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1.
A. Foubert D. Van Rooij D. Blamart J.-P. Henriet 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(1):141-158
Three provinces, characterized by the presence of carbonate mounds interpreted as cold-water coral banks have been reported
in Porcupine Seabight, SW of Ireland and were recently subjected to many detailed studies. This contribution discusses the
use of X-ray imagery and physical properties in deciphering palaeoceanographic, sedimentological and biological processes.
Physical property core logging and X-ray imagery are used to identify and describe sedimentation regimes and so their respective
palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatological settings in two mound provinces, respectively the Belgica mound province and the
Magellan mound province. Both provinces show at present time clear differences in the hydrodynamic environment. This study
confirms that also during the past the oceanographic and sedimentological environment of both provinces differ clearly. Impacts
of glacial–interglacial variations and locally derived ice rafting events (IRE), comparable with the North Atlantic Heinrich
events (HE) have been recognized in both provinces. Moreover, the combination of X-ray imagery, magnetic susceptibility, gamma
density and P-wave velocity makes it possible to estimate the coral content and coral distribution in unopened cores localized
on top of carbonate mounds. A comparison between on-mound and off-mound cores in both provinces allowed revealing some mechanisms
of mound evolution and coral growth versus time. 相似文献
2.
3.
MARK GRASMUECK GREGOR P. EBERLI JOHN K. REED KLAAS VERWER SAM PURKIS 《Sedimentology》2012,59(4):1278-1304
Cold‐water coral mound morphology and development are thought to be controlled primarily by current regime. This study, however, reveals a general lack of correlation between prevailing bottom current direction and mound morphology (i.e. footprint shape and orientation), as well as current strength and mound size (i.e. footprint area and height). These findings are based on quantitative analyses of a high‐resolution geophysical dataset collected with an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle from three cold‐water coral mound sites at the toe of slope of Great Bahama Bank. The three sites (80 km2 total) have an average of 14 mounds km?2, indicating that the Great Bahama Bank slope is a major coral mound region. At all three sites living coral colonies are observed on the surface of the mounds, documenting active mound growth. Morphometric analysis shows that mounds at these sites vary significantly in height (1 to 83 m), area (81 to 6 00 000 m2), shape (mound aspect ratio 0·1 to 1) and orientation (mound longest axis 0 to 180°). The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle measured bottom current data depict a north–south flowing current that reverses approximately every six hours. The tidal nature of this current and its intermittent deviations during reversals are interpreted to contribute to the observed mound complexity. An additional factor contributing to the variability in mound morphometrics is the sediment deposition rate that varies among and within sites. At most locations sedimentation rate lags slightly behind mound growth rate, causing mounds to develop into large structures. Where sedimentation rates are higher than mound growth rates, sediment partially or completely buries mounds. The spatial distribution and alignment of mounds can also be related to gravity mass deposits, as indicated by geomorphological features (for example, slope failure and linear topographic highs) in the three‐dimensional bathymetry. In summary, variability in sedimentation rates, current regime and underlying topography produce extraordinarily high variability in the distribution, development and morphology of coral mounds on the Great Bahama Bank slope. 相似文献
4.
Ben De Mol Max Kozachenko Andy Wheeler Hugo Alvares Jean-Pierre Henriet Karine Olu-Le Roy 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(1):103-120
High-resolution seismic profiles, swath bathymetry, side-scan sonar data and video imageries are analysed in this detailed
study of five carbonate mounds from the Belgica mound province with special emphasis on the well-surveyed Thérèse Mound. The
selected mounds are located in the deepest part of the Belgica mound province at water depths of 950 m. Seismic data illustrate
that the underlying geology is characterised by drift sedimentation in a general northerly flowing current regime. Sigmoidal
sediment bodies create local slope breaks on the most recent local erosional surface, which act as the mound base. No preferential
mound substratum is observed, neither is there any indication for deep geological controls on coral bank development. Seismic
evidence suggests that the start-up of the coral bank development was shortly after a major erosional event of Late Pliocene–Quaternary
age. The coral bank geometry has been clearly affected by the local topography of this erosional base and the prevailing current
regime. The summits of the coral banks are relatively flat and the flanks are steepest on their upper slopes. Deposition of
the encased drift sequence has been influenced by the coral bank topography. Sediment waves are formed besides the coral banks
and are the most pronounced bedforms. These seabed structures are probably induced by bottom current up to 1 m/s. Large sediment
waves are colonised by living corals and might represent the initial phase of coral bank development. The biological facies
distribution of the coral banks illustrate a living coral cap on the summit and upper slope and a decline of living coral
populations toward the lower flanks. The data suggest that the development of the coral banks in this area is clearly an interaction
between biological growth processes and drift deposition both influenced by the local topography and current regime. 相似文献
5.
