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1.
Patrick Mercier-Langevin Mark D. Hannington Beno?t Dub�� Val��rie B��cu 《Mineralium Deposita》2011,46(5-6):509-539
Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits contain variable amounts of gold, both in terms of average grade and total gold content, with some VMS deposits hosting world-class gold mines with more than 100?t Au. Previous studies have identified gold-rich VMS as having an average gold grade, expressed in g/t, exceeding the total abundance of base metals, expressed in wt.%. However, statistically meaningful criteria for the identification of truly anomalous deposits have not been established. This paper presents a more extensive analysis of gold grades and tonnages of 513 VMS deposits worldwide, revealing a number of important features in the distribution of the data. A large proportion of deposits are characterized by a relatively low gold grade (<2?g/t), with a gradual decrease in frequency towards maximum gold grades, defining a log-normal distribution. In the analysis presented in this paper, the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation appear to be the simplest metric for identifying subclasses of VMS deposits based on gold grade, especially when comparing deposits within individual belts and districts. The geometric mean gold grade of 513 VMS deposits worldwide is 0.76?g/t; the geometric standard deviation is +2.70?g/t Au. In this analysis, deposits with more than 3.46?g/t Au (geometric mean plus one geometric standard deviation) are considered auriferous. The geometric mean gold content is 4.7?t Au, with a geometric standard deviation of +26.3?t Au. Deposits containing 31?t Au or more (geometric mean plus one geometric standard deviation) are also considered to be anomalous in terms of gold content, irrespective of the gold grade. Deposits with more than 3.46?g/t Au and 31?t Au are considered gold-rich VMS. A large proportion of the total gold hosted in VMS worldwide is found in a relatively small number of such deposits. The identification of these truly anomalous systems helps shed light on the geological parameters that control unusual enrichment of gold in VMS. At the district scale, the gold-rich deposits occupy a stratigraphic position and volcanic setting that commonly differs from other deposits of the district possibly due to a step change in the geodynamic and magmatic evolution of local volcanic complexes. The gold-rich VMS are commonly associated with transitional to calc-alkaline intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks, which may reflect a particularly fertile geodynamic setting and/or timing (e.g., early arc rifting or rifting front). At the deposit scale, uncommon alteration assemblages (e.g., advanced argillic, aluminous, strongly siliceous, or potassium feldspar alteration) and trace element signatures may be recognized (e.g., Au?CAg?CAs?CSb ± Bi?CHg?CTe), suggesting a direct magmatic input in some systems. 相似文献
2.
Lake sediments were collected from four glaciated areas, three of which include significant Au mineralization. Neutron activation analyses for Au successfully delineate known mineralization and suggest areas for further follow-up. Gold is the only universal indicator although Sb gives a broader dispersion pattern at the Hope Brook deposit. Copper, Pb and Zn have above-background content down-ice from some mineralized zones. Gold values above 8.0 ppb in these study areas indicate the presence of Au mineralization. Gold analyses of site duplicates and analytical splits reproduce satisfactorily above 3.0 ppb. 相似文献
3.
The Dest-Or epigenetic Au deposit occurs in a breccia zone within gabbro, basalt and andesite of the Archean Upper Deguisier Formation. It is located approximately 30 km NE of Noranda. Quebec and 2.5 km N of the Porcupine-Destor Fault, an important vertical shear zone that extends east-west for more than 100 km. The known orebody contains 2.44 Mt of ore at 4.29 g/t Au.Host rocks of the Upper Deguisier Formation typically contain 3.6 ppb Au, 0.8 ppm Sb and 4.5 ppm As. The Au values are comparable to those of tholeiitic mafic rocks elsewhere in the world. but Sb and As values are a little higher.Gold values on approximately 30% of the area of the Dest-Or and Bassignac properties define a log-normal distribution with a median at 9.4 ppb Au (P16 at 3.1 and P84 at 27). These are referred to as ore zone halos: they envelop orebody halos which in turn envelop orebodies.An orebody halo can best be defined by close sampling in the immediate vicinity of a known orebody. Around the Dest-Or orebody, this halo is approximately 100 m wide (60 m on the hanging wall and 40 m on the footwall), and it has a median value at 37 ppb Au (P16 at 17 and P84 at 74).Gold enrichment in the orebody is 1900 times background value. There are also lesser but significant Sb and As enrichments (20 /sX each). High W values occur in the ore ( > 30 ppm W), but background values were too low ( <5 ppm) to be established with confidence.Gold analyses in the 0.2–100 ppb range can be gainfully used in the search for blind gold ore deposits: As, Sb and W can also be used, but anomalies are less extensive and enrichment is also less pronounced. 相似文献
4.
