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1.
Heterozoan carbonate deposition on a steep basement escarpment (Late Miocene,Almería,south‐east Spain) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Heterozoan temperate‐water carbonates mixed with varying amounts of terrigenous grains and muddy matrix (Azagador limestone) accumulated on and at the toe of an inherited escarpment during the late Tortonian–early Messinian (late Miocene) at the western margin of the Almería–Níjar Basin in south‐east Spain. The escarpment was the eastern end of an uplifting antiform created by compressive folding of Triassic rocks of the Betic basement. Channelized coralline‐algal/bryozoan rudstone to coarse‐grained packstone, together with matrix‐supported conglomerate, are the dominant lithofacies in the higher outcrops, comprising the deposits on the slope. These sediments mainly fill small canyon‐shaped, half‐graben depressions formed by normal faults active before, during and after carbonate sedimentation. Roughly bedded and roughly laminated coralline‐algal/bryozoan rudstone to coarse‐grained packstone are the main lithofacies forming an apron of four small (kilometre‐scale) lobes at the toe of the south‐eastern side of the escarpment (Almería area). Channelized and roughly bedded coralline‐algal/bryozoan rudstone to coarse‐grained packstone, conglomerates, packstone and sandy silt accumulated in a small channel‐lobe system at the toe of the north‐eastern side of the escarpment (Las Balsas area). Carbonate particles and terrigenous grains were sourced from shallow‐water settings and displaced downslope by sediment density flows that preferentially followed the canyon‐shaped depressions. Roughly laminated rudstone to packstone formed by grain flows on the initially very steep slope, whereas the rest of the carbonate lithofacies were deposited by high‐density turbidite currents. The steep escarpment and related break‐in‐slope at the toe favoured hydraulic jumps and the subsequent deposition of coarse‐grained, low‐transport efficiency skeletal‐dominated sediment in the apron lobes. Accelerated uplift of the basement caused a relative sea‐level fall resulting in the formation of outer‐ramp carbonates on the apron lobes, which were in turn overlain by lower Messinian coral reefs. The Almería example is the first known ‘base of slope’ apron within temperate‐water carbonate systems. 相似文献
2.
Spit-platform temperate carbonates: the origin of landward-downlapping beds along a basin margin (Lower Pliocene, Carboneras Basin, SE Spain) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
ABSTRACT Lower Pliocene temperate carbonates exhibit landward‐downlapping beds at the southern margin of the Carboneras Basin in south‐eastern Spain. This rarely documented stratal geometry resulted from the accumulation of bedded bioclastic carbonate sand and gravel by longshore currents along a spit platform located a few hundred metres from the palaeoshoreline. The top of the spit platform was covered by shoals that extended over a gently dipping ramp inclined to the north. On the landward slope of the spit, sediments washed over from the shoal area were deposited in parallel‐laminated beds with a southward dip of 8–11°. These beds aggraded and retrograded after an increase in accommodation space, probably related to an Early Pliocene eustatic sea‐level rise. As a result, the beds downlap onto the underlying unconformity surface in a shoreward direction. Eventually, the depression between the shoreline and the spit platform was filled, and a gentle ramp became established. These Pliocene exposures in the Carboneras Basin and a similar Upper Miocene example in southern Spain suggest that landward‐downlapping stratal geometries can be expected in nearshore temperate carbonates along basin margins, and demonstrate a similarity in sedimentary dynamics to siliciclastic sands and gravels. 相似文献
3.