Andreas Beyer Bishwajit Chakraborty Hans Werner Schenke 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(1):11-20
In this study multibeam angular backscatter data acquired in the eastern slope of the Porcupine Seabight are analysed. Processing
of the angular backscatter data using the ‘NRGCOR’ software was made for 29 locations comprising different geological provinces
like: carbonate mounds, buried mounds, seafloor channels, and inter-channel areas. A detailed methodology is developed to
produce a map of angle-invariant (normalized) backscatter data by correcting the local angular backscatter values. The present
paper involves detailed processing steps and related technical aspects of the normalization approach. The presented angle-invariant
backscatter map possesses 12 dB dynamic range in terms of grey scale. A clear distinction is seen between the mound dominated
northern area (Belgica province) and the Gollum channel seafloor at the southern end of the site. Qualitative analyses of
the calculated mean backscatter values i.e., grey scale levels, utilizing angle-invariant backscatter data generally indicate
backscatter values are highest (lighter grey scale) in the mound areas followed by buried mounds. The backscatter values are
lowest in the inter-channel areas (lowest grey scale level). Moderate backscatter values (medium grey level) are observed
from the Gollum and Kings channel data, and significant variability within the channel seafloor provinces. The segmentation
of the channel seafloor provinces are made based on the computed grey scale levels for further analyses based on the angular
backscatter strength. Three major parameters are utilized to classify four different seafloor provinces of the Porcupine Seabight
by employing a semi-empirical method to analyse multibeam angular backscatter data. The predicted backscatter response which
has been computed at 20° is the highest for the mound areas. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the mean backscatter response
is also the highest for the mound areas. Interestingly, the slope value of the buried mound areas are found to be the highest.
However, the channel seafloor of moderate backscatter response presents the lowest slope and CV values. A critical examination
of the inter-channel areas indicates less variability within the estimated three parameters. Financial support of this study
was granted by the European Commission Fifth Framework Project GEOMOUND (contract no. EVK3-CT-1999-00016). 相似文献
6.
微生物丘作为新型的碳酸盐岩油气储层,是现今深层油气勘探和研究的热点。以塔东南地区寒武系微生物丘为例,综合利用岩心、测井、分析测试和高精度三维地震数据,在微生物丘微相组成和外部形态分析基础上,探究海退背景下微生物丘的发育期次、叠置样式及其生长发育、迁移演化特征。研究结果表明:1）研究区寒武系处于相对高能的台地边缘相带,有利于微生物丘的生长发育。钻井揭示微生物丘岩性为菌藻类微生物颗粒白云岩（局部硅化）,储集空间为晶间（溶）孔、溶蚀孔洞及微缝隙。2）中、上寒武统发育4期微生物丘复合体,依次向广海方向推进叠置,近南北向条带状展布,叠合面积大于1 400 km2。3）①期微生物丘形成于早寒武世缓坡台地之上,“三明治”式垂向加积生长,形成较对称的丘状,生长规模大。②期发育在丘前塌积岩之上,古地貌坡度陡,可容纳空间大,水动力强,垂向加积—弱前积生长,形成不对称丘状。随着相对海平面快速下降和生物丘建隆进一步发展,③期丘体楔状前积于②期丘的靠海一侧,侧向叠置分布。④期丘体生长具有继承性,规模变小。寒武纪末期,海侵作用加强,微生物丘停止发育。总体上反映海退背景下研究区由缓坡—镶边型台地—淹没型台地的变化特征。 相似文献
7.
