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本文对近年来在攀枝花-西昌（攀西）构造带所做的重力、地磁、航磁、古地磁、遥感、天然地震、大地电磁测深、地热和爆炸地震探测资料,进行了综合分析和研究,得出了该构造带的深部结构和地球物理场的特征。基于此,提出了攀西吉裂谷存在的地球物理标志,论述了该裂谷带与现代强烈活动的裂谷带和已消亡的古裂谷的差异与其“活化”的证据。本文最后提出,这是一个被动“活化”的古裂谷的论点。 相似文献
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最近,一些西方资产阶级学者提出“九星成线”灾难说:当太阳系九颗行星在太阳同侧排成一线时,将会骤然“刹住”地球自转,引起灾难性的大地震。本文对这种错误观点进行了批判。 根据中国二千七百多年历史地震的丰富记载,七级以上的大地震共发生过一百二十多次,同期“九星成线”有十五次,可这百余次大震没有一次发生在“九星成线”的年份上。迄今为止,世界上最大的一次地震,既与“九星成线”无关,也并未“摧毁地球”。对地球引力的主要影响来自太阳和月球,其他行星影响总和的最大值,不过是月球的万分之一而已。地震是地球内部的一种矛盾运动,不能把行星间引力对某些地震的影响片面夸大加以绝对化。“九星成线”灾难说,缺乏事实根据,在科学上是说不通的。 这种错误观点的提出并非偶然,科学技术的发展总是为一定的政治路线服务的。早在我国西汉末年（公元一世纪初年）,孔孟之徒曾对这同一种自然现象宣扬过“五星联珠”吉祥说,妄图挽救反动奴隶制的崩溃。同儒家曲解自然现象的下场一样,西方资产阶级宣扬灾难说,欺骗人民,以掩盖资本主义世界的政治经济危机,也必然是完全徒劳的。 相似文献
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地震是一种自然现象,是地球自身不停顿地运动的结果。认识和掌握地震及其规律问题,一直存在着两种不同的世界观的斗争。 能不能“知天”?孔丘、孟轲之流大力宣扬“天命论”鼓吹“天是有人格有意志的神”,胡说什么“死生有命,富贵在天”;老聃、庄周之辈则大谈“至人无为”,什么“死生、存亡、穷达、贫富……是事之变,命之行也”。总之,他们都是为了维护奴隶主的统治,让奴隶们永远受压迫和剥削。因此,他们就欺骗人民,愚昧人民,他们利用人们当时对“天”认识的局限性, 相似文献
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依据地球物理宏观资料、行星化学和地球化学微观分析以及高温高压实验结果,阐明了地幔中存在丰富的流体,扼要介绍了若干流体引发地震的假说,简述了隐爆产生地震的机制。地幔矿物流体包裹体、高温高压相含水硅酸盐矿物与地球物理探测资料表明,整个地幔内普遍存在高能密流体,地幔过渡带和D″层是流体富集的地带,地幔中存在的总水量比海水量高出几个数量级。地幔高能密流体流动产生热对流,造成了固体地球内温度、电导率、地震波速度以及地球化学组成的不均一性。高能地幔流体向外逃逸,不仅改变了壳幔岩石的物理和化学性质,且为岩浆形成和地震孕育提供了能量。流体在地震孕育中的作用包括两个方面:降低断层带摩擦力以及岩石强度触发地震和流体爆炸或相变产生地震。流体爆炸产生地震是地核与下地幔流体以“运移—局部聚集—爆炸的幕式循环”反复进行,产生不同震源深度、不同震级的各类地震。然而,地幔流体的组成、行为及其在孕震过程中的作用机制还需深入研究。 相似文献
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本文描述用于地球物理测井的激光钻孔流速仪（简称JZL系统）,分析了目前在实验流体力学领域内广泛使用的激光流速仪,由于实验模型的影响而产生的非仪器系统的象散差。提出JZL系统的无象散最佳设计。阐述了激光流速仪在后散射工作方式中,因为存在流体固体边界的“前散射效应”,从而掩盖了对后散射方式所需最小激光功率的要求。指出在有“前散射效应”的后散射工作方式中,增强“前散射效应”的准直方法,以达到在功率不足时,进一步提高信噪比的目的。本文还介绍了用转动测量体积,在层流条件下可测得二维流速的方法。 相似文献
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结合观测井孔的水文地质条件、大气降水资料 ,深入剖析了华北地区水位、水氡的中期和转折型短期异常变化的直接原因 ,认为水位异常是由于降水量的增大与减少造成的 ,其形成机制主要为降水渗入补给 ;水氡异常的形成原因主要为降水渗入 -混合机制。进而提出“深浅构造的互动作用” ,用以解释流体异常与地震的关系 ,其论点是 :降水、地下水变化可诱发 (活化 )浅层的构造变动 ,而浅层构造活动又引发深部构造活动和地震的发生 ;反之 ,深部构造的活动和地震的孕育 ,使浅层岩石的应力增强 ,在降水、地下水的诱发作用下 ,可导致浅层的构造活动。降水引起的地下水异常是一种广义的地震前兆 相似文献
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大地震等诸多激励均能激发全球自由振荡现象,通常表现为驻波形式的全球整体振荡.现有的地震波数值模拟方法多为非保结构方法,无法压制长时程计算中的积累误差.本文采用优化的三阶辛格式谱元法,对地球自由振荡及全球尺度的地震波传播进行了长时程模拟.通过与传统的基于Newmark算法的谱元方法结果对比分析,明确验证了本文所得优化的三阶辛格式谱元法在模拟地球自由振荡等大规模长时程问题上的优越性和准确性.上述进展在方法论层面为今后探测、刻画全球尺度地球非均匀结构的驻波数值方法奠定了部分基础,并为相关研究领域提供了新的选择. 相似文献
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The axial momentum balance of Earth and its fluid envelope 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Richard D. Rosen 《Surveys in Geophysics》1993,14(1):1-29
The emergence of greatly improved data sets over the past decade has heightened awareness of the close relationship between changes in the axial component of the angular momentum of the atmosphere and that of the solid Earth, the latter being reflected in small, though detectable, changes in the planet's rate of rotation. Changes in the large-scale wind field, and hence in atmospheric angular momentum, on intraseasonal through interannual time scales can be associated with a number of identifiable meteorological phenomena, whose further study has been given new impetus by the discovery of their signals in Earth's rotation. Future advances in the subject are apt to occur in connection with new data sets that will help address questions remaining about rapid changes in Earth rotation and the torques responsible for the momentum changes. Also in the coming decade, both new data and modeling approaches should help clarify the role of the oceanic portion of Earth's fluid envelope in the planetary momentum balance. 相似文献
