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1.
Characterization of the hydraulic property of a specific geomaterial is of fundamental importance in engineering design and application. This paper reports an experimental investigation to the hydraulic conductivity of a typical marine sand, i.e., calcareous sand, which becomes increasingly popular as sea-filling material for land reclamation or construction of artificial islands. A series of permeability tests have been performed using the calcareous sand collected from Nansha islands in South China Sea. Using the home-made permeability test apparatus (so-called velocity-controlled pressure-differential acquisition flow apparatus), the relationship between flow velocity and hydraulic gradient was obtained and the hydraulic conductivity of calcareous sand was then determined accordingly. The effects of important parameters, including particle shape and particle size distribution on the hydraulic conductivity of calcareous sand, were assessed. To investigate the effect of particle size distribution on the hydraulic conductivity of calcareous sand, two often-used parameters, i.e., nonuniformity coefficient and curvature coefficient were considered in this study. To quantitatively evaluate the irregularity of soil particle, a particle-shape parameter was introduced and it was able to consider sphericity and circularity of highly irregular particle. Two materials, namely, Fujian quartz sand and glass beads consisting of particles of characteristic shape, were also used in the permeability tests, and they were used to compare with calcareous sand. Through the comparison, the effect of particle shape of calcareous sand on its hydraulic conductivity was examined based on the newly introduced particle shape parameter. The test results indicate that the particle size distribution has a significant influence on the hydraulic conductivity of calcareous sand. The quite irregular particle shape is able to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the calcareous sand. A comparative study of hydraulic conductivity between the theoretical prediction and experimental measurement was performed, and it is concluded that an improvement of theoretical model for prediction of the hydraulic conductivity of the porous media consisting of particles with highly irregular shapes, such as the calcareous sand, is still required. 相似文献
2.
海蚀作用会诱发各种地质灾害,为研究青岛崂山地区的海蚀作用,本研究通过野外踏勘取样、岩石手标本鉴定和偏光显微镜下薄片鉴定分析等方法,分析了岩石学和构造特征对海蚀作用的影响,并以石老人地区为例分析了海蚀地貌的特征,探讨了崂山地区的海蚀地貌分布特征及影响因素。结果表明:崂山海岸基岩为I-A型复合花岗岩。抗海蚀能力最强的是白垩系莱阳群砂岩,其次为白垩系青山群火山岩和石英二长岩,再次为碱性花岗岩,黑云二长岩最弱。断裂构造破坏岩石稳定性,促进了海蚀作用;石老人地区以流纹岩为主,在海蚀崖后退过程中,安山岩的侵入体保留下来,形成了石老人海蚀柱;崂山地区发育多种海蚀地貌,受到海浪作用、气温条件、盐类结晶以及生物作用等外部因素影响。 相似文献
3.
In this study, simple shear tests on breakable polydisperse granular materials were simulated using two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM). A new technique of generating polydisperse DEM samples with a smooth and continuous particle size distribution curve was proposed. A modified breakage criterion was introduced to reflect the contact force anisotropy of particles in the numerical sample. The simulation results showed that during the simple shearing, grain crushing in the sample mainly occurred in the contraction process and decreased gradually when the sample began to dilate. As the shearing proceeded to a larger strain, the grain crushing tended to a stable value. This grain crushing trend was in accordance with the evolution of the average normal contact forces of particles in the sample during shearing. The average normal contact forces of potential breakage particles increased in the contraction process and decreased in the dilatancy process. A decrease in the average normal contact forces of potential breakage particles resulted in the decrease in grain crushing during the later stage of shearing. 相似文献
4.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》1999,46(11):1841-1859
We show how to represent changes in the distribution of size and sinking speed of marine particles by a two-parameter model. In contrast to fully size-resolved models, this representation holds promise for constructing ocean biogeochemical models with detailed spatial resolution and seasonally varying sinking speed. We treat the mass and number of particles as separate state variables, each obeying its own conservation law. Average size and sinking speed of particles change as particles aggregate or the largest particles sink out. The distribution of particle sizes is assumed to follow a power law, whose exponent changes as a function of average particle size. Compared to biogeochemical models with constant particle sinking speed, our approach imposes a modest increase in computational cost and produces important effects like more rapid sinking immediately following a phytoplankton bloom. Compared to models that use hundreds of size classes to represent the detailed evolution of particle size distribution, our approach offers a major reduction in computational cost, while maintaining realistic behaviour like the sudden onset of significant aggregation when particles are sufficiently abundant. 相似文献
5.
