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1.
用常规资料(T、p、u、v、q的分析值)和降水资料(24h降水量的分析值)进行四维变分(4DVAR)资料同化试验。试验中用了全物理过程的NMCη模式和带有充过程的伴模式。4DVAR试验的结果 资料同化期间和同化以后,用了积云对流修改方案和降水资料后,最小化过程迭代十次便收敛,降水预报了,特别是4DVAR方法比最优内插方法在改善降水预报方面更优越。  相似文献   

2.
对流边界层(CBL)中的污染扩散是非高斯型的。本文在下列三个假设下建立了双高斯型几率分布函数(PDF)模式:1.对流边界层任一确定高度铅直速度W的几率分布函数pw由两个高斯分布迭加而成;2.从污染源释放的粒子具有源高的铅直速度几率分布,且其轨迹是线性的;3.粒子在地面的反射为全反射,在混合层高度Zi为全反射或有部分吸收。然后分析了三个高度上铅直速度W的一些统计特征量,比较了由PDF模式计算的横风向积分浓度和Lamb的数值模拟[1-3],Deardorff的水槽模拟[4-6]结果,并用美国CONDORS计划的外场试验资料[7]对PDF模式进行了验证,结果均相当一致。  相似文献   

3.
以单多普勒雷达观测资料反演冷锋流场的试验   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
通过对一次欧洲冷锋过程单多普勒雷达立体扫描资料的实例计算来考察用VAD(VelocityAzimuthDisplay)方法反演锋面在垂直剖面图上的风场和用VAP(VelocityAzimuthProcessing)方法反演水平风场的可能性。反演结果不仅显著展示了锋面两侧的风向切变,而且也展示出气团内部风场中存在的中尺度结构。由于VAP方法对距离圈上多普勒速度随方位的变化非常敏感(多普勒速度的脉动)  相似文献   

4.
OBSERVATIONFORTOGA-COAREANDRELEVANTRESEARCHLiJi(李骥),LuEr(陆尔)andDingYihui(丁一汇)CenterforClimaticResearchI.REPORTONTOGAOBSERVATI...  相似文献   

5.
国外雨滴谱分布函数的数值试验结果   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4  
严采蘩  陈万奎 《气象》1993,19(9):14-18
采用文献[1]方法,对国外温带地区(北威尔士)^[2]、亚热带地区(瓜得罗普岛)^[3]和热带海洋(GATE-1977)^[4]雨滴谱分布进行了数值试验,结果表明:伽玛分布(n(D)=a.D^ae^-λD)能很好地拟合这些实测雨滴谱,特别是非单调下降谱用伽玛分布拟合明显优于M-P分布拟合,M-P分布仅是伽玛分布的一个特例(α=0)。  相似文献   

6.
用间接浓度法测量干沉积通量   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
袁撰英 《大气科学》1986,10(4):357-370
本文描述了用以测量干沉积通量的间接浓度法,推导并验证了估算沉积速度的阻力模式,评价了间接浓度法测量二氧化硫(SO_2)和臭氧(O_3)干沉积通量的误差. 结果表明,阻力模式能较准确地估算周平均沉积速度.用间接浓度法推算的O_3的周平均干沉积通量的份数误差为0.26,若配以日夜分离或稳定度分类采样,则误差将降至0.05;SO_2的份数误差只有0.15,但上述采样方法却不能减小其份数误差. 此外,O_3和SO_2的日间通量分别比其夜间通量大10倍和3倍.SO_2和O_3的沉积速度均有强烈的日周期变化,然而SO_2的日周期中,间有因地湿而畸变的现象.O_3浓度亦有一明显的日周期,且与它的沉积速度的日周期存在三小时的相位差.SO_2浓度则无明显日周期变化.  相似文献   