海底峡谷是全球大陆边缘分布较广泛的地貌单元,是地形地貌、深水沉积和海洋地质灾害领域研究的重要内容。本研究基于高分辨率多波束测深和二维地震资料,以南海西沙东部海域为研究区,深入剖析了东岛北海底峡谷体系。东岛北海底峡谷分布在水深1000～3150 m范围,长度137 km,下切深度70～400 m,表现出西高东低的地形特征,总体由一条主峡谷和4条分支峡谷构成。峡谷上游有东岛西北部Ⅰ区和永兴海台东部Ⅱ区的沉积物供给,峡谷中游加入了东岛东北部Ⅲ区供给的沉积物。3个物源区的沉积物供应以线状的峡谷、水道和面状的块体流沉积类型为主。主峡谷北坡周缘分布有大量的海底麻坑,侧壁呈阶梯状不断后撤垮塌,因重力驱动作用和水流侵蚀,使峡谷壁外缘发育呈不规则小型“枝杈”状水道;主峡谷南岸因浊流作用,发育沉积物波。NE走向主断裂,控制着主干峡谷NE方向延伸,而峡谷南岸分布海山和海丘地形、岩浆底辟,影响主峡谷各分段的转向;同时峡谷和周缘下部地层发育的断层,控制峡谷侧壁向谷底呈阶梯状下降。 相似文献
4.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(6):389-400
It is difficult to explain the position and behaviour of the main karst springs of southern France without calling on a drop in the water table below those encountered at the lowest levels of Pleistocene glacio-eustatic fluctuations. The principal karst features around the Mediterranean are probably inherited from the Messinian period (“Salinity crisis”) when sea level dropped dramatically due to the closing of the Straight of Gibraltar and desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea. Important deep karst systems were formed because the regional ground water dropped and the main valleys were entrenched as canyons. Sea level rise during the Pliocene caused sedimentation in the Messinian canyons and water, under a low hydraulic head, entered the upper cave levels. The powerful submarine spring of Port-Miou is located south of Marseille in a drowned canyon of the Calanques massif. The main water flow comes from a vertical shaft that extends to a depth of more than 147 m bsl. The close shelf margin comprises a submarine karst plateau cut by a deep canyon whose bottom reaches 1,000 m bsl. The canyon ends upstream in a pocket valley without relation to any important continental valley. This canyon was probably excavated by the underground paleoriver of Port-Miou during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Currently, seawater mixes with karst water at depth. The crisis also affected inland karst aquifers. The famous spring of Fontaine de Vaucluse was explored by a ROV (remote observation vehicle) to a depth of 308 m, 224 m below current sea level. Flutes observed on the wall of the shaft indicate the spring was formerly an air-filled shaft connected to a deep underground river flowing towards a deep valley. Outcroppings and seismic data confirm the presence of deep paleo-valleys filled with Pliocene sediments in the current Rhône and Durance valleys. In the Ardèche, several vauclusian springs may also be related to the Messinian Rhône canyon, located at about 200 m below present sea level. A Pliocene base level rise resulted in horizontal dry cave levels. In the hinterland of Gulf of Lion, the Cévennes karst margin was drained toward the hydrologic window opened by the Messinian erosional surface on the continental shelf. 相似文献
5.
RYAN M. PHELPS CHARLES KERANS SAM Z. SCOTT XAVIER JANSON JEROME A. BELLIAN 《Sedimentology》2008,55(6):1777-1813
This study highlights three‐dimensional variability of stratigraphic geometries in the ramp crest to basin of mixed carbonate–siliciclastic clinoforms in the Permian San Andres Formation. Standard field techniques and mapping using ground‐based lidar reveal a high degree of architectural complexity in channellized, scoured and mounded outer ramp stratigraphy. Development of these features was a function of location along the ramp profile and fluctuations in relative sea‐level. Deposition of coarse‐grained and fine‐grained turbidites in the distal outer ramp occurred through dilute and high‐density turbidity flows and was the result of highstand carbonate shedding within individual cycles. In this setting, high‐frequency cycles of relative sea‐level are interpreted on the basis of turbidite frequency, lateral extent and composition. Submarine siliciclastic sediment bypass during lowstand cycles resulted in variable degrees of siliciclastic preservation. Abundant siliciclastic material is preserved in the basin and distal outer ramp as point‐sourced lowstand wedges and line‐sourced early transgressive blankets. In mounded topography of the outer ramp, siliciclastic preservation is minimal to absent, and rare incised channels offer the best opportunity for recognition of a sequence boundary. Growth of mounded topography in the outer ramp began with scouring, followed by a combination of bioherm construction, fusulinid mound construction and isopachous draping. Intermound areas were then filled with sediment and continued mound growth was prevented by an accommodation limit. Mound growth was independent of high‐frequency cycles in relative sea‐level but was dependent on available accommodation dictated by low‐frequency cyclicity. Low‐angle ramp clinoforms with mounded topography in the outer ramp developed during the transgressive part of a composite sequence. Mound growth terminated as the ramp transformed into a shelf with oblique clinoform geometries during the highstand of the composite sequence. This example represents a ramp‐to‐shelf transition that is the result of forcing by relative sea‐level fluctuations rather than ecologic or tectonic controls. 相似文献
6.