通过对西太平洋雅浦海沟不同水深沉积物中总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、碳稳定同位素（δ13C）、粒度组成和比表面积（SSA）等参数的分析,探讨了雅浦海沟不同水深沉积颗粒物来源、分布及其影响因素的异同。结果表明,雅浦海沟沉积物TOC含量和δ13C平均值分别为（0.34%±0.14%）和（-20.8‰±0.7‰）,其中海洋浮游植物、陆源土壤和维管植物来源有机碳（OC）的贡献分别为（70%±3%）、（22%±3%）和（8%±2%）,且不同水深差异不大,海沟内沉积物的横向输运可能是深部沉积OC的重要输入途径。由于水深更深站位沉积颗粒物中具有更强的微生物活动和在水柱中更长的保留时间,导致其TOC和TN含量较低,但δ13C无明显差异。水深较浅站位TN含量、SSA、粒径组成和中值粒径等参数垂向变化波动较更深站位更为显著,表明海沟沟壁水深较浅处物源输入和沉积环境的不稳定。同时,由于低OC含量、低SSA以及高密度的海底火山喷出岩在海沟水深较浅的沟壁坡折处的广泛分布,导致该区域粒径组成与TOC含量无显著相关性,而较深站位中TOC含量与粉砂呈正相关,与砂和黏土含量呈负相关。整体而言,雅浦海沟沉积物中粉砂粒级颗粒物是OC的主要载体,而SSA是影响海沟沉积OC剖面分布的最重要因素。 相似文献
6.
海洋中存在着大量的颗粒,包括大型聚合颗粒（即海雪,粒径>500μm）、小型聚合颗粒（1~500μm）和亚微米颗粒粒径（<1μm）等。颗粒在海水中营造了不同于纯海水的小生境,其中生活着与自然海水中不同的生物。异养细菌、蓝细菌、真核藻类、鞭毛虫、纤毛虫等微食物网生物可以黏附在海洋颗粒上,或生活在颗粒内部,其丰度高于周围水体中的自由生活生物,这可能是由于颗粒提供了更适宜生长的营养环境。本文综述了海洋浮游微食物网生物在海洋颗粒形成和沉降中的作用。微食物网生物在颗粒物的形成过程中起到很重要的作用,它们可以直接促进颗粒形成,也可以彼此结合成颗粒,或微型浮游动物排粪形成颗粒。微食物网生物还可以对颗粒进行转化,影响颗粒的大小、沉降速度、或对颗粒及其黏附生物进行摄食。微食物网生物由于本身较小,沉降较慢,但这些生物和颗粒的结合使得微食物网生物在碳通量中发挥重要的作用。 相似文献
7.
广西江平地区沙坝-泻湖沉积相序与沉积环境演变过程 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文在地貌、第四纪地质野外调查和３３个钻孔资料的基础上,运用粒度、碎屑重矿物、微体古生物和１４Ｃ年代测定等方法探讨江平沿岸沙坝－泻湖体系的沉积相序和沉积环境演变过程。沙坝－泻湖发育在一片起伏不平的基岩侵蚀面上,其沉积相序自下而上为：基岩侵蚀面→河床→、河漫滩相→河口湾、近岸浅海相→滨外沙坝、半封闭泻湖相→风成沙丘、封闭充填泻湖沼泽相。本区的沙坝泻湖属于海退型。作者初步认为本区沙坝可分为新、老２期,老沙坝大约形成于６７００～３６００ａＢ．Ｐ,新沙坝大约形成于２３００～１０００ａＢ．Ｐ。 相似文献
8.
基于水淘选分级的长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中有机碳的来源、分布和保存 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
从分级的角度认识大河三角洲前缘河口沉积有机碳的来源、分布和保存对深刻理解全球碳循环具有重要意义。于2012年6月采集了长江口和浙闽沿岸共6个站位的表层沉积物样品,采用水淘选的方法按照颗粒物水动力直径大小对其进行分级分离,分析了这些分级样品的有机碳含量、稳定同位素、比表面积以及木质素等参数,并且结合蒙特卡洛模拟的三端元混合模型,讨论了此区域不同粒级沉积有机碳的来源、分布和保存特点。结果表明,长江口表层沉积物的有机碳在小粒级中含量较高,如8~16μm粒级有机碳含量的均值为1.30%,而32~63μm粒级的均值为0.90%,但是大粒级有机碳对沉积物有机碳的贡献最高(81.3%),这是因为大粒级的质量贡献占绝对优势(72.0%)。三端元混合模型的计算结果表明,长江口表层沉积物中沉积有机碳的贡献以海洋来源为主(平均为73%),土壤和维管植物也有一定贡献(平均值分别为21%和6%)。在小粒级(8~16μm)中,土壤对于沉积有机碳的贡献显著高于其他粒级,这是由于土壤有机质比较容易富集在细颗粒上。木质素的参数,如C/V(0.04~0.32)和S/V(0.33~1.23),显示长江口表层沉积物主要来源于草本和木本被子植物的混合,随着粒级的增大,草本被子植物的来源逐渐增多。浙闽沿岸分级沉积物的OC/SSA0.4mg/m2,而长江口的站位中OC/SSA0.4mg/m2,表明长江口沉积有机碳的保存效率比浙闽沿岸的高。木质素降解参数,如(Ad/Al)v、3,5-Bd/V和P/(S+V)随着粒级的增大逐渐降低,表明小粒级降解程度较高,而大粒级中降解程度较低。 相似文献
9.