7.
通过引入改善了地表反照率参数化方案的中国科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)大气环流模式,我们对IAP短期气候距平预测系统(IAPPSSCA)中的大气模式部分进行了改进。利用改进前后的IAPPSSCA,我们对1980~1994共15年中国夏季降水异常进行了集合预报检验,与实测结果比较表明,改进后的IAPPSSCA对江淮和华南地区的预报技巧与原先的系统相比只是有略微的提高,但对我国东北、华北、河套区域以及整个中国东部的预报技巧则比原系统有较大程度的提高,从而表明气候模式中陆面过程的正确表述可以提高模式气候预测的能力。利用改进的IAPPSSCA和IAPENSO预测系统提供的预测海温距平,我们对1998年中国夏季降水异常进行了预报(该预测3月份提供给有关单位)。今与实际情况比较表明,改进了的IAPPSSCA和IAPENSO预测系统耦合,对1998我国夏季旱涝形势的预测与实测基本相符,但强度较小,说明有一定预报能力,但也还有许多问题。  相似文献   

8.
归一化植被指数与降水量、土壤湿度的关系   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
普布次仁 《气象》1995,21(12):8-12
归一化植被指数是描述植被绿度及生长状况的指数,由于植被生长依赖于环境条件因此NDVI与环境参量的关系是应用NDVI监测环境状况的基础。分别应用位于中国北部的干旱及半干旱地区的降水量资料对NDVI与降水量之间的关系地分析,结果表明仅在干旱半干旱地区生长季末的累积降水量与累积NDVI存在着显著的非线性关系,相关系数为0.78。  相似文献   

9.
窦贤康 Scial.  G 《大气科学》1997,21(3):348-356
多重解析多普勒方法是用解析表达式进行三维风场反演。它成功地应用于处理地基多普勒雷达资料,获取对流系统层状降水区域的风场结构,本文将MANDOP方法在机载雷达情况下的进行推广并通过模拟研究径向速度测量中信号噪声、雨滴降落速度估计误差,尤其是由于机载特性的引入产生的雷达束定位误差等对方法的影响。模拟结果显示,在机载雷达的技术参数下,MANDOP方法能够提供误差可以接受的三维风场反演。这为利用MANDO  相似文献   

10.
归一化植被指数与降水量,土壤湿度的关系   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
普布次仁 《气象》1995,21(12):8-12
归一化植被指数是描述植被绿度及生长状况的指数,由于植被生长依赖于环境条件因此NDVI与环境参量的关系是应用NDVI监测环境状况的基础。分别应用位于中国北部的干旱及半干旱地区的降水量资料对NDVI与降水量之间的关系地分析,结果表明仅在干旱半干旱地区生长季末的累积降水量与累积NDVI存在着显著的非线性关系,相关系数为0.78。  相似文献   

11.
A new dry deposition velocity pattern (NDDVP) for the study of region-scale dry deposition processes is developed. The mean ratio between NDDVP and 1022 experimental data of dry deposition velocity Vd is 1.06±0.82. The result shows that NDDVP is well consistent with experimental data. Practical cases are forecasted by the high resolution regional acid deposition model (EM3) with both NDDVP and old Vd pattern. The maximum ratio between the central concentrations for SO4- can reach 2.4 only due to different Vd patterns. 3-D distributions of species concentrations and dry depositions forecasted by NDDVP are better than those by the old Vd pattern.  相似文献   

12.
以沈阳浑南垂直流人工湿地模拟系统为研究对象,考察了湿地模拟系统对生活污水的处理效果,重点研究了不同水力负荷的影响。结果表明,垂直流湿地模拟系统对生活污水具有较好的处理效果,出水NH4+-N、TP、CODCr和BOD5均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A 标准;水力负荷为0.156 t/m2•d时,是垂直流湿地模拟系统运行的最佳负荷。  相似文献   