A deep “parent” composition for bonanza oreforming fluids at the Sleeper deposit was calculated by the computer program SOLVEQ using fluid-inclusion microthermometric and gas data, and by assuming equilibrium with the following minerals present in vein samples below the bonanza zones: gold, chalcedony, adularia, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and acanthite. The calculated dissolved gold content of 295 ppb is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than that assumed for typical geothermal systems. Thus, a gold-enriched fluid appears to have been a principal factor in the genesis of bonanza Au-Ag ores at the Sleeper deposit. Geochemical modelling of possible ore-forming processes using the computer program CHILLER, with the reconstructed ore-forming solution as a starting composition, indicates that boiling most closely reproduces observed minerals and their relative abundances in bonanza ores. The constraint imposed by the association of amorphous silica with gold precludes all of the mixing scenarios modelled, such as mixing with cold and steam-heated groundwaters (acid-sulfate, CO2-rich). Modelling indicates that boiling of a gold-rich deep solution leads to rapid gold precipitation, and that the amount of gold precipitated initially is large relative to other minerals. These factors apparently led to nucleation of colloidal gold particles instead of in-situ gold deposition or coprecipitation with other phases. Gold colloids apparently were entrained in the upward-flowing hydrothermal solutions and grew as they travelled. Upon reaching a critical size (10–100 nm?), they were deposited due to orthokinetic aggregation at an elevation and temperature at which amorphous silica was nucleating and aggregating. 相似文献
5.
Abani R Samal Raja R Sengupta Richard H Fifarek 《Journal of Earth System Science》2011,120(4):583-593
Linear trends of anomalously high gold values in the Florida Canyon gold deposit, Nevada have been identified using a combination
of contour maps of gold (Au) concentration developed with a geographic information system (GIS) and variogram maps created
using a geostatistical analysis package. These linear trends are interpreted to represent major fault zones that exerted a
prinicipal control on gold mineralization and therefore imparted a spatial anisotropy to gold concentrations. 相似文献
6.
7.
This research paper aims to delineate and recognize different gold mineralization stages based on surface lithogeochemical data using factor analysis and Spectrum-Area (S-A) modeling, as well as geological data in Arabshah sedimentary rock hosted epithermal gold deposit, NW Iran. Based on the factor analysis, Au and Mn were allocated to factor 2 (F2) and then classified by the S-A fractal modeling. In addition, Au and F2 values were transformed to spectrum data, which were categorized by the S-A log-log plots. Accordingly, the main mineralization phase contains Au and F2 (Au-Mn) values greater than 800 ppb and 0.3, respectively, and is associated with the occurrence of minerals such as pyrite, arsenian pyrite, realgar, orpiment and oxidized sulfides. The first phase of gold mineralization, where Au typically ranges between 80 and 350 ppb, is associated with base metal sulfides, arsenian pyrites and F2 values between 0.1 and 0.2. The second gold mineralization phase consists of Au values from 350 to 800 ppb and F2 values between 0.2 and 0.3. Combination of the S-A modeling, factor analysis and geological data outlined three gold mineralization stages in Arabshah gold deposit. The main mineralization stage showed a strong positive correlation with the NE-SW and NW-SE trending structures, the altered intrusive rocks such as microdiorite and granodiorite, and the altered subvolcanic dacitic domes. 相似文献
8.
氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床中碲、硒、铊富集机制的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床目前提供了全球几乎所有的硒、碲及部分铊产量,其中氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床可共伴生碲、硒、铊等稀散金属。文章从元素地球化学行为、矿床类型、岩浆作用、赋存状态、稀散金属与铜金关系等方面,总结了氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床中有关碲、硒、铊富集机制的研究进展。碲、硒具有亲铁和亲硫的特征,而铊具有亲硫和亲石的双重特征,三者具有不同程度的挥发性。岩浆热液型矿床伴生有碲、硒、铊矿化。基性岩浆的注入和岩浆硫化物熔离可能是氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床碲、硒、铊富集的主要岩浆作用。氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床中铜和金含量通常呈正相关性,发育有丰富的含碲/硒/铊矿物,但碲、硒、铊与铜、金的关系还不清楚。长江中下游成矿带发育多个氧化性矽卡岩金矿、矽卡岩铜金矿,伴生大规模的碲、硒、铊矿化,且已被综合回收利用,该带是探讨氧化性富金矽卡岩矿床中碲、硒、铊富集机制的理想对象。 相似文献
9.