本文对福清湾北部及其以东近岸海域的地质地貌，潮流和波浪等沉积环境因素，以及对沉积物和悬浮泥沙的粒度，矿物特征进行研究，认为福清湾为溺谷型的半封闭潮汐汊道海湾存在着较大的潮差和潮流流速，沉积物沿潮流方向呈东粗西细和岸边细、向海变粗的潮流分异特征，潮流控制着沉积物的布局，而属于潮控的浅海沉积环境。 相似文献
10.
Michel D'Heur 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》1984,1(3):211-238
11.
Robert W. Owen Jr. 《Journal of Oceanography》1973,29(5):171-184
Relationships of light scattering to particle concentration and size distribution were experimentally determined to follow theoretical findings, both in laboratory suspensions and in a variety of conditions in the natural marine environment. Confirmation was obtained by electronic particle counts paired with scattering measurements that light scattering provides a measure of concentration of particle cross-section in the sea. The use of light scattering as a measure of particle bulk concentration is shown to require constancy of the distribution of particle size, which is met under prescribed circumstances in the upper part of the sea. A simple test can indicate the constancy of the size distribution. A tentative estimate is made of the effect particles have on the inherent properties of open ocean water. 相似文献
12.
Two marine calcareous deposits as crushable soils and a siliceous sand as a noncrushable soil were used in this study to compare their monotonic response. Undrained monotonic triaxial tests were conducted on samples, which were prepared in different relative densities and consolidated under various confining pressures. The location of phase transformation point in undrained response of the sands in different initial conditions was evaluated. The effect of important parameters including relative density, confining pressure, particle shape, and particle breakage on phase transformation point was assessed. The input energy applied per unit volume of the soils was used to interpret the shearing response of crushable and noncrushable soils. The results showed that calcareous sands have more tendencies in contraction. Particle shape and breakage play a key role in engineering behavior of crushable soils. 相似文献
13.
南海粘土矿物组合特征及其环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用X射线衍射法(XRD)对南海12个海底表层沉积物和20个悬浮物样品中粘土矿物组成和分布特征进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)研究区的表层沉积物粘土矿物以伊利石为主,其次为绿泥石、高岭石、伊/蒙间层矿物以及蒙皂石;悬浮物粘土矿物是以绿泥石为主,其次为高岭石、蒙皂石、伊利石以及伊/蒙间层矿物。(2)粘土矿物的组成和分布特征主要受气候条件、物质来源、水动力条件及相互间稀释作用的制约。伊利石的含量随离岸距离和水深的增加呈增大趋势;高岭石则在近岸区特别是河口区富集;绿泥石在西部沿岸海区的含量较低,在东部岛弧和北部台湾岛附近海区的含量较高;蒙皂石与火山作用密切相关,在东部火山岛弧附近海区含量较高。(3)粘土沉积物的来源以河流输入为主,海洋自生和风尘搬运对该区的沉积影响不大。(4)深海悬浮物粘土矿物的组成变化能够很好地指示短尺度气候环境的变迁,伊利石的结晶程度对气候和环境变化反映灵敏,其随所处环境的压力增大而变差。 相似文献
14.
