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1.
长江口崇明东滩不同植被带沉积速率研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2007年丰水期、枯水期在崇明东滩芦苇带、藨草带和光滩采集的6根沉积物柱状样,研究了沉积物的粒度特征和过剩的210Pb和228Th及7Be活度的垂向分布特征,探讨了由陆地向海洋不同植被间的沉积物粒度变化规律。依据恒定比活度沉积速率模型,估算了不同时间尺度的崇明东滩芦苇带、藨草带和光滩的表观沉积速率。结果表明:3种核素示踪的崇明东滩的表观沉积速率都随潮滩植被的不同从陆到海方向逐渐降低,同时依过剩的210Pb和228Th,7Be的次序而增大。由过剩的210Pb和228Th计算的夏季沉积速率比冬季的稍高,而由7Be计算的夏季表观沉积速率则明显高于冬季的。结合沉积物粒度的时空分布和这些核素的大气通量,对利用这些核素测定潮滩沉积速率的影响因素进行了探讨。 相似文献
2.
John Crusius Michael H. Bothner Christopher K. Sommerfield 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2004,61(4):643-655
Profiles of 210Pb and 239 + 240Pu from sediment cores collected throughout Massachusetts Bay (water depths of 36–192 m) are interpreted with the aid of a numerical sediment-mixing model to infer bioturbation depths, rates and processes. The nuclide data suggest extensive bioturbation to depths of 25–35 cm. Roughly half the cores have 210Pb and 239 + 240Pu profiles that decrease monotonically from the surface and are consistent with biodiffusive mixing. Bioturbation rates are reasonably well constrained by these profiles and vary from 0.7 to 40 cm2 yr−1. As a result of this extensive reworking, however, sediment ages cannot be accurately determined from these radionuclides and only upper limits on sedimentation rates (of 0.3 cm yr−1) can be inferred. The other half of the radionuclide profiles are characterized by subsurface maxima in each nuclide, which cannot be reproduced by biodiffusive mixing models. A numerical model is used to demonstrate that mixing caused by organisms that feed at the sediment surface and defecate below the surface can cause the subsurface maxima, as suggested by previous work. The deep penetration depths of excess 210Pb and 239 + 240Pu suggest either that the organisms release material over a range of >15 cm depth or that biodiffusive mixing mediated by other organisms is occurring at depth. Additional constraints from surficial sediment 234Th data suggest that in this half of the cores, the vast majority of the present-day flux of recent, nuclide-bearing material to these core sites is transported over a timescale of a month or more to a depth of a few centimeters below the sediment surface. As a consequence of the complex mixing processes, surface sediments include material spanning a range of ages and will not accurately record recent changes in contaminant deposition. 相似文献
3.
Salt marshes accrete both organic and inorganic sediments. Here we present analytical and numerical models of salt marsh sedimentation that, in addition to capturing inorganic processes, explicitly account for above- and belowground organic processes including root growth and decay of organic carbon. The analytical model is used to examine the bias introduced by organic processes into proxy records of sedimentation, namely 137Cs and 210Pb. We find that accretion rates estimated using 210Pb will be less than accretion rates estimated using the 137Cs peak in steadily accreting marshes if (1) carbon decay is significant and (2) data for 210Pb extend below the 137Cs peak. The numerical model expands upon the analytical model by including belowground processes such as compaction and root growth, and by explicitly tracking the evolution of aboveground biomass and its effect on sedimentation rates. Using the numerical model we explore how marsh stratigraphy responds to sediment supply and the rate of sea-level rise. It is calibrated and tested using an extensive data set of both marsh stratigraphy and measurements of vegetation dynamics in a Spartina alterniflora marsh in South Carolina, USA. We find that carbon accumulation in marshes is nonlinearly related to both the supply of inorganic sediment and the rate of sea-level rise; carbon accumulation increases with sea-level rise until sea-level rise reaches a critical rate that drowns the marsh vegetation and halts carbon accumulation. The model predicts that changes in carbon storage resulting from changing sediment supply or sea-level rise are strongly dependent on the background sediment supply: if inorganic sediment supply is reduced in an already sediment poor marsh the storage of organic carbon will increase to a far greater extent than in a sediment-rich marsh, provided that the rate of sea-level rise does not exceed a threshold. These results imply that altering sediment supply to estuaries (e.g., by damming upstream rivers or altering littoral sediment transport) could lead to significant changes in the carbon budgets of coastal salt marshes. 相似文献
4.
