共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
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IMF北向时磁层顶重联的模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文基于自己开发的全球三维磁层模型,模拟研究了IMF(Interplanetary Magnetic Field)北向时磁层顶重联及磁尾结构.结果发现磁层顶附近存在两种典型的重联过程:一是高纬极尖区IMF与地球磁场的重联,这与空间观测证据和前人的模拟结果是一致的;二是重联后一端在太阳风中另一端与地球相连的磁力线在向磁尾运动中,会发生弯曲、拖曳,在磁尾晨昏侧低纬区域可与尾瓣开放磁力线满足重联条件而再次发生重联.我们认为前一重联会使磁尾等离子片产生与IMF时钟角方向相反的旋转;而后者可重新形成闭合磁力线,可能是LLBL(Low Latitude Boundary Layer)形成的重要原因. 相似文献
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等离子体波的空间分布在木星磁层高能电子动力学过程中起着重要的作用.现有大多数对木星磁层哨声波的观测仅限于|λ|≤15°的磁纬范围内,但是最新的JUNO卫星WAVES仪器提供的波动数据使得更高纬度、更广区域范围内的等离子体波动分布研究成为可能.本文通过对JUNO卫星WAVES仪器数据进行分析处理,详细研究了木星磁层哨声波的空间分布特性.观测表明,存在位于高LJ、高磁纬的木星磁层哨声波,它们广泛分布于距木星中心距离35～75个木星半径、磁纬为|λ|≤30°的空间区域.分析研究发现,WAVES仪器观测的木星磁层哨声波幅度一般为几个pT,远小于地球磁层哨声波的强度.木星磁层哨声波幅会随着LJ的增大缓慢增加,也会随着磁纬的减小趋向平缓变化.基于以上观测事实,本文利用指数幂函数分别拟合得到木星磁层哨声波幅随LJ和磁纬变化的经验模型.该模型将有助于精确理解哨声波对木星磁层高能电子动力学过程的重要影响. 相似文献
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陆地生态系统碳循环的多尺度试验观测和跨尺度机理模拟 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
准确估计陆地碳汇时空变化是预测气候变化和执行温室气体控制协议的基础.近10年来,以大型试验环境控制、涡度相关测定和定量遥感为代表的新技术手段的应用推动了多尺度生态观测网络的建立,获得和积累了大量有关陆地生态系统碳循环变化的数据.但是这些高强度和多尺度观测并没有显著降低对陆地碳汇及其变化估计和机理认识的不确定性.其主要原因是这些观测主要是在各个尺度上分别进行的,而生态系统碳循环变化取决于从生物个体的短期反应到区域生态系统格局长期变化各个尺度过程的相互作用.试验和观测总是在特定尺度上进行的,认识和定量表达跨尺度相互作用需要应用机理模拟的方法.但是,现有的生态机理模型以单一尺度试验观测数据为基础,不能现实地模拟生态系统大尺度格局、结构和过程对环境变化的动态响应和适应.估计和预测由多尺度过程相互作用决定的陆地碳汇变化要求构建新的生态系统理论框架和机理模型,集成和定量表达从生理生态过程响应到生态系统格局适应性变化的传递机理和非平衡生态系统演替机制.多尺度数据-模型融合(Data-modelfusion)是近年来发展起来的生态系统碳循环研究的新方法,它包括应用多尺度观测数据建立跨尺度机理模拟模型;应用多种观测数据在不同尺度上对模型进行检验和验证;应用动态观 相似文献
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观测到的爆发流（Busty Bulk Flows,简称为BBFs）有很多主要特征都可以用磁泡图像描述 . 磁泡模型认为电离层中绝大部分电势降落都发生在磁泡中,据此可以估算它周围的霍尔电 流及其在地面引起的地磁扰动. 将本文结果与SMA（Scandinavian Magnetometer Array）雷 达阵列观测的BBFs的特征进行比较之后,发现二者符合得很好. 这表明BBFs与磁泡在引起地 面磁场扰动上的表征是一样的,暗示BBFs很可能就是磁泡. 相似文献
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2000年9月30日Geotail卫星分别于17∶54∶36~18∶09∶00UT和18∶59∶00~19∶30∶00UT在磁尾晨侧等离子体片内(n≈0.4 cm-3,T≈6 keV)观测到等离子体涡流事件.本文采用Grad-Shafranov (GS)流场重构技术再现了这些涡流的二维速度场、离子数密度和离子温度的分布图像.结果显示:从地心太阳磁层坐标系(GSM)赤道面上面看, 涡流的尺度约为5000 km×1400 km , 朝地球的运动速度约为15~25 km/s.所有5个涡流的旋转方向都为顺时针方向,旋转周期约为6~11 min.相邻涡流的相互作用导致它们之间的磁场强度增强.考察观测数据发现,涡流内不仅包含等离子体片热等离子体成分,也包含较大通量的类似源自磁鞘的冷等离子体成分(T<1 keV).这与观测到涡流等离子体的平均温度(T≈4 keV)较磁尾等离子体片等离子体的典型温度(T≈6 keV)明显偏低的事实是一致的.不仅如此,离子数密度和温度在结构内的分布也不均匀,数密度在涡流内部偏离中心的位置比较低而在每个涡流的边缘位置比较高,温度的分布大体上与密度相反.分析认为观测到的磁尾等离子体涡流事件可能由发生在低纬边界层的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性引起,涡流结构内的冷等离子体可能来自磁层顶外部的磁鞘. 相似文献
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基于Cluster(C3)卫星的观测数据,本文统计分析了 2001年至2009年的低纬(GSE坐标系下纬度小于45°)侧翼晨(磁地方时MLT＜08)、昏(MLT＞16)两侧磁层顶的特征.分别用法拉第残差最小化分析法(MFR分析)和DeHoffmann-Teller分析法(HT分析)计算了磁层顶厚度、运动速度以及平均电流密度等参数.收集了近磁层顶磁鞘侧的β值(等离子体热压磁压之比),并应用瓦伦测试划分了磁层顶的旋转不连续和切向不连续.结果表示,磁层顶的晨昏两侧存在明显的不对称,即晨侧磁层顶厚度更厚、运动也更加活跃.上游β值由近日侧到磁尾整体上表现出下降趋势,但在昏侧部分区域出现异常升高,通过分析β值对磁层顶厚度和运动速度的影响发现,更高的上游β值对应的磁层顶厚度更薄,运动速度更高,但是上游β的晨昏不对称并不是造成磁层顶厚度和运动速度晨昏不对称的主要原因,本文认为,磁层顶参数的晨昏不对称可能并不是由单一的上游参数造成的.最后,高β对研究区域内的磁层顶瓦伦关系有破坏作用. 相似文献
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实际地震勘探中,储层物性参数的差异是导致地震波响应特征发生变化的根本原因,而建立储层物性参数与地震响应特征之间的联系,需要跨越微观孔隙尺度、介观测井尺度以及宏观地震尺度等三个不同尺度空间.本文基于已知井的岩石物理实验数据和测井数据,利用复杂多孔隙介质理论将微观尺度孔隙岩石粗化到介观测井尺度,利用Backus平均理论将介观测井尺度的模型进一步粗化到宏观地震尺度,最终,得到地震尺度裂缝-多孔隙介质模型.其数值计算结果与测井数据和地震数据的对比表明：基于两级尺度粗化算法的裂缝多孔隙介质模型在给定参数下是有效的,且基于该模型的地震响应特征分析方法能够对储层的地震响应特征随物性参数的变化进行分析. 相似文献