北部湾东北部表层沉积物主微量元素空间分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A multi-index analysis including grain size, major and trace elements is performed on the surface sediments from the northeastern Beibu Gulf to trace the sources of the sediments and to understand the controlling factors for elements distribution. The mean grain size exhibits a wide variation ranging from 0.09Φ to 8.05Φ with an average value of 5.33Φ. The average contents of major elements descend in an order of c(SiO_2)c(Al_2O_3)c(Fe_2O_3)c(CaO)c(MgO)c(K_2O)c(Na_2O)c(TiO_2)c(P_2O_5)c(MnO), while those of trace elements exhibit a descending order of c(Sr)c(Rb)c(V)c(Zn)c(Cr)c(Pb)c(Ni)c(Cu)c(As). On the basis of elementary distribution characteristics and statistical analyses, the study area is divided into the four zones: Zone I is located in the northeastern coastal area of the gulf, which receives large amount of fluvial materials from local rivers in Guangxi and Guangdong, China, and the Qiongzhou Strait; Zone Ⅱ is located in the center of the study area, where surface sediments exhibits a multiple source; Zone Ⅲ is located in the Qiongzhou Strait, where surface sediments are dominated by materials from the Zhujiang River and Hainan; Zone IV is located in the southwest of the study area, where surface sediments are mainly originated from the Red River and Hainan. The statistical analyses of sediment geochemical characteristics reveal that the grain size, which is mainly influenced by hydrodynamics and mineral composition of terrigenous materials, is the leading factor controlling the elementary distribution.Meanwhile, impacts from anthropogenic activities and marine biogenic process will also be taken into consideration. 相似文献
15.
Analytical results of sound velocity and spectrum for seafloor sediment ore obtained by VWA (velocity-wave-amplitude) discrimination technique. Based on velocity-wave-amplitude, an understanding is gained of the physical condition and structural characteristics of seafloor sediment, which is combined with other geological information of the sedimentary layer to synthetically discriminate the properties of seafloor sediment. Experimental results show that, by using the relationship between sound velocity, wave form envelope, amplitude shape and size, and such parameters as sedimentary structure, microstructure, bedding, grain composition, mineral composition, and physical-mechanics, etc., the basic properties of the shallow surface seafloor sediment in the experimental sea area can be discriminated and the burial depth of traces of ancient marine transgression and regression events in the borehole cores of seafloor sediment can be divided, thus making an attempt of and contribution to the practice of acoustically remote-sensing and telemetering seafloor sediment. 相似文献
16.
Analytical results of sound velocity and spectrum for seafloor sediment ore obtained by VWA (velocity-wave-amplitude) discrimination technique. Based on velocity-wave-amplitude, an understanding is gained of the physical condition and structural characteristics of seafloor sediment, which is combined with other geological information of the sedimentary layer to synthetically discriminate the properties of seafloor sediment. Experimental results show that, by using the relationship between sound velocity, wave form envelope, amplitude shape and size, and such parameters as sedimentary structure, microstructure, bedding, grain composition, mineral composition, and physical-mechanics, etc., the basic properties of the shallow surface seafloor sediment in the experimental sea area can be discriminated and the burial depth of traces of ancient marine transgression and regression events in the borehole cores of seafloor sediment can be divided, thus making an attempt of and contribution to the practice of acoustically remote-sensing and telemetering seafloor sediment. 相似文献
17.
Chen Jie Yao Zhen Jiang Chang-bo Wu Zhi-yuan Deng Bin Long Yuan-nan Bian Cheng 《中国海洋工程》2022,36(5):720-733
The motion of particle clouds (i.e., sediment clouds) usually can be found in engineering applications such as wastewater discharge, land reclamation, and marine bed capping. In this paper, a series of laboratory tests are conducted on coral sand to investigate the shape feature of the single particle and the mixing processes of the coral sand particle clouds. The shape of coral sand particle is measured and quantified. The experimental results demonstrate that the shape of coral sand particles tends to be spherical as the particle size decreases, and empirical equations were established to explain the variation of D50 and fS,50 of coral sand. Compared with the silica sand, the evolution of the coral sand particle cloud still experiences three stages, but the threshold for the Reynolds number of particle clouds entering the next stage changes. Further, the normalized axial distance of the coral sand particle clouds is 58% smaller. The frontal velocity exhibits similar varying tendency for the coral sand particle cloud. Considering the difference in shape between coral sand particles and silica sand particles, a semi-empirical formula was proposed based on the original silica sand prediction formula by adding the shape factor and the experimental data of 122 µm⩽D50⩽842 µm. It can predict the frontal velocity of the coral sand particle clouds.
相似文献18.
透明胞外聚合颗粒物(TEP)在海洋微食物网和海洋碳循环中发挥着重要作用。本文针对夏季闽东沿海TEP的分布特征及影响因素进行研究。结果表明,闽东沿海TEP含量(以黄原胶为标准物质计算,后同)范围为25.2～935.5 μg/L,平均值为(201.8±177.9) μg/L。整体而言,TEP的分布表现为近岸高、远岸低,表层TEP含量相对于底层要低。相关性分析显示,研究海域TEP含量与浊度和营养盐(硅酸盐、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和铵盐)浓度呈正相关,与pH、溶解氧浓度和小型浮游生物量呈负相关。分级叶绿素a结果显示,相对于其他尺寸浮游植物,调查海域小型浮游生物可能对TEP含量的贡献最大。相比于开阔大洋中TEP主控因素为浮游植物而言,夏季闽东海域TEP主要由浮游植物在衰退阶段产生,其分布主要受颗粒物再悬浮作用影响。该结果不仅进一步阐明了近岸海域与开阔大洋TEP影响因素的区别,并且对我国近海海域不同区域TEP分布研究空白进行了补充。 相似文献
19.