Excess polonium-210 in the coastal atmosphere originating from marine biogenic material 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1Introduction In the atmosphere, gaseous radon-222 (t1/2=3.8 d) produces a series of decay products,lead-210(t1/2=22.3 a), bismuth-210 (t1/2=5.01 d), andpolonium-210 (t1/2=138.4 d), etc. These radondaughters are readilyadsorbed onto aerosols and thengrowd… 相似文献
5.
-The applicability of the doubie-layer model for 210Pb chronology in coastal marine environments was discussed,which is successfully used in the study of mixing rates and sedimentation rates in Meizhou Bay. Differences among sedimentation rates deduced from 210Pb, 210Po, and 137Cs were compared. Mixing rates in the sediment surface layer were determined by means of excess 234Th. 相似文献
6.
The Neuse River estuary is part of the large Albemarle/Pamlico estuarine/lagoonal system (APES) of North Carolina. Exchange between the APES and the open ocean is restricted to inlets in the Outer Banks barrier islands. Freshwater discharge of the Neuse River is low in relation to the size of its estuary, so that the estuary is normally brackish over most of the area which accumulates fine-grained sediments. Mud (silt + clay) accumulation rates are low ( 6 mm year−1).From the mud distribution and the dynamics of suspended sediment in the estuary it has been inferred that the Neuse retains fines efficiently, with probable episodic (high discharge) losses seaward, to Pamlico Sound.As part of a study of particle transport, deposition, and accumulation in the Neuse estuary, we have collected radiochemical data (10 cores) and chemical data (seven cores) on sediment cores from the main channel of the estuary between New Bern, North Carolina and the estuary mouth. K/Al increases in the lower estuary, consistent with earlier reports of increasing illite in the clay fraction. Landward transport of sediment from Pamlico Sound is the most plausible explanation for the increasing K/Al (illite). A marine sediment source may, therefore, be important for the lower estuary.The distribution of sediment inventories (quantities per cm2 of sediment column) of particle-reactive radionuclides is consistent with the hypothesis of landward sediment transport. Inventories of excess 210Pb, 137Cs, and 239,240Pu are coherent through the estuary and show the effects of particle redistribution processes on regionally uniform inputs. To obtain excess (anthropogenic) Zn and Cu, we use metal/Al normalization to estimate natural backgrounds. Anthropogenic metal inputs are concentrated at the head of the estuary, and sediment inventories of excess Zn and Cu generally decrease seaward. Normalization of the excess Zn and excess Cu inventories to excess 210Pb inventories corrects the raw metal inventories for effects of lithology and sediment redistribution. The normalized excess Zn inventory decreases smoothly seaward, while the normalized excess Cu inventory shows an unexplained mid-estuary maximum. Low normalized inventories of anthropogenic metals at the estuary mouth indicate that little modern riverine sediment is stored there.Increasing K/Al (illite) and decreasing anthropogenic Zn and Cu in the lower estuary are thus both consistent with a predominantly marine sediment source. We conclude that landward transport of muds from Pamlico Sound has contributed significantly to the sediment balance of the lower Neuse estuary. 相似文献
7.
Yoshiyuki Nozaki 《Journal of Oceanography》1977,33(6):342-349
This article summarizes the author's work on210Pb and210Po distributions in the marine environment for which the Okada Prize of the Oceanographical Society of Japan was awarded. In this review, the work of other investigators and the studies now going on are also included. The210Pb concentration in the surface water of the ocean is controlled by the atmospheric flux of210Pb and productivity. The disequilibrium between226Ra and210Pb in the deep sea reveals that the oceanic residence time of lead is less than a hundred years rather than of the order of thousands of years as thought before based on stable lead measurement in ocean water. Particulate removal of210Pb from the water column is likely to be the major cause of the deficiency of210Pb in the water, however more investigations would be needed to clarify the detailed removal mechanism of210Pb. The experiments on particulate flux by using sediment traps will provide an unique opportunity to examine this.
210Pb in excess of226Ra in sediment is useful for geochronology of shallow water sediments and the study on bioturbation rates on the deep sea sediments. 相似文献
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9.