13.
为了更好地研究沙尘气溶胶起沙和输送特征,2010年4—5月,在民勤周边沙地利用EZ LIDAR ALS300&ALS450型激光雷达和 GRIMM 180型颗粒物采样器进行了大气气溶胶的外场连续观测,取得了晴天、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴天气条件下沙尘气溶胶总后向散射垂直剖面图和PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0质量浓度采样资料,其中包含“0424”特强沙尘暴过程资料。结果表明:春季民勤近地层大气中沙尘气溶胶浓度较高,且随气象要素的变化很大;在整个观测期内,PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0的平均质量浓度分别为202.3、57.4 μg/m3、16.7 μg/m3。在不同天气条件下,PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0质量浓度的变化有很好的相关性,但变化趋势有所不同。在沙尘暴天气条件下,PM10的日平均质量浓度高达2469.1μg/m3,是背景天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的100多倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的8倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的2倍。PM2.5在沙尘暴天气下日平均质量浓度为460.3 μg/m3,是背景天气条件下PM2.5日平均质量浓度的45倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM2.5日平均质量浓度的6倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM2.5日平均质量浓度的1.4倍。PM1.0在沙尘暴天气条件下的日平均浓度为92.7 μg/m3,是背景天气条件下PM1.0日平均浓度的13倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM1.0日平均浓度的7倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM1.0日平均浓度的1.3倍。可见,风速增大时沙尘粒子浓度的增加对粒子粒径是有选择的,小粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对减小,大粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对增多;通过对“0424”特强沙尘暴过程的研究表明,一次沙尘暴过程往往包括沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘天气中的两种类型;通过对激光雷达数据分析发现,在强沙尘暴发生过程当中,民勤沙地发生了非常严重的风蚀起沙现象。  相似文献   

14.
There has been a rapid growth of reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition over the world in the past decades. The Pearl River Delta region is one of the areas with high loading of nitrogen deposition. But there are still large uncertainties in the study of dry deposition because of its complex processes of physical chemistry and vegetation physiology. At present, the forest canopy parameterization scheme used in WRF-Chem model is a single-layer “big leaf” model, and the simulation of radiation transmission and energy balance in forest canopy is not detailed and accurate. Noah-MP land surface model (Noah-MP) is based on the Noah land surface model (Noah LSM) and has multiple parametric options to simulate the energy, momentum, and material interactions of the vegetation-soil-atmosphere system. Therefore, to investigate the improvement of the simulation results of WRF-Chem on the nitrogen deposition in forest area after coupled with Noah-MP model and to reduce the influence of meteorological simulation biases on the dry deposition velocity simulation, a dry deposition single-point model coupled by Noah- MP and the WRF-Chem dry deposition module (WDDM) was used to simulate the deposition velocity (Vd). The model was driven by the micro-meteorological observation of the Dinghushan Forest Ecosystem Location Station. And a series of numerical experiments were carried out to identify the key processes influencing the calculation of dry deposition velocity, and the effects of various surface physical and plant physiological processes on dry deposition were discussed. The model captured the observed Vd well, but still underestimated the Vd. The self-defect of Wesely scheme applied by WDDM, and the inaccuracy of built-in parameters in WDDM and input data for Noah-MP (e.g. LAI) were the key factors that cause the underestimation of Vd. Therefore, future work is needed to improve model mechanisms and parameterization.  相似文献   

15.
The time series of annual frequency of the circulation patterns W,C,E in the Northern Hemisphere and annual mean temperature of Beijing (TB),Shanghai (TS) and the whole country (TC) in the period 1891-1990 are expanded as a long-term tendency,a periodic function and a random function.The coherence between circulation and temperature is calculated and analyzed.The abrupt change of circulation and temperature in the last 100 years is revealed with the methods of the accumulated anomalous curves,the signal/noise ratio as well as the Mann-Kendall test.The correlations between anomalous circulation and climate are discussed with some explanations.  相似文献   

16.
The deposition velocity (V d) of nitric acid vapor over a fully leafed deciduous forest was estimated using flux/gradient theory. HNO3 deposition velocities ranged from 2.2 to 6.0cm/s with a mean V don the order of 4.0cms-1. Estimates of V dfrom a detailed canopy turbulence model gave deposition velocities of similar magnitude. The model was used to investigate the sensitivity of V dto the leaf boundary-layer resistance and leaf area index (LAI). Although modeled deposition velocities were found to be sensitive to the parameterization of the leaf boundary-layer resistance, they were less sensitive to the LAI. Modeled V d's were found to peak at LAI = 7.  相似文献   

