associated with convergent margin tectonics in a Cordilleran-type orogenic belt. Here we present new geological, geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological data, and attempt to characterize the metallogeny through a comprehensive overview of the important VMS mineralizations in the belt. The VMS deposits in the northern part of the eastern Pontides orogenic belt occur in two different stratigraphic horizons consisting mainly of felsic volcanic rocks within the late Cretaceous sequence. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb analyses from ore-bearing dacites yield weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages ranging between 91.1 ± 1.3 and 82.6 ± 1 Ma. The felsic rocks of first and second horizons reveal geochemical characteristics of subduction-related calc-alkaline and shoshonitic magmas, respectively, in continental arcs and represent the immature and mature stages of a late Cretaceous magmatic arc. The nature of the late Cretaceous magmatism in the northern part of the eastern Pontides orogenic belt and the various lithological associations including volcaniclastics, mudstones and sedimentary facies indicate a rift-related environment where dacitic volcanism was predominant. The eastern Pontides VMS deposits are located within the caldera-like depressions and are closely associated with dome-like structures of felsic magmas, with their distribution controlled by fracture systems. Based on a detailed analyses of the geological, geophysical and geodynamic information, we propose that the VMS deposits were generated either in intra arc or near arc region of the eastern Pontides orogenic belt during the southward subduction of the Tethys oceanic lithosphere.  相似文献   

15.
东北非金矿的矿床类型、成矿条件与努比亚地盾演化密切相关。努比亚地盾金矿类型,按成因可分为两大类:一类是与造山带有关的韧性剪切带金矿,即造山型金矿;另一类是弧-弧拼合过程中形成的火山成因块状硫化物金矿,即VMS型铜-金矿。受韧性剪切带控制的造山型金矿形成于闭合-碰撞造山阶段,与弧-弧碰撞缝合带展布方向一致的北东向韧性剪切带为造山型金矿的主要控矿构造,该类型矿床规模以中小型为主。沿韧性剪切带成带分布的火山成因块状硫化物(VMS型)金矿床形成于洋壳俯冲-岛弧的形成阶段,其形成环境为岛弧裂谷或弧后裂谷环境,矿床规模以大型为主,成群分布于5个矿集区内。本文总结了该地区造山带型和VMS型金矿的主要特征,并依此提出在该地区寻找此两种类型金矿的找矿标志。  相似文献   