A middle Pleistocene coarse‐grained canyon fill succession (the Serra Mulara Formation) crops out in the northern sector of the Crotone Basin, a forearc basin located on the Ionian side of the Calabrian Arc and active from the Serravallian to middle Pleistocene. This succession is an example of coarse‐grained submarine canyon fill, which consists of a north‐west to south‐east elongated body (4·25 km long and up to 1·5 km wide) laterally confined by a deep‐water clayey and silty succession and located behind the modern Neto delta (north of Crotone). The thickness of the unit reaches 178 m. The lower part of the canyon fill is dominated by gravelly to sandy density‐flow deposits containing abundant bivalve and gastropod fragments, passing upward into a succession composed of metre‐scale to decimetre‐scale density‐flow deposits forming sandstone–mudstone couplets. Sandstone deposits are mostly structureless and planar‐laminated, whereas the clayey layers record hemipelagic deposition during quieter phases. This succession is overlain by another composed of thicker structureless sandstones alternating with layers of interlaminated mudstones and sandstones, which contain leaf remnants and fresh water ostracods, and are linked directly to river floods. The canyon fill is overlain by gravelly to sandy continental deposits recording a later stage of emergence. Facies analysis, together with micropalaeontological data from the hemipelagic units, suggests that the studied canyon fill records, firstly, a progressive gravel material cut‐off during deposition due to an overall relative sea‐level rise, leading to a progressive increase in the entrapment of sediment in fluvial to shallow‐marine systems, and secondly, a generalized relative sea‐level lowering. This trend probably reflects high‐magnitude glacio‐eustatic changes combined with the regional uplift of the region, ultimately leading to emergence. 相似文献
7.
Jacob A. Covault Svetlana Kostic Charles K. Paull Holly F. Ryan Andrea Fildani 《Sedimentology》2014,61(4):1031-1054
Advances in acoustic imaging of submarine canyons and channels have provided accurate renderings of sea‐floor geomorphology. Still, a fundamental understanding of channel inception, evolution, sediment transport and the nature of the currents traversing these channels remains elusive. Herein, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle technology developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute provides high‐resolution perspectives of the geomorphology and shallow stratigraphy of the San Mateo canyon‐channel system, which is located on a tectonically active slope offshore of southern California. The channel comprises a series of crescent‐shaped bedforms in its thalweg. Numerical modelling is combined with interpretations of sea‐floor and shallow subsurface stratigraphic imagery to demonstrate that these bedforms are likely to be cyclic steps. Submarine cyclic steps compose a morphodynamic feature characterized by a cyclic series of long‐wave, upstream‐migrating bedforms. The bedforms are cyclic steps if each bedform in the series is bounded by a hydraulic jump in an overriding turbidity current, which is Froude‐supercritical over the lee side of the bedform and Froude‐subcritical over the stoss side. Numerical modelling and seismic‐reflection imagery support an interpretation of weakly asymmetrical to near‐symmetrical aggradation of predominantly fine‐grained net‐depositional cyclic steps. The dominant mode of San Mateo channel maintenance during the Holocene is interpreted to be thalweg reworking into aggrading cyclic steps by dilute turbidity currents. Numerical modelling also suggests that an incipient, proto‐San Mateo channel comprises a series of relatively coarse‐grained net‐erosional cyclic steps, which nucleated out of sea‐floor perturbations across the tectonically active lower slope. Thus, the interaction between turbidity‐current processes and sea‐floor perturbations appears to be fundamentally important to channel initiation, particularly in high‐gradient systems. Offshore of southern California, and in analogous deep‐water basins, channel inception, filling and maintenance are hypothesized to be strongly linked to the development of morphodynamic instability manifested as cyclic steps. 相似文献
8.