LARS NIELSEN ADAM SCHACK VON BROCKDORFF MORTEN BJERAGER FINN SURLYK 《Sedimentology》2009,56(3):695-708
Bryozoan mounds from the middle Danian (Lower Palaeocene) of the Danish Basin represent a possibly new class of non‐cemented skeletal mounds. The sedimentology and palaeoecology of the mounds have recently been studied in detail. Three‐dimensional images of middle Danian bryozoan mound structures in the Limhamn limestone quarry, south‐west Sweden, obtained from combined reflected ground‐penetrating radar signals and outcrop analysis provide new information about the architecture and growth development of such mounds. The mounds are composed of bryozoan limestone and dark‐grey to black flint bands which outline mound geometries. Ground‐penetrating radar data sections are collected over a 120 m by 60 m grid of data lines with trace spacing of 0·25 m, providing a depth penetration of 7 to 12 m and a vertical resolution of ca 0·30 m. The ground‐penetrating radar images outline the geometry of the internal layering of the mounds which, typically, have widths and lengths of 30 to 60 m and heights of 5 to 10 m. Mound architecture and growth show great variability in the ground‐penetrating radar images. Small‐scale mound structures with a palaeorelief of only a few metres may constitute the basis for growth of larger mounds. The outermost beds of the individual mounds are commonly characterized by sub‐parallel to parallel reflections which have a circular to slightly oval appearance in map view. The mounds are mainly aggrading and do not show clear signs of pronounced lateral migration during growth, although some mound structures indicate a preferential growth direction towards the south. Growth patterns interpreted from the ground‐penetrating radar images suggest that the palaeocurrents in the study area may have shown great variability, even on a small scale. This observation is in contrast to results from studies of extensive, slightly older early Danian mound complexes exposed in coastal cliffs at Stevns Klint and Karlby Klint located 50 and 200 km away from the study area, respectively. At these locations the mounds show a remarkably uniform development and typically are asymmetrical, clearly showing migration directions towards the south. These differences in mound geometry may be the result of differences in the current systems and water depths that existed during formation of the early and middle Danian mounds, respectively. The mounds at Limhamn were located closer to the basin margin in shallower water than those at Stevns Klint and Karlby Klint. In addition, the difference in mound architecture may be due to the occurrence of non‐layered, irregular coral mounds intercalated with the bryozoan mounds at Limhamn. 相似文献
8.
Determining fault activity through time has typically utilised high-resolution seismic data to identify stratigraphic thickness changes or displacement vs distance plots; however, this approach is not possible in regions with low-resolution seismic data. We present a new approach for determining fault reactivation (tensile and shear) through time by integrating three-dimensional seismic data, geomechanical modelling and complete paleostress tensors from calcite twin stress inversion. The Cooper–Eromanga Basin is used as a case study to model the stress conditions present during six tectonic events that have affected the basin and, in doing so, constrain the effective paleostress magnitudes through time. Results show that the likelihood of dilation and shear reactivation of individual fault sets varies through time, with N–S- and E–W-striking faults likely to have been open to fluid flow after the critical moment in the hydrocarbon system. These results have substantial implications for hydrocarbon migration pathway models and structural and stratigraphic models for the Cooper–Eromanga Basin. This approach would benefit other provinces with low-resolution seismic data preventing fault growth analysis, or in regions where hydrocarbon migration pathways are poorly defined. 相似文献
9.
茅口期 Tubiphytes—叶状藻丘及其碳酸盐岩组合的储集空间类型包括孔隙、洞穴、缝隙和喉道,形成了孔隙—喉道型、裂隙—喉道型、孔洞—裂隙型等三种类型的储集空间结构。据孔隙度、渗透率、压汞等分析测试认为,叶状藻障积岩可以成为差的储集岩,而亮晶藻屑灰岩、生屑灰泥岩、Tubiphytes 粘结岩等均为非储集岩。研究区藻丘中含有大量的碳沥青(尤其是深埋溶孔中)也说明了在潜伏礁(丘)体中寻找良好油气储层的潜力是很大的。 相似文献
10.