This is the first detailed study on the distribution of lead-210 in the Japan Sea water. The content of lead-210 ranged from 9.3±2.1 dph/l in the surface water to 3.4+-0.8 dph/l in the deep water—a quite low content as compared to that in the deep water of the North Pacific. Vertical profiles show that the content of lead-210 abruptly decreases below the seasonal thermocline (10–20 m in depth) and nearly uniform in the deep water. It is suggested that a significant amount of air-borne lead-210 deposited over the Japan Sea is transported along with the Tsushima Current to the open ocean. The budget of lead-210 is calculated by using a simple box-model and the mean residence time of lead-210 in the Japan Sea is estimated to be 15 yr. 相似文献
10.
杭州湾南岸潮滩的~(210)Pb分布及其沉积学意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
杭州湾南岸潮滩的~(210)Pb垂向分布具有随深度波动的特征。湖滩颗粒物在吸附模拟系统中的~(210)Pb分配系数,主要受颗粒物含量的影响。本文从潮滩沉积~(210)Pb初始比度在低于平衡点一侧波动的机理,以及被沉积间断所分隔的有效封闭段的存在出发,提出选择常态沉积层的高~(210)Pb比度窗口,建立以CIC模式估计潮滩沉积速率的方法。 相似文献
11.
The radionuclide ~(210) Pb is suitable for century-scale dating and has been used to calculate the sedimentation rate in a variety of environments. However, two common ways to apply 210 Pb dating techniques may give misleading results. One is "prolonging of age", i.e., using the calculated sedimentation rate to date back to 200 or 300 years.This practice must be treated with caution because the 210 Pb dating techniques do not guarantee direct dating for ages much older than 100 years. Another is "loss of age", i.e., the calculated time span between the topmost layer and the 210 Pb background layer in cores is less than 100 years when an apparent sedimentation rate is used in the calculation. Here, we propose that based on the principle of 210 Pb dating, the upper limit of age suitable for direct210 Pb dating is between 110 and 155 years. The "prolonging" application is acceptable only if the sedimentary environment in the past several hundred years was stable and the sedimentation rate was generally constant, and verification with independent evidence(such as historical records or biomarker methodology) is needed.Furthermore, after analyzing many published and collected data, we found four possible reasons for the "loss of age". First, the compaction effect of sediment should be corrected in laboratory analysis or else the calculated age will be underestimated. Second, the accuracy and uncertainty of 210 Pb activity measurement affect the judgment of the background. To be cautious, researchers are apt to choose a background activity with a younger age. Third,use of a slightly smaller value of supported 210 Pb activity in a calculation will lead to considerable underestimation of the time span. Finally, later-stage erosion and migration are common for sedimentation, which lead to loss of sedimentary records and are often reflected as a "loss of age" in cores. We believe that proper use of 210 Pb dating data may provide helpful information on our understanding of sediment records and recent environmental changes. 相似文献
12.
Praxedes Muñoz Javier Sellanes Carina Lange Maritza Palma 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,75(3):586-602
We estimated monthly fluxes of 210Pb in shelf sediments beneath a high productivity area off central-southern Chile (36°S) during 1 year (September 2002-August 2003). Sediment cores were obtained using a multiple corer and were analyzed mainly for 210Pb, total pigments, and macrofauna abundance. The 210Pb inventories and fluxes were estimated for surface sediments (0-5 cm) and bioturbation coefficients were inferred using chlorophyll-a (reactive) profiles. In general, 210Pb content was inversely correlated with phytodetritus fluxes. High photosynthetic pigment contents in surface sediments were consistently associated with lower 210Pb contents. Macrofaunal activity responded to oxygen and organic matter supplies at the sediment surface, generally concentrated in the first centimeters, but particularly so during months of high organic matter fluxes and deficient bottom water oxygen conditions. At this study site, several processes involved in the 210Pb surface distribution make it difficult to accurately estimate ages at the surface. We postulate that the organic fluxes promote changes in the faunal activity, which, in combination with sediment resuspension and water circulation over the shelf, produce seasonal variations in the 210Pb inventories. 相似文献
13.
2006年6月在胶州湾采集柱状岩心并对岩心沉积物中铅-210比活度进行测试分析,结果表明,铅-210沿岩心的垂向分布具有两段、三段模式和异常的多段、倒置模式等。基于铅-210的CIC(constant initial concentration)计年模式和铯-137时标,并且结合历史海底地形对比,计算出近百年来胶州湾海域的现代沉积速率为1.49~24.96 mm/a,沉积通量为0.17~2.62 g/(cm2.a)。除沧口水道末端个别区域外,胶州湾多数区域(包含水道)的沉积速率较低,量级为100mm/a,湾内水道主要呈现出微淤甚至侵蚀,表明近百年来胶州湾沉积环境相对稳定,在可作为航道资源的湾内水道并未出现显著淤积。 相似文献
14.