IAN A. KANE MASON L. DYKSTRA BENJAMIN C. KNELLER SACHA TREMBLAY WILLIAM D. McCAFFREY 《Sedimentology》2009,56(7):2207-2234
Seafloor images of coarse‐grained submarine channel–levée systems commonly reveal complex braid‐plain patterns of low‐amplitude bedforms and zones of apparent bypass; however, mechanisms of channel evolution and the resultant channel‐fill architecture are poorly understood. At Playa Esqueleto the lateral relationships between various elements of a deep‐marine slope channel system are well‐exposed. Specifically, the transition from gravel‐dominated axial thalwegs to laterally persistent marginal sandstones and isolated gravel‐filled scours is revealed. Marginal sandstones pass into a monotonous thin‐bedded succession which built to form relatively low‐relief levées bounding the channel belt; in turn, the levées onlap the canyon walls. Three orders of confinement were important during the evolution of the channel system: (i) first‐order confinement was provided by the erosional canyon which confined the entire system; (ii) confined levées built of turbidite sandstones and mudstones formed the second‐order confinement, and it is demonstrated that these built from overspill at thalweg margins; and (iii) third‐order confinement describes the erosional confinement of coarse‐grained thalwegs and scours. Finer‐grained sediment was transported in suspension and largely was unaffected by topography at the scale of individual thalwegs. Facies and clast analyses of conglomerate overlying channel‐marginal scours reveal that they were deposited by composite gravity flows, which were non‐cohesive, grain‐dominant debris flows with more fluidal cores. These flows were capable of basal erosion but were strongly depositional; frictional freezing at flow margins built gravel levées, while the core maintained a more fluidal transport regime. The resultant architecture consists of matrix‐rich, poorly sorted levées bounding better‐sorted, traction‐dominated cores. The planform geometry is interpreted to have consisted of a low‐sinuosity gravel braid‐plain built by accretion around mid‐channel and bank‐attached bars. This part of the system may be analogous to fluvial systems; however, the finer‐grained sediment load formed thick suspension clouds, probably several orders of magnitude thicker than the relief of braid‐plain topography and therefore controlled by the levées and canyon wall confinement. 相似文献
9.
Distribution and architecture of slope basins across a continental slope vary as a consequence of accommodation forming, sediment dispersal rates, canyon cutting, sediment filling and different sediment transporting mechanisms. The area offshore Southwestern Taiwan is generally recognized as having active tectonics and high sediment deposition rates. In the Gaoping Slope, slope basins are formed by the developments of folds, faults and diapiric intrusions. Portions of the sediments discharged from the Taiwan mountain belt have been trapped in these basins in the Gaoping Shelf and Gaoping Slope. The rest of the sediments were transported to deep sea areas through submarine canyons. This complex system of folds, faults, diapirs, slope basins, submarine canyons, and sediment deposits has also readjusted the morphology of the Gaoping Slope. This study examines the linkage between accommodation spaces of tectonic and sedimentary processes in the Gaoping Slope through seismic facies analysis. Four seismic facies which include convergent-symmetrical facies, convergent-baselapping facies, chaotic facies, and parallel and drape facies, and different deposition patterns have been recognized in the Gaoping Slope basins. The thick mud layers which are regarded as the source of diapiric intrusions are first observed beneath the basin. Strata records show that the accommodation spaces in various slope basins have increased or decreased during different stages of basin evolution. Because of the competition between regional tectonism (accommodation space variations) and sediment routing distance from provenance to depository (sediment input variations), most under-filled basins lie in the lower slope domain in the Gaoping Slope, but also in the upper slope domain east of the Gaoping Submarine Canyon. This observation suggests that in the inner Gaoping Slope west of the Gaoping Submarine Canyon, sediment deposition rate is higher than the basin subsidence rate, the topography of the upper slope domain there is “healed”, and most sediments are overfilled in the slope basins now. Besides the sequential steps of sedimentary disposal in the filling-and-spilling model, we have also observed evidences which indicate that mass movements and submarine canyons in the area have significantly changed the sediment dispersal patterns in the slope basins of the Gaoping Slope. We suggest that although filling-and-spilling is a key sedimentary process in the Gaoping Slope, tectonic activities, mass wasting events and canyon feeding processes have diversified sediment transporting mechanisms from the inner to outer slopes in the area offshore Southwest Taiwan. 相似文献
10.