本区以往是以铁铜矿产为重点。已知矿床中虽有伴生金,但找金工作,未被重视。区域化探(水系沉积物测显)样品采用痕量测金技术(化学光讲法,检出限0 ．3ppb),圈出作为找金远景的毛村—丙山—戊县和甲镇两个金的高值(Au＞2ppb)区和22处局部金异常。除已知伴生金矿床外,推测10处有找金远景。其中两处,经查证,发现一处中型金矿床和两处有远景的金矿点。金的区域地球化学资料,正使这个地区的地质工作重点,发生着转移。金量区域地球化学分布,呈相互复合的北东(西北部)、北西(东西部)向带状分布,高、低值带相间排布,强度自北而南增强。反映了受北东、北西向两组构造制约的特点。金的局部异常,即位于此两组构造的结点上,呈棋盘格状分布。本文指出甲镇、两山南部,是本区今后找金最有远景的两个地区。本文还对与铁铜成矿作用有关的燕山期中酸性侵入体,作出了含金性的评价,指出以往一直认为不成矿的F岩体,有找金前景,并找到已村、庚村两处金矿点。 相似文献
10.
A biogeochemical orientation survey was carried out in the vicinity of an epithermal Au deposit in the Moisan Au–Ag mineralized area, Haenam district in Korea. The Au–Ag bearing quartz veins of the mine occur as narrow open-space fillings within Cretaceous silicic pyroclastics. The vein minerals consist mainly of quartz, sericite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena, with some electrum and argentite. The main objectives of this study were to study the geochemical characteristics of rocks, soils and plants in this area, to investigate the spatial relationship between Au and associated elements in rock–soil–plant system, and to evaluate the applicability of biogeochemical prospecting for Au vein occurrences in Korea. Samples of rocks and soils, and leaves of three plant species (Japanese red pine — P. densiflora, oriental white oak — Q. aliena, Japanese mallotus — M. japonicus) were collected from the target mineralized area and control barren locations, and analyzed for trace elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Sampling lines were composed of one slope line which is almost parallel to the mineralized quartz-veins, and four transect lines spaced 100 m apart across the veins at 20 m sampling intervals. From the multi-element data of rock samples (n = 9), high values of Au (maximum 2030 ppb) are spatially related to Au–quartz veins. Soil samples (n = 61) collected from five sampling lines show higher values of Au (24–825 ppb) whereas soil samples from the control locations have lower values of Au (below 25 ppb). Many plant species collected from the vicinity of the veins have high Au contents compared with those at the control locations, but the ranges of Au values are variable among plant species. In a total of 128 samples of plant leaves, Q. aliena yielded Au values of 0.4 to 6.9 ppb, and M. japonicus 0.9 to 4.1 ppb. Gold contents in P. densiflora ranged from 0.1 to 5.6 ppb. Plant leaves from control areas show less than 1.6 ppb Au. The biological absorption coefficient (BAC) of Au in plants decreases in the order of Q. aliena > M. japonicus > P. densiflora. Based on the results of the study, Q. aliena appeared to be the best sampling media for biogeochemical prospecting of Au in the study area. 相似文献
11.