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地磁场源于地球内部的地核发电机,经由近3000 km厚的地幔和地壳到达地面,穿过生物圈、大气层和电离层后延展至太空形成磁层.地磁场对生物圈有双重保护作用:阻挡了高能粒子向内入侵,也避免了氧和水等挥发性物质向外逃逸.尽管地磁场在几十亿年的时间里帮助维持了地球的宜居性,人们仍认为地磁倒转所导致的保护作用削弱会给生物圈带来深刻的负面影响,甚至是生物灭绝.本文梳理地磁倒转与生物灭绝因果关系研究的五十年发展历程,结合历史背景评介早期"一对一"假说的得与失,并着重阐述空间环境变化在最新提出的"多对一"假说中的重要作用.这些研究成果已经清晰地说明,从地核到磁层的地球各圈层是一个耦合的复杂系统,地球演化中的重大事件应当从地球系统科学的角度来看待,并借助比较行星学来研究和理解. 相似文献
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Raymond Hide 《Surveys in Geophysics》1985,7(2):163-167
Variations in the distribution of mass within the atmosphere, and changes in the pattern of winds produce fluctuations in all three components of the angular momentum of the atmosphere on time-scales upwards of a few days. It, has been shown that variations in theaxial component of atmospheric angular momentum during the Special Observing Periods in the recent First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE, where GARP is the Global Atmospheric Research Programme) are well correlated with short-term changes in the length of the day. They are consistent with the total angular momentum of the atmosphere and solid Earth being conserved on short timescales (allowing for lunar and solar effects), without requiring significant angular momentum transfer between the Earth's liquid core and solid mantle on timescales of weeks or months. It has also been shown that fluctuations, in the equatorial components of atmospheric angular momentum make a major contribution to the observed wobble of the instantaneous pole of the Earth's rotation with respect to the Earth's crust. A necessary step in the investigation was a re-examination of the underlying theory of non-rigid body rotational dynamics and angular momentum exchange between the atmosphere and solid Earth. Since only viscous or topographic coupling between the atmosphere and solid Earth can transfer angular momentum, no atmospheric flow that everywhere satisfied inviscid equations (including, but not solely, geostrophic flow) could affect the rotation of a spherical solid Earth. New effective angular momentum functions were introduced in order to exploit the available data and allow for rotational and surface loading deformation of the Earth. A theoretical basis has now been established for future routine determinations of atmopheric, angular momentum fluctuations for the purpose of meteorological and geophysical research, including the assessment of the extent to which movements in the solid Earth associated with very large earthquakes contribute to the excitation of the Chandlerian wobble. 相似文献
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在构建现代地球模型时,地球内部分层结构主要是根据地震波资料确定的;而地球内部密度及弹性参数,特别是地幔以下大尺度结构的密度分布,则主要是根据地球自由振荡的弹性简正模观测资料确定的.本文概述了地球自由振荡简正模本征值的求解理论和方法,介绍了球型和环型模态位移场表达式,讨论了地球自由振荡模态的衰减、分裂与耦合效应;总结了多线态分裂谱线探测和分裂参数估计的方法,综述了利用弹性简正模开展地震矩张量、地球三维非均匀性结构和内核超速旋转约束与反演研究的主要进展和存在的问题.最后作为展望,本文还讨论了地球自由振荡简正模的未来研究趋势. 相似文献
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地球形成初期,构成地球的物质在组成上是大致均一的.目前地球的地核-地幔-地壳圈层结构,是由分异作用形成的.分异过程释放的能量称为分异能.Sorokhtin和Chilingarian等人从行星吸积的定义出发,导出了基于地球内部密度分布的势能计算公式,计算出的分异能大小为1.698×1031J.本文采用计算球体势能的思路,导出分异能计算的解析公式和数值计算公式,通过求取原始地球模型与均匀分层模型、PREM模型的势能差计算分异能.两种方法的计算结果分别为1.535×1031J和1.698×1031J.前者与Sorokhtin等的结果相近,后者与之相同.本文初步分析了方法间的异同以及造成结果偏差的主要原因. 相似文献
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Lunar Laser Ranging: Glorious Past And A Bright Future 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Peter J. Shelus 《Surveys in Geophysics》2001,22(5-6):517-535
Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), a part of the NASA Apollo program, has beenon-going for more than 30 years. It provides the grist for a multi-disciplinarydata analysis mill. Results exist for solid Earth sciences, geodesy and geodynamics,solar system ephemerides, terrestrial and celestial reference frames, lunar physics,general relativity and gravitational theory. Combined with other data, it treatsprecession of the Earth's spin axis, lunar induced nutation, polar motion/Earthrotation, Earth orbit obliquity to the ecliptic, intersection of the celestial equatorwith the ecliptic, luni-solar solid body tides, lunar tidal deceleration, lunar physicaland free librations, structure of the moon and energy dissipation in the lunar interior.LLR provides input to lunar surface cartography and surveying, Earth station and lunar retroreflector location and motion, mass of the Earth-moon system, lunar and terrestrial gravity harmonics and Love numbers, relativistic geodesic precession, and the equivalence principle of general relativity. With the passive nature of the reflectors and steady improvement in observing equipment and data analysis, LLR continues to provide state-of-the-art results. Gains are steady as the data-base expands. After more than 30 years, LLR remains the only active Apollo experiment. It is important to recognize examples of efficient and cost effective progress of research. LLR is just such an example. 相似文献
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In the past 30 years the Satellite Laser Ranging(SLR) technique has improved to a large extent, currently achieving a ranging precision down toa few millimeters. Moreover the growth in the size of the international network of SLR stations and therapidly growing constellation of geodetic target satellites make the SLR a well established technique for solidEarth studies and for the related Earth subsystem sciences. The long SLR observation history has become a veryimportant source of data for global and local changes detection and monitoring in many different fields.Tectonic plate motion, crustal deformation, post-glacial rebound and subsidence, Earth rotation, and polarmotion, time variations of the Earth's gravitational field, ocean tides modeling, center of mass of the totalEarth system monitoring, International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) maintenance are only themain applications in which the SLR technique plays a significant role. Plate boundary zones in whichdeformation is diffuse are in general geographical areas associated with high seismic and volcanic activity.A principal key to understand the geophysics of a plate boundary process is the detailed knowledge of the3-D kinematics. This work will focus on the relevant results of the Eurasian SLR subnetwork in termsof technological evolution and crustal deformation. A general overview of the Eurasian SLR stationperformance will be presented with particular reference to the state-of-the-art SLR observatory MLRO (Matera LaserRanging Observatory). The current tectonic deformations (velocity and strain-rate field) detectedby the Eurasian network and by the former WEGENER/MEDLAS campaigns will also be discussed. 相似文献
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采用武汉台超导重力仪(SG C032)14年多的长期连续观测资料,研究了固体地球对二阶和三阶引潮力的响应特征,精密测定了重力潮汐参数,系统研究了最新的固体潮模型和海潮模型在中国大陆的有效性.采用最新的8个全球海潮模型计算了海潮负荷效应,从武汉台SG C032的观测中成功分离出63个2阶潮汐波群和15个3阶潮汐波群信号,3阶潮波涵盖了周日、半日和1/3日三个频段.重力潮汐观测的精度非常高,标准偏差达到1.116 nm·s-2,系统反映了非流体静力平衡、非弹性地球对2阶和3阶引潮力的响应特征.结果表明,现有的武汉国际重力潮汐基准在半日频段非常精确,但在周日频段存在比较明显的偏差,需要进一步精化.对于中国大陆的大地测量观测,固体潮可以采用Dehant等考虑地球内部介质非弹性和非流体静力平衡建立的固体潮理论模型或Xu 等基于全球SG观测建立的重力潮汐全球实验模型作为参考和改正模型,海潮负荷效应应该采用Nao99作为改正模型. 相似文献