~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb are increasingly used to constrain particle dynamics in the open oceans, however they are less used in coastal waters. Here, distributions and partitions of ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb were examined in the Taiwan Strait, as well as their application to quantify particle sinking. Activity concentrations of dissolved ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb(0.6 μm)ranged from 1.21 to 7.63 dpm/(100 L) and from 1.07 to 6.33 dpm/(100 L), respectively. Activity concentrations of particulate ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb varied from 1.96 to 36.74 dpm/(100 L) and from 3.11 to 38.06 dpm/(100 L). Overall,particulate ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb accounted for the majority of the bulk ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb. 210 Po either in dissolved or particulate phases showed similar spatial patterns to 210 Pb, indicating similar mechanisms for controlling the distributions of ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb in the Taiwan Strait. The different fractionation coefficients indicated that particles in the Zhemin Coastal Current(ZCC) inclined to absorb 210 Po prior to 210 Pb while they showed an opposite effect in the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC). Based on the disequilibria between ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb, the sinking fluxes of total particulate matter(TPM) were estimated to range from –0.22 to 3.84 g/(m2·d), showing an overall comparable spatial distribution to previous reported sediment accumulation rates. However, our sinking fluxes were lower than the sedimentation rates, indicating a sediment resuspension in winter and horizontal transport of particulate matter from the Taiwan Strait to the East China Sea. 相似文献
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16.
海南岛东南部海湾350年古风暴事件沉积与历史文献记录对比 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
本项研究试图从沉积记录中分析古风暴事件的时间序列。以海南岛东南部黎安潟湖和新村潟湖钻孔沉积物为研究对象,选取沉积物粒度、有机质和碳酸盐含量等参数建立台风事件的鉴别指标,同时利用放射性核素210Pb计年确定沉积物柱状样的年代序列,对海南岛东南部的古风暴活动进行了分析。结果显示,柱状岩心的粒度指标、有机质和碳酸盐含量清晰地记录了海南省东南部过去350年期间的35次特大风暴潮事件,与历史文献资料对比良好。基于历史文献和沉积记录的风暴潮事件恢复了近350年来的风暴活动历史,发现海南省东南部特大风暴事件频数与厄尔尼诺强度有显著关系,同时还可能受到太平洋涛动和太阳黑子活动等多种因素的综合影响。恢复海岸带地区长时间尺度高分辨率的古风暴记录,为探讨全新世以来古风暴活动的气候响应机制提供了有效信息。 相似文献
17.
《Marine Geology》2005,216(3):155-167
A total of 83 cores were collected in the Gulf of Lions continental margins and analysed for 210Pbxs (excess 210Pb) in order to understand sedimentation patterns. Apparent sedimentation rates (ASR) range from 0.65 cm year−1 in the vicinity of the Rhône River mouth to 0.01 cm year−1 in the deep basin. Except for the prodelta area, rates decrease with depth linearly with the water depth. On the slope, ASR do not differ between canyons and open slope, except for the western area where the rates are slightly higher in the Lacaze–Duthiers canyon compared to its adjacent, open slope. In the canyon and open slope areas, mass accumulation rates determined from 210Pbxs profiles (0.10 and 0.08 g cm−2 year−1, respectively) are in good agreement with particulate fluxes calculated from 5 years of near-bottom sediment trap data, even when the trap particle fluxes and the apparent accumulation rates are overestimated in response to resuspension and bioturbation effects.However, differences in sediment trap data, between west and east portion of the slope, are not observed in the sedimentation rates calculated with 210Pbxs. The outer shelf area may have an important role in trapping sediment but it is not sufficiently documented. Sediment surface mixed layer depths decrease with water depth, with a mean value for the whole margin of 8±6 cm.210Pbxs inventories in the sediment are systematically higher than the net 210Pb export flux estimated from the above water column. Over the margin, the ratio between accumulated 210Pb and available 210Pb is about 3, suggesting boundary scavenging effects and advective transport. 相似文献
18.