17.
It is helpful to go deep into understanding the acid rainfall through studying the relation of two centers between aciddeposition and rainfall and the relation of intensity between them.We adopt a three-dimensional Eulerian regional aciddeposition model,or NCAR-RADM,to calculate regional chemical concentrations and dry and wet depositions ofacids.The temporally and spatially varied meteorological field is provided by a mesoscale meteorological model,vertion4.We calculate dry and wet depositions of acids in eight kinds of different rainfall distributions.The results show thatthe wet depositions of acids near pollutant source is very sensitive to rainfall intensity in initial stage.The distribution ofacid wet deposition will tend to that of rainfall intensity when rainfall intensity is small in source.And it will tend to thatof initial pollutant concentration when rainfall intensity is large in source.  相似文献   

18.
秦皇岛市两次极端最低气温天气过程的对比分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
利用MICAPS资料和NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料,对秦皇岛市2001年1月15日和2010年1月6日两次最低气温极值天气过程,从环流形势、物理量场的垂直结构、温度方程的平流项、垂直项与非绝热项等进行了综合对比分析。结果表明:两次过程环流形势基本相似,均自西北路径直接影响华北,冷平流由水平方向移动并在垂直方向下传;通过对局地温度变化中各项因子的定量估算,发现当空气干燥且从低到高空均为下沉气流时,下沉增温的影响不容忽视;2010年1月6日出现的最低气温极值主要是非绝热因子影响。2010年1月3—4日秦皇岛降暴雪,积雪深度在10 cm以上,2010年1月6日非绝热项为-0.907℃.h-1,2001年1月15日非绝热项为-0.301℃.h-1,下垫面性质的改变对局地气温的影响可为最低气温预报提供参考。  相似文献   

19.
北京地区三级以上污染日的气象影响因子初步分析   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
依据2001—2007年北京市环境保护局公布的SO2、NO2和PM10日平均空气质量等级大于或等于三级以上的污染日作为样本,统计分析了污染日3种污染物指数与同期南郊观象台(近郊区)的地面和探空气象要素的相关关系。同时采用Hysplit-4后向轨迹分析方法,对出现四级以上污染的重污染日污染源进行了初步探讨。结果表明:风向是造成上述3种污染物出现重污染的主要原因之一;污染日存在两重或多重逆温层,而且逆温层较低较厚,垂直对流和水平扩散作用较弱,湿沉降作用较小,因此污染物不易扩散和输送,堆积在近地面,造成重污染。北京西南、东南部地区以及沙尘暴过程内蒙古、河北北部是造成重污染天气的主要输送源地。研究结果可为北京重污染过程的预警预测及其综合防治提供科学依据。  相似文献   

20.
Measurements of dry, deposition velocities (V d ) of O3 (using the eddy correlation technique) made over a cotton field and senescent grass near Fresno California during July and August 1991 were used to test some dry deposition velocity models. Over the cotton field, the observed maximum daytimeV d was about 0.8 cm s–1 and the average nighttime value was about 0.2 cm s–1. Over the grass, daytime values averaged about 0.2 cm s–1 and nighttime values about 0.05 cm s–1. Application of a site-specific model known as ADOM (Acid Deposition and Oxidant Model) over the cotton field generally overestimated the observations except for a few hours in the afternoon when the observations were underestimated The overestimation was attributed to inadequacies in the surface resistance formulation and the underestimation to uncertainties in the aerodynamic formulation. Unlike previous studies which focused on the role of surface resistance, we perform additional tests using a large variety of aerodynamic resistance formulae, in addition to those in ADOM, to determine their influence on the modelledV d of O3 over, cotton. Over grass, ADOM considerably overestimated the observations but showed improvement when other surface resistance formulations were applied.  相似文献   

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