JESSICA TROFIMOVS JODIE K. FISHER HEATHER A. MACDONALD PETER J. TALLING R. STEPHEN J. SPARKS MALCOLM B. HART CHRISTOPHER W. SMART GEORGES BOUDON CHRISTINE DEPLUS JEAN‐CHRISTOPHE KOMOROWSKI ANNE LE FRIANT STEVEN G. MORETON MELANIE J. LENG 《Sedimentology》2010,57(3):735-759
Bioclastic flow deposits offshore from the Soufrière Hills volcano on Montserrat in the Lesser Antilles were deposited by the largest volume sediment flows near this active volcano in the last 26 kyr. The volume of these deposits exceeds that of the largest historic volcanic dome collapse in the world, which occurred on Montserrat in 2003. These flows were most probably generated by a large submarine slope failure of the carbonate shelf comprising the south‐west flank of Antigua or the east flank of Redonda; adjacent islands that are not volcanically active. The bioclastic flow deposits are relatively coarse‐grained and either ungraded or poorly graded, and were deposited by non‐cohesive debris flow and high density turbidity currents. The bioclastic deposit often comprises multiple sub‐units that cannot be correlated between core sites; some located just 2 km apart. Multiple sub‐units in the bioclastic deposit result from either flow reflection, stacking of multiple debris flow lobes, and/or multi‐stage collapse of the initial landslide. This study provides unusually precise constraints on the age of this mass flow event that occurred at ca 14 ka. Few large submarine landslides have been well dated, but the slope failures that have been dated are commonly associated with periods of rapid sea‐level change. 相似文献
11.
Transgressive dunes develop frequently along strandplain coastlines; however, they may also form along rocky coasts dominated by cliffs and embayments. Two lithified transgressive dune systems developed along the cliffed Alghero coast (NW Sardinia, Italy) have been investigated. One aeolian system forms a cliff‐front anchored aeolian dune accumulation; the other is a valley‐head anchored sand‐ramp system. Optically stimulated luminescence ages indicate that both systems formed around 75 ka. This period, which corresponds to the beginning of MIS 4, was characterized by a relatively low sea‐level stand (15 m below the present sea level) and was preceded by a sea‐level highstand (+1 m asl) around 81 ka (MIS 5a). Our results show that this rapid sea‐level fall exposed an enormous amount of marine sand, which was transported inland by strong northerly winds and deposited in front of cliffs or in valley heads. Therefore, sediment supply and sea‐level fall seem to be critical factors controlling dune formation along rocky coasts, which generate time‐transgressive aeolianites. Terra Nova, 00, 000–000, 2010 相似文献
12.
The geologic and geomorphic template of Grand Canyon influences patterns in the archaeological record, including sites where apparent increases in erosion may be related to Glen Canyon Dam. To provide geoarchaeological context for the Colorado River corridor and such issues, we explore first‐order trends in a database of field observations and topographic metrics from 227 cultural sites. The patterns revealed may be expected in other river‐canyon settings of management concern. The spatial clustering of sites along the river follows variations in width of the valley bottom and the occurrence of alluvial terraces and debris fans, linking to bedrock controls. In contrast, the pattern of more Formative (Ancestral Puebloan, 800–1250 A.D.) sites in eastern Grand Canyon and Protohistoric (1250–1776 A.D.) sites in western Grand Canyon does not follow any evident geomorphic trends. In terms of site stability, wider reaches with more terrace and debris fan landforms host a disproportionate number of sites with acute erosion. This links most directly to weak alluvial substrates, and the primary erosion process is gullying with diffusive‐creep processes also pervasive. Although Glen Canyon Dam does not directly influence these erosion processes, overall sediment depletion and the loss of major flooding leaves erosion unhampered along the river corridor. 相似文献
13.