放射性同位素210Pb适于百年尺度的定年和沉积速率计算，已经在冰芯、土壤、湖泊、水库、河口、潮滩、潟湖、海湾和浅海陆架等多种环境得到广泛应用。目前，210Pb测年方法的应用有两种现象值得注意：一种是“延年”，即根据测算的沉积速率回溯定年的时间，有时回溯的时间跨度可达二、三百年；另一种是“折寿”，即根据测算的表观沉积速率计算得到的210Pb本底层位之上的时间跨度不足百年。根据210Pb测年的原理和有关仪器的检出限来分析，本文作者认为，210Pb直接定年的上限以110 yr~155 yr为宜。因此，“延年”的运用有一定的前提条件，即研究区的沉积环境在回溯的数百年尺度内应该保持稳定，同时回溯的定年结果最好有其他独立的定年方法（如历史文献记录或生物标志物等）来印证、以增加其可靠性。对于210Pb测年的“折寿”现象，可能的原因有四种。第一，沉积及取样的压实效应没有在分析和计算过程中得到校正。第二，210Pb活度测量的精度和不确定度影响了对本底的判断；为稳妥起见，研究者选定的本底层位一般会比真实的本底年龄要年轻一些，导致定年结果的时间跨度缩小。第三，210Pb定年计算模式决定了本底活度值的微小差异将带来计算出来的时间跨度产生显著差异。第四，沉积过程事实上发生了后期的侵蚀和迁移，导致保存在柱样中的沉积记录不完整。为了有效地减少210Pb测年法的结果误差，可以采取减小210Pb活度测量子样的间距、并同步测量226Ra活度等技术手段；另外，在计算时应该使用沉积通量而不是表观沉积速率。我们相信，210Pb测年方法的正确运用和解译将对物源判断、沉降后的侵蚀和扰动等问题提供一些有益的信息。 相似文献
19.
冲绳海槽海底热液喷出口附近海水中210Pb和210Po的行为 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
讨论了在冲绳海槽伊平屋海岭和南奄西海丘两处海底热液喷出口附近海水中的铀系子体放射性核素210Pb和210Po浓度的垂直分布剖面.在伊平屋海岭,甲烷及222Rn的数据表明海底热液活动不强,总210Pb和210Po放射性均低于它们各自母体的放射性,210Pb和210Po在海水中的平均停留时间分别为20和2～5a,而在以“黑色烟雾”为特征的海底热液活动强烈的南奄西海丘,在”烟雾”中的总210Pb含量(0.167×10-3～2.50×10-3Bq/kg)相对其母体226Ra贫乏,而总210Po含量(1.83×10-3～2.83×10-3Bq/kg)则相对其母体210Pb过剩.该处海水中的210Po的放射性高于东海陆架区及冲绳海槽其他海区,并且显示了210Po过剩.210Pb/226Ra以及210Po/210Pb放射性比值的范围分别为0.1～0.4和1.1～7.8.在热液扩散带中210Pb被优先从海水中清除.控制南奄西海丘海水中210Pb浓度的可能机制涉及到210Pb通过扩散作用的横向输送.在热液扩散带中高210Po/210Pb放射性比值表明210Pb的耗尽及210Po从海底热液喷出口的加入. 相似文献
20.
The narrow shelf along the coast of central Vietnam is seasonally supplied by large amounts of sediment from the adjacent
mountainous hinterland following monsoonal precipitation. This study examines the fate of these sediments, and their accumulation
rates along two transects across the shelf, based on analyses of radionuclides (210Pb, 137Cs), sediment texture and structure, as well as carbonate content. The inner shelf is covered by sands, and probably serves
as bypass zone for fine sediments transported offshore. Sediment characteristics suggest that the transport to the mid and
outer shelf is related to flood events. Averaged over the last century, the 210Pb-based mud mass accumulation rates on the mid and outer shelf vary between 0.25 g cm −2 and 0.56 g cm −2 year −1 (corresponding to linear sediment accumulation rates of 0.20–0.47 cm year −1). Along with high excess 210Pb inventories, these high accumulation rates suggest a significant sediment depocentre on the mid shelf. The 210Pb-derived sediment accumulation rates were found to be several times higher than 14C-derived rates previously reported for the Holocene, at the same location on the outer shelf. This is probably due to the
incompleteness of the Holocene record, and an overestimation of the modern rate. Another explanation would be increased erosion
within the rivers’ drainage basins, due to 20th century deforestation. This hypothesis is supported by the difference between
recent (less sand, more lithic grains in the sand fraction) and older sediments. In terms of modern sedimentation processes
and rates, the central Vietnam shelf, although being a part of a narrow passive continental margin, is similar to active flood-dominated
continental margins. 相似文献