基于高精度三维地震解释和相干属性分析,发现琼东南盆地北礁凹陷三维区中新统三亚组、梅山组、黄流组发育大量多边形断层。梅山组顶面发育呈近EW向展布的长条形丘和丘间底流水道,其上方分别发育近EW向(多边形)断层密集带和近SN向横截水道(多边形)断层。北部泥岩区,丘规模越大,断层密集带越宽,断层密集带主要分布在黄流组下部和梅山组上段地层中,横截底流水道断层向上延伸较短,向下延伸至梅山组或三亚组,而梅山组至三亚组多边形断层逐渐呈现多边形形态。西南部砂岩区,黄流组底部断层密集带和横截水道断层比北部规模小,延伸短,梅山组下段发育近NE向横截浊积水道砂岩断层和近NW向平行浊积水道边界断层,其规模更小。重力扩展可以很好地解释黄流组断层密集带和横截底流水道断层的形成,梅山组和三亚组的多边形断层是超压水力破裂的结果,同时大颗粒砂岩抑制多边形断层的形成。在我国首次发现断层密集带和横截水道断层,该类断层对油气运移、识别强振幅地质体和丘形反射成因具有重要的意义。 相似文献
11.
The margins of the deep-water sedimentary basins west of Ireland contain a number of large clusters (provinces) of spectacular
carbonate mounds and build-ups. These basins have a complex development history involving the interplay of rift tectonics,
thermal subsidence, igneous activity and oceanographic variations. The Porcupine and Rockall basins both rest upon thin continental
crust, the consequence of major rift episodes in Permo-Triassic, Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous times. Phases of volcanism
occurred in the Early Cretaceous and especially in the Early Cenozoic. Fluid flow within the basins is likely to have been
controlled by the overall basin geometry and by the distribution and linkage of permeable strata with fault systems, stratal
surfaces and unconformities. A number of regional unconformities, controlled by both basin tectonic and regional oceanographic
effects, can be mapped and correlated throughout the Porcupine and Rockall basins. The youngest of these unconformities (C10:
Early Pliocene) can be traced throughout much of the NW European Atlantic margin. It forms the horizon on which virtually
all the carbonate mounds in the basins develop, suggesting a geologically instantaneous mound nucleation and growth event.
Although the control on their development is uncertain, the mound clusters show a spatial association with lithified strata,
buried contourite and deltaic deposits, slope failure features and with the basin margins. Analysis of these relationships
points to a combination of geological and oceanographic processes controlling mound initiation and growth. 相似文献
12.
13.
Environmental changes and growth history of a cold-water carbonate mound (Propeller Mound,Porcupine Seabight) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Andres Rüggeberg Christian Dullo Boris Dorschel Dierk Hebbeln 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(1):57-72
On- and off-mound sediment cores from Propeller Mound (Hovland Mound province, Porcupine Seabight) were analysed to understand
better the evolution of a carbonate mound. The evaluation of benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the off-mound position
helps to determine the changes of the environmental controls on Propeller Mound in glacial and interglacial times. Two different
assemblages describe the Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and late MIS 3 (∼31 kyr BP). The different assemblages
are related to changes in oceanographic conditions, surface productivity and the waxing and waning of the British Irish Ice
Sheet (BIIS) during the last glacial stages. The interglacial assemblage is related to a higher supply of organic material
and stronger current intensities in water depth of recent coral growth. During the last glaciation the benthic faunas showed
high abundances of cassidulinid species, implying cold bottom waters and a reduced availability of organic matter. High sedimentation
rates and the domination of Elphidium excavatum point to shelf erosion related to sea-level lowering (∼50 m) and the progradation of the BIIS onto the shelf. A different
assemblage described for the on-mound core is dominated by Discanomalina coronata, Gavelinopsis translucens, Planulina ariminensis, Cibicides lobatulus and to a lower degree by Hyrrokkin sarcophaga. These species are only found or show significantly higher relative abundances in on-mound samples and their maximum contribution
in the lower part of the record indicates a higher coral growth density on Propeller Mound in an earlier period. They are
less abundant during the Holocene, however. This dataset portrays the boundary conditions of the habitable range for the cold-water
coral Lophelia pertusa, which dominates the deep-water reefal ecosystem on the upper flanks of Propeller Mound. The growth of this ecosystem occurs
during interglacial and interstadial periods, whereas a retreat of corals is documented in the absence of glacial sediments
on-mound. Glacial conditions with cold intermediate waters, a weak current regime and high sedimentation rates provide an
unfavourable environmental setting for Lophelia corals to grow. A Late Pleistocene decrease is observed in the mound growth for Propeller Mound, which might face its complete
burial in the future, as it already happened to the buried mounds of the Magellan Mound province further north. 相似文献
14.