Coastal seas, and in particular estuarine systems, were significantly affected by Quaternary sea level changes. Furthermore, the dynamics of shelf and coastal evolution have had a strong impact on coastal landscapes inhabited by humans. The postglacial evolution of the vast North Sea shelf with its huge drainage systems, e.g. the Elbe Paleovalley and its tributary system, is an excellent research target to understand how coastal shelf environments change in response to sea level rise. In this study, we investigate infill sediments of the Paleo‐Ems valley – a drowned extension of the modern Ems River and part of the Elbe Paleovalley drainage system. Radiocarbon‐dated transgression sequences provide several new observations regarding the mode and rate of the river system submerging due to the Holocene transgression. Thus, the Paleo‐Ems valley submerged within a short time span of~200 years since the river was not able to adjust its gradient to the rapid rising sea level. The fate of the Paleo‐Ems is exemplary for the rapid change of a former fluvial landscape into a coastal landscape and finally into a submarine seascape. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Quaternary Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
14.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-3):15-28
Submarine karstic springs are frequent on the Mediterranean shore but most of them are brackish which prohibits their use. The numerous attempts to catch these springs ended in failure. Recent studies on the development of karst systems and the paleogeography of the Mediterranean sea explain these failures. Studies on the shores of south-eastern France have enabled us to propose an operating model that explains the mechanism of salt contamination. The Port Miou system (Cassis, France) is a two kilometers long submarine gallery developped in the limestone series of Calanques (Marseille, France). The average discharge is between 2 to 5 m3/s but the water is brackish. In the 70's a dam was built to prevent sea intrusion in the cave but the water remained brackish upstream of the dam. The use of helium, and then rebreathers by cave divers, made it possible to explore a vertical pit down to -179 m below the sea level at the end of the cave. At that depth, the water is still brackish. Important quantity of titanium was observed at the surface of the cave sediment upstream of the dam and at the end of the cave. The titanium comes from the residual product of a factory of alumina that is discharged in the Cassidaigne submarine canyon, at a depth of 300 m b.s.l., a few kilometers south to the spring. This residual product locally called «red mud» is very rich in titanium. This supports the model of a sea water aspiration in a deep gallery connected to the canyon. The Cassidaigne canyon that cuts a limestone plateau with dolines and caves is probably a pocket valley. Its presence is related to the several stages of lowering of the Mediterranean sea at the Messinian Deep Stage that allowed the existence of cave networks up to several hundreds of meters below the present sea level. The sea water is now sucked into the system. A similar example exists in Kefalonia island (Greece) where a sea intrusion is observed in coastal sinkholes. This model explains why the different attempts to diminish the salinity of these brackish springs, by construction of dams close to the outlets, have failed. 相似文献
15.
Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediment gravity flow deposits of Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian age are exposed in the Death Valley - Owens Valley region of east-central California. The Mexican Spring unit constitutes the upper part of the Keeler Canyon Formation and is characterized by turbidites, debris flow deposits and megabreccias, all of mixed carbonate-siliciclastic composition. The mixed composition of the Keeler Canyon Formation provides an opportunity to link facies architecture to controls on depositional system development. Depositional relationships indicate that the deposits represent a non-channellized base of slope carbonate apron system with inner, outer and basinal facies associations. These gravity flow deposits are characterized by repeated stacked, small scale (<15 m) coarsening and thickening upward cycles with superimposed medium scale (>100 m) coarsening and thickening upward cycles. Contemporaneous outer shelf and upper slope deposits of the Tippipah Limestone are exposed at Syncline Ridge on the Nevada Test Site. The deposits consist of carbonate buildups directly overlain by cross bedded, quartz-rich sandstone and conglomerate which filled channels that traversed across the previously existing carbonate shelf. Detritus was transported to the west, down the upper slope by gully systems that fed the temporally persistent base of slope apron of the upper part of the Keeler Canyon Formation. This style of deposition differs from point-sourced siliciclastic submarine fan depositional systems. However, the Keeler Canyon system has lithofacies similar to some sandy siliciclastic turbidite systems, such as the delta-fed submarine ramp facies model, which is a line-sourced, shelf-fed system that is not supply limited. The mixed clastic apron systems of the Keeler Canyon Formation differ from classical carbonate aprons in that the former is characterized by an abundance of sedimentary cycles. Controls on the development of these cycles and of the facies distribution may have resulted from changes in type and rate of sediment supply, relative sea level changes and/or tectonic events. Interpretation of the data is focused on relative changes in sea level as the most significant control on development of the depositional system. Relative sea level changes serve two important functions: (1) they provide a mechanism for bringing coarse siliciclastic and bioclastic grains together on the outer shelf, and (2) shelf margin collapse may be initiated during relative lowstands allowing for transport of the sediment to the deep basin and development of deep basinal cycles. Therefore, an abundance of mixed clastic gravity flow deposits such as these in the rock record may be an indicator of periods of high frequency changes in relative sea level, which is a characteristic of Late Palaeozoic sea level history. 相似文献
16.