We report quantitative X-ray diffraction, whole-rock geochemical and Sm–Nd isotope data for metabasalts from the Aspiring and Torlesse Terranes in the South Island of New Zealand. These rocks underlie the Mesozoic metasedimentary Otago Schist which is anomalously enriched in gold and host to at least one world-class orogenic gold deposit at Macraes (> 125 t Au). Geochemical and Nd isotopic similarities between the samples point to a common history of the two terranes rather than the amalgamation of one or two allochthonous plate fragments. Furthermore, geochemical and Nd data suggest the metabasalts within both terranes formed in an oceanic but essentially non-subduction-related setting. The origin of the Aspiring and Torlesse basalts can be linked to the formation of an oceanic plateau that had resulted from a (?Permian) mantle plume initiation event proximal to a mid-oceanic rise or triple junction. Given the intrinsically gold-enriched nature of certain oceanic-character mafic rocks, the anomalous gold endowment of the Otago Schist may have been enhanced via the accretion and subduction of a gold-enriched oceanic plateau fragment. The metabasalts are generally enriched in gold (up to 13 ppb) compared to their enclosing metasedimentary rocks (typically ca. 1 ppb), with sulphide-rich metabasaltic rocks having up to 550 ppb Au. However, the relatively small volume of metabasalts in the Otago Schist precludes these rocks as the principal source for Otago Schist orogenic gold, with a primarily metasedimentary source of the gold potentially having a limiting effect on the overall endowment of the Otago Schist. This approach, that employs petrogenetic fingerprinting of potentially fertile source rocks for the assessment of gold endowment, might prove useful in the conceptual exploration targeting of relatively immature and poorly exposed terrains. 相似文献
12.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(11):1009-1029
Integrated multispectral, geologic, mineralogic, and geochemical studies of the Santa Teresa district, Sonora, Mexico, were used to map the lithology and identify zones of alteration characteristic of known gold deposits within the area. Forty sedimenthosted, bulk-mineable, leachable, fine-grained, disseminated gold prospects have been identified. These deposits vary in size and grade from 1.5 million tons of ore averaging up to 2.8 grams Au/ton to less than 2,000 tons of ore averaging less than 1.0 gm Au/ton. A variety of deposit types exist in the district, having the characteristics of hot-spring sinter, skarns, epithermal high-level veins, bonanza silver veins, granite and porphyry-related mineralization, and sedimenthosted disseminated deposits. The latter is presently the most important economically and is characterized by decalcification, silicification, argillic alteration, and anomalous Au, Ag, As, Hg, and Te. Digital image processing techniques were used with Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper data to enhance lithologies and to detect alteration associated with the mineral deposits. Thematic Mapper imagery was combined with field mapping and laboratory analysis into a geographic information system. Pertinent information was integrated in order to produce lithologic and alteration maps for regions of interest within the Santa Teresa district to aid exploration. 相似文献
13.
Gold concentrations have been determined by neutron activation in sixteen samples of komatiites and related rocks from Barberton, South Africa. All the rocks give Au values in the ranges 1–1.5 ppb with no evidence for anomalously high values in such old primitive igneous types. As the rocks are extensively hydrated, it is possible that Au has been leached from the rocks during later hydration processes. 相似文献
14.
S. M. Salem N. M. Soliman T. M. Ramadan R. O. Greiling 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(5):1717-1731
The use of ASTER data and fieldwork supported by mineralogical and geochemical analyses enabled exploration of new gold occurrences in the alteration zones in the ultramafic–mafic successions at the Barramiya district. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) band ratios (4/8, 4/2 and 8/9 in R, G and B channels, respectively) helped in recognising of two listwaenite alteration zones (areas 1 and 2) promising for gold in the north-east and south-east of the Barramiya gold mine. Mineralogical studies and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that areas 1 and 2 are characterized by variable concentrations of talc, ankerite, magnesite, quartz and calcite. Ore microscope studies revealed the sulphide minerals carry gold within these alteration zones; moreover, goethite and malachite are also observed. Fire assay results show Au contents in the range of 5.04 ppm in the graphite schist, 4.02 ppm in the quartz veins and 3.76 ppm in the listwaenite alteration. The atomic absorption analysis (AAS) of samples from area 1 yields an average Au content in the quartz-veins of 2.4 ppm, Ag content is 8.0 ppm and Cu content is 2.4 wt%. The listwaenite alteration gives an average Au content of 4.4 ppm and a Cu content of 2.8 wt%. In area 2, the AAS of the quartz-veins revealed an average Au content of 2.6 ppm, 6.2 ppm Ag and 1.9 wt% Cu. The listwaenite alterations of area 2 grade 3.5 ppm Au and 2.4 wt% of Cu. The Barramiya District is made up of ophiolitic ultramafic belts of serpentinites, talc carbonates and talc graphite schists, mainly thrust over the metavolcanic sequences. They include highly strained and tectonised parts enriched in sulphides, iron oxides and carbonates, with developed listwaenite alterations along the thrust contacts. Gabbro and granitic intrusions were intruded in the ultramafics and metavolcanic rocks. ASTER data are an accurate and helpful tool for detecting and mapping alteration zones for gold exploration. 相似文献
15.