D. Van Rooij V. A. I. Huvenne D. Blamart J.-P. Henriet A. Wheeler H. de Haas 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(4):849-863
The genesis and evolution of cold-water coral banks along the Northeastern Atlantic margin is known to be influenced by several
factors, among which the palaeotopography and nature of the coral settling surface, the presence of bottom currents and sediment
supply. In this paper, a case study is presented of the Enya mound cluster, located in the southernmost tip of the Belgica
mound province, west of Ireland. Below this mound cluster, seismic stratigraphy revealed a yet unmapped local unconformity
RD1b, being part of a composite erosion event (RD1). As such, from the Late Miocene to Late Pliocene, at least two erosional
events have incised the margin, ending with the final RD1a “moundbase” unconformity, acting as a base for the Enya mounds.
During the Quaternary the mounds became outgrown and were covered by a mounded contourite drift. In addition, they are closely
associated with a cluster of seabed pockmarks. The bottom current regime which became active since the Middle Pleistocene
has certainly influenced the fate of this mound cluster. The occurrence of the pockmarks seems to be related to relatively
recent fluid migration processes, however leaving an open question if any previous seepage phases were involved in the growth
or initiation of the coral banks. 相似文献
15.
深水盆地中多边形断层的几何特征与形成机制探讨 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
多边形断层是指一种在平面上呈多边形具有微小断距的张性断层系。自1994年被提出以来, 已有十余年的研究历史, 并在世界50多个被动大陆边缘盆地中被识别出来。研究多边形断层需要高精度的3D地震资料。我们根据琼东南盆地3D地震资料并利用相干切片技术, 首次在琼东南盆地南部发现了多边形断层, 并对其进行了初步研究。多边形断层的成因机制是前期多边形断层研究的重点, 许多学者认为深水沉积物早期压实脱水体积收缩形成的; 也有学者认为重力扩展控制断裂的发育。岩石物性、成岩作用及构造应力是影响多边形断层发育的重要因素。多边形断层对深水盆地的油气储集体的性质和分布; 以及油气、天然气水合物的运移和聚集有着重要的意义。 相似文献
16.
四川省大邑地区地处龙门山南段,是有名的地震多发地区。文章基于现代构造地质学理论,通过地震解释及构造几何分析、断层相关褶皱原理与几何分析方法、运动学正演模拟方法,开展了对大邑地区断裂带活动多期性研究,结果表明大邑地区断裂带活动具有多期性的特点。自印支期以来主要经历了两期三次构造活动:印支晚期的低角度逆冲推覆过程,须家河组四段(T3x4)中上部形成生长地层;喜马拉雅期Ⅰ幕,隐伏断层再次活动,造成侏罗系与下伏三叠系的变形差异;喜马拉雅期Ⅱ幕,龙门山构造带区域应力场向前传递,大邑地区形成高角度逆冲断层,断层沿深部滑脱层在大邑地区向上逆冲直至地表,早期隐伏断层被错断,伴随次级断层、反冲断层产生。 相似文献
17.
渤海海域渤东地区新生代断裂特征及对油气的控制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于郯庐断裂带控制着渤海盆地渤东地区断裂构造特征及油气聚集,在精选4条二维测线及PL2-2和LD32三维区块精细解释的基础上,系统研究了渤东地区新生代构造变形特征及郯庐断裂带对油气的控制作用.结果表明,渤东地区在平面上整体呈“入”字型排列,并由渤东1号断层及渤东2号断层组合发育成复合堑—垒结构,由此区域分为南、中、北3个区.郯庐断裂带在渤东地区的3个分支整体控制着渤东地区断裂的形成及演化.由三维地震资料精细解释渤东地区断裂系统为古近纪伸展断层系统和古近纪末期—新近纪走滑断层系统的叠加复合.渤东地区断裂演化影响烃源岩的分布与热演化,控制油气的运移及圈闭的形成,渤东低凸起及渤东凹陷中央走滑带形成的反转构造以及渤东凹陷东斜坡是有利的油气聚集带. 相似文献
18.