南海北部狭窄陆架-断裂陆坡控制的深水沉积体系研究程度极低.以“源-渠-汇”耦合思想为指导,基于岩石学特征、测井相、地震相分析,刻画了揭阳凹陷珠海组深水扇砂体的垂向叠置和横向迁移特征,并将其形成演化划分为珠海组四段初始形成期、珠海组三段-二段发展扩大期、珠海组一段萎缩消亡期.揭阳凹陷珠海组大型盆底扇的形成受控于易剥蚀的中生界物源、多期的相对海平面快速下降、狭窄陆架-断裂陆坡的有利地貌这3个关键因素的耦合作用;在区域三级相对海平面快速下降的背景下,揭阳凹陷北侧东沙隆起富砂的下白垩统快速剥蚀,沉积物直接沿狭窄陆架区的侵蚀下切谷或小型陆架边缘三角洲的水下分流河道搬运,顺断裂坡折带或构造转换带调节,以重力流形式经峡谷水道继续搬运至下陆坡盆地形成大型海底扇. 相似文献
17.
南海晚中新世-上新世红河沉积体系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
红河沉积体系为南海西北部近期新发现的大型远源沉积体系,其主要发育于南海莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地。重点利用大量二维地震剖面资料,根据地震反射特征对晚中新世-上新世红河沉积体系的识别特征以及平面展布进行了研究,以此为基础划分了红河沉积体系在晚中新世-上新世演化阶段。研究结果表明:通过地震反射特征的分析,可以识别出三角洲、水下下切水道、海底峡谷、水道堤岸复合体以及海底扇朵体等沉积;依据红河沉积体系的平面组合和展布特征,可将晚中新世至上新世的红河沉积体系演化划分为3个阶段:10.5～5.5 Ma（SQ1、SQ2）为红河海底扇发育阶段,以发育大型“三角洲-水下下切水道-海底扇”为特征;5.5～3.6 Ma（SQ3、SQ4）为限制性海底扇-中央峡谷发育阶段,以先发育限制性海底扇,后发育大型海底峡谷为特征;3.6～1.8 Ma（SQ5、SQ6）为红河沉积体系衰弱阶段,在研究区内以红河沉积体系主体不发育,海南岛陆坡发育为特征。红河沉积体系是青藏高原隆升的产物,研究红河沉积体系除有利于制定油气勘探方向外,还有助于青藏高原隆升历史恢复、红河袭夺等问题的研究。 相似文献
18.