南海三沙永乐龙洞悬浮体组分及其来源 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
三沙永乐龙洞位于南海北部永乐环礁上,水深达300m,是世界已知最深的海洋蓝洞。采用扫描电镜和能谱仪对2016年10月和2017年3月在永乐龙洞从表层到270m的24个不同深度采集的水体悬浮体组分进行了分析,发现悬浮体组分种类丰富,粒度差异大,来源/成因多样,可分为生源碎屑、陆源碎屑、自生矿物颗粒、有机包膜-海洋雪花和人工产物碎屑等5类。生源碎屑以碳酸盐为主,主要来自现代珊瑚礁的松散沉积物,是悬浮体的主要组分。陆源碎屑主要是造岩矿物如石英和长石,以及一些包括重矿物的副矿物,其中细小的陆源造岩矿物碎屑,有可能来自气溶胶沉降,粗粒碎屑可能来自附近琛航岛工程散落的海南岛沿岸海砂。自生矿物颗粒包括重晶石、球状微粒氧化铁集合体和纳米黄铁矿。纳米黄铁矿及其集合体出现在130m以深水体中,是含硫化氢的无氧极端水体的特定产物。有机包膜在生物降解过程中形成,有时包覆多个不同组分的颗粒,常呈片状漂浮在水体中,形成海洋雪花。人工产物碎屑包括多种金属碎屑、微塑料纤维丝和过硫化铅丝。金属碎屑可能来自船只金属部件耗损,微塑料纤维可能来自渔网残余。本文是首次有关海洋蓝洞悬浮体组分的系统报道。永乐龙洞悬浮体组分特色鲜明,对认识其生态系统和沉积记录有重要意义。 相似文献
20.
The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution, abundance and characteristics of plastic particles in plankton samples collected routinely in Northeast Pacific ecosystems, and to contribute to the development of ideas for future research into the occurrence and impact of small plastic debris in marine pelagic ecosystems. Plastic debris particles were assessed from zooplankton samples collected as part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) ongoing ecosystem surveys during two research cruises in the Southeast Bering Sea in the spring and fall of 2006 and four research cruises off the U.S. west coast (primarily off southern California) in spring, summer and fall of 2006, and in January of 2007. Nets with 0.505 mm mesh were used to collect surface samples during all cruises, and sub-surface samples during the four cruises off the west coast. The 595 plankton samples processed indicate that plastic particles are widely distributed in surface waters. The proportion of surface samples from each cruise that contained particles of plastic ranged from 8.75 to 84.0%, whereas particles were recorded in sub-surface samples from only one cruise (in 28.2% of the January 2007 samples). Spatial and temporal variability was apparent in the abundance and distribution of the plastic particles and mean standardized quantities varied among cruises with ranges of 0.004-0.19 particles/m3, and 0.014-0.209 mg dry mass/m3. Off southern California, quantities for the winter cruise were significantly higher, and for the spring cruise significantly lower than for the summer and fall surveys (surface data). Differences between surface particle concentrations and mass for the Bering Sea and California coast surveys were significant for pair-wise comparisons of the spring but not the fall cruises. The particles were assigned to three plastic product types: product fragments, fishing net and line fibers, and industrial pellets; and five size categories: <1 mm, 1-2.5 mm, >2.5-5 mm, >5-10 mm, and >10 mm. Product fragments accounted for the majority of the particles, and most were less than 2.5 mm in size. The ubiquity of such particles in the survey areas and predominance of sizes <2.5 mm implies persistence in these pelagic ecosystems as a result of continuous breakdown from larger plastic debris fragments, and widespread distribution by ocean currents. Detailed investigations of the trophic ecology of individual zooplankton species, and their encounter rates with various size ranges of plastic particles in the marine pelagic environment, are required in order to understand the potential for ingestion of such debris particles by these organisms. Ongoing plankton sampling programs by marine research institutes in large marine ecosystems are good potential sources of data for continued assessment of the abundance, distribution and potential impact of small plastic debris in productive coastal pelagic zones. 相似文献