Banded, epithermal quartz-adularia veins have produced about 1.5 million ounces of gold and 7 million ounces of silver from the Bodie mining district, eastern California. The veins cut dacitic lava flows, pyroclastic rocks and intrusions. Sinter boulders occur in a graben structure at the top of Bodie Bluff and fragments of sinter and mineralized quartz veins occur in hydrothermal breccias nearby. Explosive venting evidently was part of the evolution of the ore-forming geothermal systems which, at one time, must had reached the paleosurface. Previous reconnaissance studies at Bodie Bluff suggested that the geometry of alteration mineral assemblages and distribution of some of the major and trace elements throughout the system correspond to those predicted by models of hot-spring, volcanic rock hosted precious metal deposits (Silberman, 1982; Silberman and Berger, 1985). The current study was undertaken to evaluate these sugestions further.About 500 samples of quartz veins and altered rocks, including sinter, collected over a vertical extent of 200 meters within Bodie Bluff were petrographically examined and chemically analyzed for trace elements by emission spectrographic and atomic absorption methods. Sixty-five samples were analyzed for major elements by X-ray fluorescence methods. The results of these analyses showed that, in general, alteration mineral assemblage and vertical geochemical zoning patterns follow those predicted for hot-spring deposits, but that geochemical zoning patterns for sinter and quartz veins (siliceous deposits), and altered wall rocks are not always similar. The predicted depth-concentration patterns for some elements, notably Au, Ag, Hg, and Tl in quartz veins, and Hg, As and Ag in wall rocks were not as expected, or were perturbed by the main ore producing zone. For both quartz veins and altered wall rocks, the main ore zone had elevated metal contents. Increased concentration of many of these elements could indicate proximity to this zone. However, irregularities in the distribution of some key elements, such as Au and Ag, relative to the predictive models suggest that a larger suite of elements be considered for exploration for ore zones within the district. 相似文献
16.
The Paleozoic Pataz–Parcoy gold mining area is located in a right-stepping jog on the regional Cordillera Blanca fault, in northern Peru. Most of the 8 million ounces of gold production from this area has come from quartz–carbonate–sulfide veins hosted by the Pataz batholith. Despite a subduction zone setting since at least the Cambrian, the area records several periods of extension and its present structure is that of a rift and graben terrain. The Pataz district (the northern part of the Pataz–Parcoy area) is dominated structurally by northwest to north northwest-striking (NW–NNW) faults and northeast to east northeast-striking (NE–ENE) lineaments, both of which have been active periodically since at least the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous). NW–NNW faults control the margins of a central horst that exposes basement schist and the Pataz batholith, and step across NE–ENE lineaments. The Lavasen graben, to the east of the central horst, contains the Lavasen Volcanics, and the Chagual graben, to the west, contains an allochthonous sedimentary sequence derived from the Western Andean Cordillera.New SHRIMP zircon geochronological data indicate emplacement of the Pataz batholith during the Middle Mississippian, at around 338–336 Ma, approximately 10 Ma earlier than previous estimates based on 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The calc-alkaline, I-type batholith comprises diorite and granodiorite, the latter being the major component of the batholith, and was emplaced as a sill complex within the moderately NE-dipping sequence of the Eastern Andean Cordillera. Moderate- to high-temperature ductile deformation took place on the batholith contacts during or shortly after emplacement. Following emplacement of the batholith, differential uplift occurred along NW–NNW faults forming the Lavasen graben, into which the Lavasen Volcanics were deposited. SHRIMP U–Pb in zircon ages for the Lavasen Volcanics and the Esperanza subvolcanic complex, which was intruded into the western margin of the graben, are within error of one another at ca 334 Ma. The ductile batholith contacts were cut by renewed movement on NW–NNW faults such that the margins of the batholith are now controlled by these steep brittle-ductile faults. The NW–NNW faults were oriented normal to the principal axis of regional shortening (ENE–WSW) during formation of the batholith-hosted, gold-bearing quartz–carbonate–sulfide veins. The misoriented faults were unable to accommodate significant displacement, leading to high fluid pressures, vertical extension in the competent batholith and formation of gold-bearing veins. Brittle failure of the batholith was most extensive in the northern Pataz district where the fault-controlled western contact of the batholith is offset by a swarm of NE–ENE lineaments.The timing of vein formation is not established, despite published 40Ar/39Ar ages of 312 to 314 Ma for metasomatic white mica, which are interpreted as minimum ages of formation. Gold-bearing veins formed during or shortly after uplift of the Pataz batholith and formation of the Lavasen graben; they were therefore broadly coeval with deposition of the Lavasen Volcanics and emplacement of the Esperanza subvolcanic complex. These K-rich, weakly alkalic, ferroan (A-type) magmas may provide a viable source for the ore fluid that deposited gold in the Pataz batholith. 相似文献
17.
