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1.
边界层参数化方案对暴雨数值模拟的影响 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
选取2003年7月4-5日南京暴雨个例，采用非静力中尺度模式MM5进行模拟，着重研究了不同边界层参数化方案对雨量中心强度、雨区分布的影响。结果表明：对于不同的边界层参数化方案，垂直速度场、水汽通量散度场、涡度场、水平风场的散度以及θse场都表现出不同的特征；合理边界层方案的引入对预报效果有明显的改进；结合边界层和自由大气的动力、热力结构进行了综合分析，给出了边界层作用与自由大气动力、热力结构的配置情况。说明这种配置对暴雨的形成是至关重要的。 相似文献
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夹卷对郊外大气边界层内臭氧影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
夹卷是大气边界层与自由大气进行能量和物质交换的重要途径,对边界层动力结构及边界层内温度、水汽和各种污染物浓度有重要影响。利用化学-地表-大气-土壤(CLASS)模式定量评估了夹卷过程对远郊地区大气边界层内臭氧（O3）浓度的影响并与大气化学反应贡献进行了对比,结合地面O3、NOx及边界层高度、位温和比湿等观测资料和再分析资料对CLASS模拟结果进行了定量评估。结果表明:CLASS模式能较为真实地模拟夹卷和大气光化学反应对远郊地区大气边界层臭氧浓度的影响,且当自由大气层内臭氧浓度达到一定值时,两者对边界层内臭氧峰值影响相当。数值试验结果进一步揭示,夹卷对控制氮氧化物（NOX）和可挥发性有机物(VOCS)排放源控制效果有重要影响,且当夹卷区内O3跳跃值增大到一定时,可完全抵消源排放减排控制的效果。本研究旨在表明,为有效控制近地层臭氧浓度,在制定人为污染源减排措施时必须考虑自由大气层臭氧的夹卷贡献。 相似文献
4.
为研究不同人为热源引入方案对城市边界层结构模拟性能的影响，以杭州地区为例，在区域边界层模式（RBLM）中引入一种新人为热源处理方案，即对城市中的人为热排放分层考虑，将低层的人为热源加入地表能量平衡方程，将高层人为热源分布与建筑物高度和密度联系起来，加入热量方程中，同时考虑了人为热源强度的日变化。数值试验结果表明，这是一种比较合理的处理方案。人为热源引入方案对城市边界层结构的影响表现在:气温、湍流动能增加，并通过湍流交换输送到较高层大气；大气不稳定度增加，混合层高度最高抬升了400 m；城市地区上升速度增加，热岛环流加强；白天人为热源一般为太阳辐射的10%～20%，对地气交换的影响较小。夜间没有了太阳辐射能量，对地气交换的影响比日间更明显；冬季低层湍流活动加强，湍能约增加40%，大气层结稳定度降低。 相似文献
5.
《干旱气象》2016,(4)
利用DICE试验的4个大气模式(UM、GEM、LMD和WRF)模拟结果,结合探空资料,对比分析了不同模式对1999年10月23—26日美国中部草原白天对流边界层和夜间稳定边界层的模拟效果。结果表明:对于白天对流边界层,不同模式之间存在明显差异,这与各自的边界层参数化方案密切相关。其中,UM和LMD模式中,边界层和自由大气之间强的卷夹作用导致了偏强的湍流混合,进而使模拟的混合层高度高于观测值;GEM模式模拟的白天湍流混合偏弱,边界层为不稳定的大气层结,且模拟的风速在边界层中随高度基本呈递增趋势,但与观测值差异较大;所有模式中WRF模式模拟效果最佳,成功模拟出24日边界层与自由大气之间的水汽干层和低风速区。对于夜间稳定边界层,不同模式之间差异较小。其中,UM和GEM模式模拟的24、25日夜间低空急流偏弱,而LMD和WRF模式模拟的夜间低空急流更接近实况。 相似文献
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台风数值模拟中边界层方案的敏感性试验——Ⅰ．对台风结构的影响 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
通过比较不同边界层方案下中尺度数值模式模拟的台风地表特征量以及形势场和风场，表明台风边界层通过摩擦混合和辐射等作用与地表产生水汽、热量和动量的交换，并通过湍流效应和积云的夹卷作用将边界层的影响扩展至整个自由大气。对台风Dan的模拟个例表明。由于边界层过程的差异导致台风尺度大小不同，风场、形势场的水平和垂直分布结构都有所差异。不同边界层方案模拟的台风结构的差异必然导致强度的差异，与此相对应，在不同边界层方案下，Eta方案模拟的台风强度偏大；而Burk—Thompson和Blackadar方案略次之，在没有边界层方案的情况下模拟的强度非常弱，体现了边界层过程对台风发生发展的巨大影响。 相似文献
7.
北京冬季低层大气O3垂直分布观测结果的研究 总被引：17，自引：7，他引：17
给出了2001年2月26～28日在北京市方庄小区用系留气艇观测大气边界层O3垂直分布的结果.结合相关资料,对边界层O3的变化机制进行了初步分析.研究表明,冬季边界层O3主要受边界层气象条件、尤其是逆温层的影响比较大.在逆温层以下O3都维持极低值分布,超过仪器所能观测的最低极限.在逆温层向自由大气过渡的高度区域,O3浓度明显的梯度变化与风速垂直切变有关.观测还表明冬季城市市区大量排放的氮氧化物、水汽参与的化学反应是影响边界层O3变化的重要因素. 相似文献
8.