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While the plasma convection in the Earth's magnetosphere was for a long timeconsidered to consist mostly of laminar flows with wide spatial extents, about adecade ago the phenomenon of bursty bulk flows (BBFs), which now could beunderstood as long, but narrow channels of fast earthward plasma flow in thecentral plasma sheet of the magnetospheric tail, was discovered. Soon after thisit became clear that such events are not exceptional, but a large portion of theearthward plasma flow in the inner part of the magnetospheric tail is organisedin this bursty, intermittent mode. Since the Earth's magnetosphere is connectedby highly conducting magnetic field lines with its ionosphere, the next logicalstep was the search for the ionospheric signatures of BBFs. We review the resultsobtained so far in this young field of Space Physics, in terms of theauroral and ground magnetic signatures caused by BBFs, the particle precipitationto the ionosphere, as well as of the ionospheric electrodynamics of the processesassociated with the BBFs in the magnetosphere. Finally, we briefly review somemodels of ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling with respect to their ability to explainthe ionospheric signatures observed. 相似文献
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本文利用星簇CLUSTER的三颗卫星数据分析了磁宁静期磁尾爆发性整体流（BBFs, Bursty Bulk Flows）的时间尺度, 并与单个卫星的结果做了比较. 事例研究表明, 利用三颗卫星观测数据判断的BBFs的时间尺度比单个卫星的大一倍左右. 对于三颗卫星观测到的同一个BBFs, BBFs在晨昏方向上的摆动决定了CLUSTER的三个卫星观测到BBFs的先后次序. 三颗卫星的观测也显示了BBFs的高度局域化特征. 磁宁静期磁尾BBFs寿命的增大, 使得BBFs携带的质量和能量的地向输运增加. 这种地向输运增加的结果是: 磁尾储存的能量得到较为平稳的释放, 改变了亚暴起始产生的时间, 为解决磁层压力平衡矛盾（PBI, Pressure Balance Inconsistency）问题提供了新的思路. 相似文献
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Bubble coalescence in basalt flows: comparison of a numerical model with natural examples 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gas accumulation in magma may be aided by coalescence of bubbles because large coalesced bubbles rise faster than small bubbles. The observed size distribution of gas bubbles (vesicles) in lava flows supports the concept of post-eruptive coalescence. A numerical model predicts the effects of rise and coalescence consistent with observed features. The model uses given values for flow thickness, viscosity, volume percentage of gas bubbles, and an initial size distribution of bubbles together with a gravitational collection kernel to numerically integrate the stochastic collection equation and thereby compute a new size spectrum of bubbles after each time increment of conductive cooling of the flow. Bubbles rise and coalesce within a fluid interior sandwiched between fronts of solidification that advance inward with time from top and bottom. Bubbles that are overtaken by the solidification fronts cease to migrate. The model predicts the formation of upper and lower vesicle-rich zones separated by a vesicle-poor interior. The upper zone is broader, more vesicular, and has larger bubbles than the lower zone. Basaltic lava flows in northern California exhibit the predicted zonation of vesicularity and size distribution of vesicles as determined by an impregnation technique. In particular, the size distribution at the tops and bottoms of flows is essentially the same as the initial distribution, reflecting the rapid initial solidification at the bases and tops of the flows. Many large vesicles are present in the upper vesicular zones, consistent with expected formation as a result of bubble coalescence during solidification of the lava flows. Both the rocks and model show a bimodal or trimodal size distribution for the upper vesicular zone. This polymodality is explained by preferential coalescence of larger bubbles with subequal sizes. Vesicularity and vesicle