通过对查干德日斯铜(金)矿区地质地球化学勘查工作,区内发现铜矿体1条、铜(金)矿化体1条、铜矿化蚀变带8条。铜(金)矿化体均赋存于NEE向、NNW向断裂破碎带内,且以NEE向为主;矿化与褐铁矿化石英脉密切共生,伴随明显的硅化、钾化热液蚀变。认为矿区Cu-Au-Ag原生晕组合异常明显,与断裂构造套合良好;铜(金)矿化受构造控矿特征明显,热液充填-交代作用强烈,初判为热液充填交代型矿床。矿区深部矿成矿地质条件优越,找矿前景良好。 相似文献
18.
Baranevskoy金-银矿床产于巴尔喀什火山的火山口,该火山坐落在堪察加中部矿区东南部。本文基于矿物学原理和流体包裹体数据分析探讨了Baranevskoy金-银矿床的成矿环境及其物理化学条件。Baranevskoy金-银矿床的围岩为中新世—上新世的安山岩和玄武岩。热液蚀变活动随深度逐渐变化,从而可以进一步划分出最深部的石英带、中部的石英-绢云母(明矾石)-黄铁矿-铁钛氧化物带及其伴生的石英-绢云母-伊利石-黄铁矿矿物组合和浅部的石英-冰长石-水云母-黏土矿物-碳酸盐岩带。成矿早期存在密集浸染的铜矿化,主要矿石矿物有黄铜矿、斑铜矿、砷黝铜矿-黝铜矿,并在Rhzavaya矿脉中存在少量的自然金。其中砷黝铜矿-黝铜矿系列以砷黝铜矿和黝铜矿两个端员作为代表,且以黝铜矿为主。成矿后期产出代表晚期金-银矿化的自然金、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、碲化物和硫酸盐等标志性矿物。早期铜矿化(第一期)被认为是中硫阶段,紧随其后的为低硫型金-银矿化(第二期和第三期)。金从第一期到第三期都有沉淀。经研究发现,自然金也赋存于变质围岩的岩石裂隙内。早期的自然金相对富银,其中金的摩尔分数为59%~65%,低于后期(第二、第三期)自然金中金的摩尔分数(64%~72%)。流体包裹体显微测温结果显示,位于中部(Central)矿脉的包裹体均一温度为190~280 ℃,Rzhavaya矿脉的包裹体为190~240 ℃,产出自然金的蚀变围岩中石英的包裹体温度为230~310 ℃。包裹体总体表现出低盐度(0.9%~2.4% NaCleq)特征,推测存在大气水的混入。 相似文献
19.