16.
VMS deposits of the South Urals developed within the evolving Urals palaeo-ocean between Silurian and Late Devonian times. Arc-continent collision between Baltica and the Magnitogorsk Zone (arc) in the south-western Urals effectively terminated submarine volcanism in the Magnitogorsk Zone with which the bulk of the VMS deposits are associated. The majority of the Urals VMS deposits formed within volcanic-dominated sequences in deep seawater settings. Preservation of macro and micro vent fauna in the sulphide bodies is both testament to the seafloor setting for much of the sulphides but also the exceptional degree of preservation and lack of metamorphic overprint of the deposits and host rocks. The deposits in the Urals have previously been classified in terms of tectonic setting, host rock associations and metal ratios in line with recent tectono-stratigraphic classifications. In addition to these broad classes, it is clear that in a number of the Urals settings, an evolution of the host volcanic stratigraphy is accompanied by an associated change in the metal ratios of the VMS deposits, a situation previously discussed, for example, in the Noranda district of Canada.Two key structural settings are implicated in the South Urals. The first is seen in a preserved marginal allochthon west of the Main Urals Fault where early arc tholeiites host Cu–Zn mineralization in deposits including Yaman Kasy, which is host to the oldest macro vent fauna assembly known to science. The second tectonic setting for the South Urals VMS is the Magnitogorsk arc where study has highlighted the presence of a preserved early forearc assemblage, arc tholeiite to calc-alkaline sequences and rifted arc bimodal tholeiite sequences. The boninitc rocks of the forearc host Cu–(Zn) and Cu–Co VMS deposits, the latter hosted in fragments within the Main Urals Fault Zone (MUFZ) which marks the line of arc-continent collision in Late Devonian times. The arc tholeiites host Cu–Zn deposits with an evolution to more calc-alkaline felsic volcanic sequences matched with a change to Zn–Pb–Cu polymetallic deposits, often gold-rich. Large rifts in the arc sequence are filled by thick bimodal tholeiite sequences, themselves often showing an evolution to a more calc-alkaline nature. These thick bimodal sequences are host to the largest of the Cu–Zn VMS deposits.The exceptional degree of preservation in the Urals has permitted the identification of early seafloor clastic and hydrolytic modification (here termed halmyrolysis sensu lato) to the sulphide assemblages prior to diagenesis and this results in large-scale modification to the primary VMS body, resulting in distinctive morphological and mineralogical sub-types of sulphide body superimposed upon the tectonic association classification.It is proposed that a better classification of seafloor VMS systems is thus achievable using a three stage classification based on (a) tectonic (hence bulk volcanic chemistry) association, (b) local volcanic chemical evolution within a single edifice and (c) seafloor reworking and halmyrolysis.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
The gold deposits at Kalgoorlie in the 2.7-Ga Eastern Goldfields Province of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, occur adjacent to the D2 Golden Mile Fault over a strike of 8 km within a district-scale zone marked by porphyry dykes and chloritic alteration. The late Golden Pike Fault separates the older (D2) shear zone system of the Golden Mile (1,500 t Au) in the southeast from the younger (D4) quartz vein stockworks at Mt Charlotte (126 t Au) in the northwest. Both deposits occur in the Golden Mile Dolerite sill and display inner sericite–ankerite alteration and early-stage gold–pyrite mineralization replacing the wall rocks. Late-stage tellurides account for 20 % of the total gold in the first, but for <1 % in the second deposit. In the Golden Mile, the main telluride assemblage is coloradoite?+?native gold (898–972 fine)?+?calaverite?+?petzite?±?krennerite. Telluride-rich ore (>30 g/t Au) is characterized by Au/Ag?=?2.54 and As/Sb?=?2.6–30, the latter ratio caused by arsenical pyrite. Golden Mile-type D2 lodes occur northwest of the Golden Pike Fault, but the Hidden Secret orebody, the only telluride bonanza mined (10,815 t at 44 g/t Au), was unusually rich in silver (Au/Ag?=?0.12–0.35) due to abundant hessite. We describe another array of silver-rich D2 shear zones which are part of the Golden Mile Fault exposed on the Mt Charlotte mine 22 level. They are filled with crack-seal and pinch-and-swell quartz–carbonate veins and are surrounded by early-stage pyrite?+?pyrrhotite disseminated in a sericite–ankerite zone more than 6 m wide. Gold grade (0.5–0.8 g/t) varies little across the zone, but Au/Ag (0.37–2.40) and As/Sb (1.54–13.9) increase away from the veins. Late-stage telluride mineralization (23 g/t Au) sampled in one vein has a much lower Au/Ag (0.13) and As/Sb (0.48) and comprises scheelite, pyrite, native gold (830–854 fine), hessite, and minor pyrrhotite, altaite, bournonite, and boulangerite. Assuming 250–300 °C, gold–hessite compositions indicate a fluid log f Te2 of ?11.5 to ?10, values well below the stability of calaverite. The absence of calaverite and the dominance of hessite in the D2 lodes of the Mt Charlotte area point to a kilometer-scale mineral and Au/Ag zonation along the Golden Mile master fault, which is attributed to a lateral decrease in peak tellurium fugacity of the late-stage hydrothermal fluid. The As/Sb ratio may be similarly zoned to lower values at the periphery. The D4 gold–quartz veins constituting the Mt Charlotte orebodies represent a younger hydrothermal system, which did not contribute to metal zonation in the older one.  相似文献   

19.
内蒙古毕力赫金矿床(Ⅱ号带)是全国危机矿山接替资源勘查获得重大突破的矿床之一,由武警黄金地质研究所勘查发现(2006-2008年).矿区位于华北板块北缘叠接俯冲带南部华北板块一侧的陆相火山岩盆地中.该矿床有如下主要特点:(1)矿体呈隐伏状态(距地表1～40 m)产出于隐伏的燕山期花岗闪长斑岩体接触带内.并以内接触带为主;(2)矿体规模大(目前控制长500 m,最宽处300 m,最窄处约40 m.最大厚度128.17 m,最小厚度10.53 m,平均厚度52.85 m),品位高(平均4.5×10-6,最高52.76×10-6),单个矿体资源量达20 t以上;(3)矿石为蚀变的花岗闪长斑岩和火山岩型.前者具有典型的单向固结结构(UST).金属矿物以黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿等为主,但含量低(小于1%),金主要赋存于蚀变形成的团块状或细脉状石英中;(4)围岩蚀变以钾化、硅化、绢云母化、高岭土化、青磐岩化等为主,具有富金斑岩型铜矿床的分带特征;(5)成矿温度明显分为两个区间.早期石英流体包裹体均一温度大于550℃,为含矿热液沸腾结果;中晚期温度变化在108～375℃,平均值为194℃.初步研究表明,该矿床应为独立的大型高品位斑岩型金矿床,在华北板块北缘地区为首次发现,具有典型性和代表性.对于区域相似地质环境内类似矿床的寻找和勘查具有重大示范意义.  相似文献   

20.
Ultramafic–mafic- and ultramafic-hosted Cu (Co, Ni, Au) volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits from ophiolite complexes of the Main Uralian Fault, Southern Urals, are associated with island arc-type igneous rocks. Trace element analyses show that these rocks are geochemically analogous to Early Devonian boninitic and island arc tholeiitic rocks found at the base of the adjacent Magnitogorsk volcanic arc system, while they are distinguished both from earlier, pre-subduction volcanic rocks and from later volcanic products that were erupted in progressively more internal arc settings. The correlation between the sulfide host-rocks and the earliest volcanic units of the Magnitogorsk arc suggests a connection between VMS formation and infant subduction-driven intraoceanic magmatism.  相似文献   

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