size distribution are sensitive to atmospheric pressure because bubbles expand as they decompress during rise through the flow. The ratio of vesicularity in the upper to that in the lower part of a flow therefore depends not only on bubble rise and coalescence, but also on flow thickness and atmospheric pressure. Application of simple theory to the natural basalts suggests solidification of the basalts at 1.0±0.2 atm, consistent with the present atmospheric pressure. Paleobathymetry and paleoaltimetry are possible in view of the sensitivity of vesicle size distributions to atmospheric pressure. Thus, vesicular lava flows can be used to crudely estimate ancient elevations and/or sea level air pressure. 相似文献
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Oded Navon Anatoly Chekhmir Vladimir Lyakhovsky 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1998,160(3-4):763-776
We examine the physics of growth of water bubbles in highly viscous melts. During the initial stages, diffusive mass transfer of water into the bubble keeps the internal pressure in the bubbles close to the initial pressure at nucleation. Growth is controlled by melt viscosity and supersaturation pressure and radial growth under constant pressure is approximately exponential. At later stages, internal pressure falls, radial growth decelerates and follows the square-root of time. At this stage it is controlled by diffusion. The time of transition between the two stages is controlled by the decompression, melt viscosity and the Peclet number of the system. The model closely fit experimental data of bubble growth in viscous melts with low water content. Close fit is also obtained for new experiments at high supersaturation, high Peclet numbers, and high, variable viscosity. Near surface, degassed, silicic melts are viscous enough, so that viscosity-controlled growth may last for very long times. Using the model, we demonstrate that bubbles which nucleate shortly before fragmentation cannot grow fast enough to be important during fragmentation. We suggest that tiny bubbles observed in melt pockets between large bubbles in pumice represent a second nucleation event shortly before or after fragmentation. The presence of such bubbles is an indicator of the conditions at fragmentation. The water content of lavas extruded at lava domes is a key factor in their evolution. Melts of low water content (<0.2 wt%) are too viscid and bubbles nucleated in them will not grow to an appreciable size. Bubbles may grow in melts with 0.4 wt% water. The internal pressure in such bubbles may be preserved for days and the energy stored in the bubbles may be important during the disintegration of dome rocks and the formation of pyroclastic flows. 相似文献
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Duncan C. Blanchard 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(2-3):302-308
Four parameters that control the enrichment of bacteria in jet drops are bubble scavenging, drop size, drop position in the jet set, and the type of bacteria. Without the scavenging of bacteria as a bubble rises through the water it is doubtful that the observed enrichment factors, EF, greater than 1000 could be obtained. There is a maximum in EF as a function of top jet drop size, and the EF decreases from the top to the bottom drop of the jet set. The efficiency by which bubbles scavenge bacteria varies with species. Presumably these parameters apply in some degree to the EF of virus in jet drops. Dissolved organic material in natural waters can adsorb to bubbles and contribute to a large EF in jet drops, but there is a feedback mechanism whereby changes in bubble surface free energy modify the jet drop-size distribution. However, there is reason to believe this will not significantly influence the jet drop-size distribution produced by bubbles in the sea. 相似文献