W.E. Stone J.H. Crocket M.E. Fleet M.S. Larson 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1996,56(3):237-263
PGE-rich disseminated zones with discrete platinum-group minerals (Pd, Pt and Rh mineral phases) have been discovered in three thick (80–130 m), differentiated (peridotite-gabbro) mafic-ultramafic flows of the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt, Ontario. Three mineralization zones (whole-rock ∑PGE + Au = up to 1000 ppb) occur along four stratigraphic cross sections through a 2 km strike-length of the Boston Creek Flow ferropicritic basalt. Their occurrence most strikingly correlates with lenticular-podiform concentrations of disseminated chalcopyrite (1 %) and clinopyroxene + interstitial magnetite-ilmenite intergrowths (15–20% oxide), high concentrations of related metals (3000 ppm Cu, 3000 ppm S, 1200 ppb Ag, and 1000 ppm V), strong PGE depletion in adjacent rocks and along strike, and lithological and textural complexity in the margins of the central gabbro-diorite layer. The mineralization zone (whole-rock Ir + Pt + Pd + Au = 110 ppb) within Theo's Flow tholeiitic basalt is somewhat similar in occurrence, style, and composition to those within the Boston Creek Flow. In contrast, the mineralization zone (whole-rock Ir + Pt + Pd + Au = 340 ppb) in Fred's Flow komatiitic basalt most strikingly correlates with vesicle-filling intergrowths of pyrrhotite + pentlandite ± chalcopyrite (2 modal %) and high whole-rock concentrations of Ni (2500 ppm), Cu (700 ppm), and S (1.1%) in the upper chilled margin of the flow.Although apparently uneconomic, these flow-hosted PGE mineralization zones are of interest in exploration, because they are more similar in stratigraphie setting, style, and composition to PGE-rich disseminated Fe-Cu sulfide mineralization zones within thick differentiated intrusions than to mineralization zones in other Archean volcanic rocks. The characteristics of the mineralization zones and their host rocks, especially high degrees of PGE enrichment, vertical and horizontal patterns of PGE depletion, and accumulation of clinopyroxene + magnetite-ilmenite intergrowths, indicate a critical genetic role for variations in the regime of melt flowage. The mineralization zones in the Boston Creek and Theo's Flows are interpreted to have formed by simultaneous in situ formation of PGE-rich Fe-Cu sulfide and Fe-Ti oxide from flowing silicate liquid in the margins of internal lava channels. The mineralization zone in Fred's Flow is interpreted to have formed by ponding and coalescence of PGE-enriched sulfurous vapor bubbles in the upper chilled margin during olivine accumulation on the base of a dynamic lava channel. The relative abundance of PGE mineralization zones and high degree of PGE enrichment in the Boston Creek Flow suggest that the most favorable exploration targets are rocks crystallized from late-stage, highly fractionated derivative liquids in large differentiated terropicritic units. 相似文献
20.
Marina A. Yudovskaya Vadim V. Distler Ilya V. Chaplygin Andrew V. Mokhov Nikolai V. Trubkin Sonya A. Gorbacheva 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,40(8):828-848
The distribution of gold in high-temperature fumarole gases of the Kudryavy volcano (Kurile Islands) was measured for gas, gas condensate, natural fumarolic sublimates, and precipitates in silica tubes from vents with outlet temperatures ranging from 380 to 870°C. Gold abundance in condensates ranges from 0.3 to 2.4 ppb, which is significantly lower than the abundances of transition metals. Gold contents in zoned precipitates from silica tubes increase gradually with a decrease in temperature to a maximum of 8 ppm in the oxychloride zone at a temperature of approximately 300°C. Total Au content in moderate-temperature sulfide and oxychloride zones is mainly a result of Au inclusions in the abundant Fe–Cu and Zn sulfide minerals as determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Most Au occurs as a Cu–Au–Ag triple alloy. Single grains of native gold and binary Au–Ag alloys were also identified among sublimates, but aggregates and crystals of Cu–Au–Ag alloy were found in all fumarolic fields, both in silica tube precipitates and in natural fumarolic crusts. Although the Au triple alloy is homogeneous on the scale of microns and has a composition close to (Cu,Ni,Zn)3(Au,Ag)2, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that these alloy solid solutions consist of monocrystal domains of Au–Ag, Au–Cu, and possibly Cu2O. Gold occurs in oxide assemblages due to the decomposition of its halogenide complexes under high-temperature conditions (650–870°C). In lower temperature zones (<650°C), Au behavior is related to sulfur compounds whose evolution is strongly controlled by redox state. Other minerals that formed from gas transport and precipitation at Kudryavy volcano include garnet, aegirine, diopside, magnetite, anhydrite, molybdenite, multivalent molybdenum oxides (molybdite, tugarinovite, and ilsemannite), powellite, scheelite, wolframite, Na–K chlorides, pyrrhotite, wurtzite, greenockite, pyrite, galena, cubanite, rare native metals (including Fe, Cr, Mo, Sn, Ag, and Al), Cu–Zn–Fe–In sulfides, In-bearing Pb–Bi sulfosalts, cannizzarite, rheniite, cadmoindite, and kudriavite. Although most of these minerals are fine-grained, they are strongly idiomorphic with textures such as gas channels and lamellar, banded, skeletal, and dendrite-like crystals, characteristic of precipitation from a gas phase. The identified textures and mineral assemblages at Kudryavy volcano can be used to interpret geochemical origins of both ancient and modern ore deposits, particularly gold-rich porphyry and related epithermal systems. 相似文献