S. J. Mazzullo Chellie S. Teal William D. Bischoff Kimberly Dimmick-Wells Brian W. Wilhite 《Sedimentology》2003,50(4):743-770
Abstract Cangrejo and Bulkhead Shoals are areally extensive, Holocene biodetrital mud‐mounds in northern Belize. They encompass areas of 20 km2 and 35 km2 in distal and proximal positions, respectively, on a wide and shallow‐water, microtidal carbonate shelf where storms are the major process affecting sediment dynamics. Sediments at each mound are primarily biodetrital and comprise part of a eustatically forced, dominantly subtidal cycle with a recognizable deepening‐upward transgressive systems tract, condensed section and shallowing‐upward highstand systems tract. Antecedent topographic relief on Pleistocene limestone bedrock also provided marine accommodation space for deposition of sediments that are a maximum of 7·6 m thick at Cangrejo and 4·5 m thick at Bulkhead. Despite differences in energy levels and location, facies and internal sedimentological architectures of the mud‐mounds are similar. On top of Pleistocene limestone or buried soil developed on it are mangrove peat and overlying to laterally correlative shelly gravels. Deposition of these basal transgressive, premound facies tracked the rapid rate of sea‐level rise from about 6400–6500 years BP to 4500 years BP, and the thin basal sedimentation unit of the overlying mound‐core appears to be a condensed section. Following this, the thick and complex facies mosaic comprising mound‐cores represents highstand systems tract sediments deposited in the last ≈ 4500 years during slow and decelerating sea‐level rise. Within these sections, there is an early phase of progradationally offlapping catch‐up deposition and a later (and current) phase of aggradational keep‐up deposition. The mound‐cores comprise stacked storm‐deposited autogenic sedimentation units, the upper bounding surfaces of which are mostly eroded former sediment–water interfaces below which depositional textures have largely been overprinted by biogenic processes associated with Thalassia‐colonized surfaces. Vertical stacking of these units imparts a quasi‐cyclic architecture to the section that superficially mimics metre‐scale parasequences in ancient rocks. The locations of the mud‐mounds and the tidal channels transecting them have apparently been stable over the last 50 years. Characteristics that might distinguish these mud‐mounds and those mudbanks deposited in more restricted settings such as Florida Bay are their broad areal extent, high proportion of sand‐size sediment fractions and relatively abundant biotic particles derived from adjoining open shelf areas. 相似文献
19.
利用钻井、二维和三维地震资料,剖析了孟加拉湾若开海域晚新生代的构造变形特征,探讨了构造变形对油气的控制作用。区域深度地质剖面揭示,研究区南部仅发育底部滑脱层(深度10 km),而北部则发育底部滑脱层(深度12 km)和中部滑脱层(深度4 km);受滑脱层的控制,研究区南部仅发育一套构造层,而北部则发育变形不协调的上、下两套构造层;南部背斜的南北向延伸距离、波长及背斜间隔距离均明显大于北部。通过北部局部构造精细解析表明,研究区北部变形相对较复杂,上构造层主要发育近南北向的背斜和次级张扭性右旋走滑断层,二者形成时间分别为晚第四纪和晚第四纪末。若开海域晚新生代的构造变形对圈闭形成、油气运聚和保存条件具有重要的控制作用。指出研究区南部平缓褶皱带构造—岩性复合圈闭具备形成大油气田的条件,是下一步油气勘探的重要目标。 相似文献
20.
Morphology and environment of cold-water coral carbonate mounds on the NW European margin 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
A. J. Wheeler A. Beyer A. Freiwald H. de Haas V. A. I. Huvenne M. Kozachenko K. Olu-Le Roy J. Opderbecke 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(1):37-56
Cold-water coral carbonate mounds, owing their presence mainly to the framework building coral Lophelia pertusa and the activity of associated organisms, are common along the European margin with their spatial distribution allowing them
to be divided into a number of mound provinces. Variation in mound attributes are explored via a series of case studies on
mound provinces that have been the most intensely investigated: Belgica, Hovland, Pelagia, Logachev and Norwegian Mounds.
Morphological variation between mound provinces is discussed under the premise that mound morphology is an expression of the
environmental conditions under which mounds are initiated and grow. Cold-water coral carbonate mounds can be divided into
those exhibiting “inherited” morphologies (where mound morphology reflects the morphology of the colonised features) and “developed”
morphology (where the mounds assume their own gross morphology mainly reflecting dominant hydrodynamic controls). Finer-scale,
surface morphological features mainly reflecting biological growth forms are also discussed. 相似文献