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D. van der Wal 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2000,25(1):77-92
The aeolian sand transport model SAFE and the air flow model HILL were applied to evaluate cross‐shore changes at two nourished beaches and adjacent dunes and to identify the response of aeolian sand transport and morphology to several nourishment design parameters and fill characteristics. The main input of the model consisted of data on the sediment, tide and meteorological conditions, and of half‐yearly measured characteristics of topography, vegetation and sand fences. The cross‐shore profiles generated by SAFE–HILL were compared to measured cross‐shore profiles. The patterns of erosion and deposition, and the morphological development corresponded. In general, the rates of aeolian sand transport were overestimated. The impact of parameters that are related to beach nourishment (namely grain size, adaptation length and beach topography) on profile development was evaluated. Grain size affected the aeolian sand transport rate to the foredunes, and therefore the morphology. Adaptation length, which is a measure of the distance over which sediment transport adapts to a new equilibrium condition, affected the topography of the beach in particular. The topography of a beach nourishment had limited impact on both aeolian sand transport rate and morphology. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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卫星观测证实了磁尾等离子体团与亚暴活动的相关性,除了具有北-南双极特征的尾向传播等离子体团外,还发现地向传播等离子体团,它们表现为南-北双极中性片事件和南-北双极瓣区讯号. 资料分析表明:南-北双极讯号的出现几率远低于北-南双极讯号,并且南-北双极事件主要发生于行星际磁场北向和地磁宁静条件,它们往往与小的孤立的地磁亚暴相关. 本文根据地磁宁静时期(IMF Bz北向且By≥Bz)越尾电场Ey分量的分布特点,对地向传播等离子体团作模拟研究. 两类算例的数值结果展示了通量绳磁结构及具有复杂闭合磁力线位形的等离子体团的基本特征,上述特征与尾向传播的等离子体团类似,与IMP 8卫星关于地向传播南-北中性片事件的观测特征大致相符. 数值结果还展示了与Schindler示意图相类似的磁力线拓扑位形,在一定程度上为南-北事件出现几率低作出了解释;并且揭示了磁尾中性片内越尾磁场分量By对磁重联发展的抑制作用. 本文的模拟研究说明:无论磁尾处于活动时期(IMF Bz为南向),还是宁静时期(IMF Bz为北向且By≥Bz),磁场重联均是磁尾等离子体加速和加热的通用机制. 相似文献
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Achanta Ramakrishna RAO Bimlesh KUMAR Gopu SREENIVASULU 《国际泥沙研究》2007,22(3):218-227
The design of an alluvial channel for critical conditions requires information about four basic parameters, i.e., particle size d, water depth y, energy slope Sf and average velocity u. Most of the investigators use a standard or modified form of the critical Shields’ parameter to define the incipient motion of a particular grain size. Shields’ diagram describes an iterative process of determining the incipient motion parameters. To design a process that does not require iteration, one must know the resistance relationship. The absence of a universal resistance equation increases the difficulty of defining the model. Metamodelling techniques are widely used in engineering designs to simulate a complex system. This article describes a Metamodel, which employs the radial basis function (RBF) network to predict the average velocity u and energy slope Sf based on experimental data of incipient condition. With the help of the Metamodel generated by the RBF network, design curves have been presented to predict the u and Sf based on known values of the particle size and water depth. It has been found that this model improves the predictability of incipient motion. 相似文献