An air‐gun survey, conducted over a total distance of 4356 km in the western end of the Kurile Arc offshore, has revealed the architecture and evolution of the Kushiro submarine canyon and Tokachi submarine channels of the Tokachi‐oki forearc basin. The Kushiro submarine canyon, which runs along the eastern margin of the forearc basin, is characterized by an entrenchment of up to several hundred metres in depth. The Tokachi submarine channels, by contrast, occupy the centre of the basin and consist of small, branching and levéed channels. The Kushiro submarine canyon is not connected to the Tokachi River, which has the largest drainage area in eastern Hokkaido, with a catchment area of approximately 9010 km2 that includes high mountains and a volcanic region. Instead, the Kushiro submarine canyon exhibits an offset connection/quasi‐connection (probably having been connected during a prior sea‐level lowstand) with the Kushiro River (drainage area of 2500 km2) which contains the Kushiro Swamp at its mouth. To understand this unusual arrangement of rivers and submarine channels, acoustic facies analysis was undertaken to establish the seismic stratigraphy of the area. Subsurface strata can be divided into six seismic units of Miocene to Recent age. Analyses of seismic facies and isopach maps indicate that: (i) the palaeo‐Kushiro submarine canyon, which was ancestral to the Kushiro submarine canyon, was an aggradational levéed channel; and (ii) the palaeo‐Tokachi submarine channel was much larger than the present‐day channel and changed its course several times. Both the palaeo‐Kushiro submarine canyon and palaeo‐Tokachi submarine channel were fed predominantly by the ancestral Tokachi River, whereas the present‐day channels are no longer connected or quasi‐connected to the Tokachi River. Entrenchment of the Kushiro submarine canyon began in its distal reaches during the Early Pleistocene and propagated landward over time, which was possibly caused by base‐level fall (i.e. subsidence of the trench floor) or uplift of the forearc basin. Entrenchment of the upper part of the Kushiro submarine canyon began during the Middle Pleistocene, which may have been related to: (i) depositional progradation; (ii) uplift of the coastal area; or (iii) a change in source area from the ancestral Tokachi River to the Kushiro River. 相似文献
19.
在南海西北部首次发现中建南峡谷群,目前对其地质信息尚未开展相关研究.综合利用水深地形数据和二维多道地震资料,主要分析中建南峡谷群的地形地貌特征、平面展布与分段性特点,精细刻画峡谷沉积充填结构及演化特征,再进一步讨论峡谷形成的控制因素.中建南海底峡谷群分布于中建阶地与中建北海台之间,它是由西侧的一条主轴峡谷和东侧的多条小型分支峡谷组成,整体呈SE-S-SE走向,以走向转折拐点为起点,将峡谷分为三段式:北段、中段和南段,北段以侵蚀作用为主,中段和南段主要受侵蚀作用、沉积作用,东南部的峡谷口外主要受沉积作用.研究区晚中新世?第四纪时广泛分布峡谷沉积体系,包括半深海相、三角洲相、峡谷/水道充填相、滑塌相、块体搬运复合沉积和浊积扇相.揭示了该海底峡谷群的发育和演化主要受海平面变化、沉积物源供给和重力流、底流作用的控制.通过对该峡谷群的地形地貌和沉积演化特征的分析,将对海洋地质灾害、南海深水沉积体系研究及油气资源勘探有重要的科学意义. 相似文献
20.
Through a large-scale examination of the morpho-sedimentary features on sea floors in the Taiwan–Luzon convergent margin, we determined the main sediment dispersal system which stretches from 23°N to 20°N and displays as an aligned linear sediment pathway, consisting of the Penghu Canyon, the deep-sea Penghu Channel and northern Manila Trench. The seafloor of South China Sea north of 21°N are underlain by a triangle-shaped collision marine basin, resulting from oblique collision between the Luzon Arc and Chinese margin, and are mainly occupied by two juxtaposed slopes, the South China Sea and Kaoping Slopes, and a southward tilting basin axis located along the Penghu Canyon. Two major tributary canyons of the Formosa and Kaoping and small channels and gullies on both slopes join into the axial Penghu Canyon and form a dendritic canyon drainage system in this collision marine basin. The canyon drainage system is characteristic of lateral sediment supply from flank slopes and axial sediment transport down-canyon following the tilting basin axis. The significance of the collision marine basin in term of source to sink is that sediments derived from nearby orogen and continental margins are transported to and accumulated in the collision basin, serving as a temporary sediment sink and major marine transport route along the basin axis. The comparison of the Taiwan–South China Sea collision zone with the Papua New Guinea collision zone of the western Solomon Sea reveals remarkable similarities in tectonic settings and sedimentary processes that have resulted in similar sediment dispersal systems consisting of (1) a canyon drainage network mainly in the collision basin and (2) a longitudinal sediment transport system comprising a linear connection of submarine canyon, deep-sea channel and oceanic trench beyond the collision marine basin. 相似文献