边界层低空急流的数值研究 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
本文利用稳定层结条件下的二维夜间边界层模式,研究了自由大气中的波动及热力稳定度对夜间低空急流的发展演变的影响问题,从而初步研究了自由大气中的波动对边界层大气的反馈作用。指出了自由大气的波动对于大气边界层结构有相当大的影响,对边界层低空急流影响明显。 相似文献
9.
建立了一个农林复合带地区一维非静力大气边界层能量闭合模式，对1000m以下的大气边界层内的风、温、湿作了24h的预报，并对下垫面3种不同参数化方案(农作物、森林、无植被)的输出结果与实测值进行了分析和比较；同时通过敏感性试验，突出比较了农作物和森林下垫面对大气边界层垂直流场，湍流垂直交换和湍能的影响。结果表明，本模式能改善边界层风速、位温和湿度预报的模拟效果，下垫面植被对边界层气象要素大小和分布有显著的作用，对湍能垂直分布有一定影响。 相似文献
10.
夜间城市大气边界层和气溶胶的相互作用 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
本文利用能量闭合的二维非线性、非定常模式，结合地面热量平衡方程，研究了夜间城市边界层和气溶胶的相互作用问题。结果表明:气溶胶在夜间对大气低层起保温作用，对大气上层起冷却作用；使大气低层稳定度减小，上层稳定度增加；此外，气溶胶还能够削弱贴地逆温强度。在正常城市气溶胶污染情况下，气溶胶对城市热岛强度影响不大，但可使城市热岛环流稍有增加。夜间城市边界层对气溶胶的反馈作用使大气下层气溶胶浓度减小，上层气溶胶浓度增加。上述部分结论得到了在天津取得的城市热岛观测资料的直接验证。 相似文献
11.
P. J. Crutzen A. C. Delany J. Greenberg P. Haagenson L. Heidt R. Lueb W. Pollock W. Seiler A. Wartburg P. Zimmerman 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1985,2(3):233-256
Field measurement programs in Brazil during the dry seasons in August and September 1979 and 1980 have demonstrated the large importance of the continental tropics in global air chemistry. Many important trace gases are produced in large amounts over the continents. During the dry season, much biomass burning takes place, especially in the cerrado regions, leading to a substantial emission of air pollutants, such as CO, NO
x
, N2O, CH4 and other hydrocarbons. Ozone concentrations are enhanced due to photochemical reactions. The large biogenic organic emissions from tropical forests play an important role in the photochemistry of the atmosphere and explain why CO is present in such high concentrations in the boundary layer of the tropical forest. Carbon monoxide production may represent more than 3% of the net primary productivity of the tropical forests. Ozone concentrations in the boundary layer of the tropical forests indicate strong removal processes. Due to atmospheric supply of NO
x
by lightning, there is probably a large production of O3 in the free troposphere over the Amazon tropical forests. This is transported to the marine-free troposphere and to the forest boundary layer. 相似文献
12.
Tov Elperin Andrew Fominykh Boris Krasovitov 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2014,125(3-4):197-211
We suggest a non-isothermal one-dimensional model of precipitation scavenging of highly soluble gaseous pollutants in inhomogeneous atmosphere. When gradients of soluble trace gases’ concentrations and temperature in the atmosphere are small, scavenging of gaseous pollutants is governed by two linear wave equations that describe propagation of a scavenging and temperature waves in one direction. If wash-down front velocity is much larger than the velocity of the temperature front, scavenging is determined by propagating scavenging front in the atmosphere with inhomogeneous temperature distribution. We solved the derived equation by the method of characteristics and determined scavenging coefficient and the rates of precipitation scavenging for wet removal of sulfur dioxide using measured initial distributions of trace gases and temperature in the atmosphere. It is shown that in the case of exponential initial distribution of soluble trace gases and linear temperature distribution in the atmosphere, scavenging coefficient in the region between the ground and the position of a scavenging front is proportional to rainfall rate, solubility parameter in the under-cloud region, adjacent to a bottom of a cloud and to the growth constant in the formula for the initial profile of a soluble trace gas in the atmosphere. The derived formula yields the same value of scavenging coefficient for sulfur dioxide scavenging by rain as field estimates presented by McMahon and Denison (Atmos Environ 13:571–585, 1979). It is demonstrated that in the case when the altitude variation of temperature in the atmosphere is determined by the environmental lapse rate, scavenging coefficient increases with height in the region between the scavenging front and the ground. In the case when altitude temperature variation in the atmosphere is determined by temperature inversion, scavenging coefficient decreases with height in a region between the scavenging front and the ground. Theoretical predictions of the value of the scavenging coefficient for sulfur dioxide washout by rain and of the dependence of the magnitude of the scavenging coefficient on rain intensity are in good agreements with the atmospheric measurements of Martin (Atmos Environ 18:1955–1961, 1984). 相似文献
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R. K. R. Vupputuri K. Higuchi H. G. Hengeveld 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1995,52(3-4):151-167
Summary A coupled 1-D time-dependent radiative-convective-photochemical diffusion model which extends from the surface to 60 km is used to investigate the potential impact of greenhouse trace gas emissions on long-term changes in global climate, atmospheric ozone and surface UV-B radiation, taking into accoont the influence of aerosol loading into the atmosphere from major volcanic eruptions, of thermal inertia of the upper mixed layer of the ocean and of other radiativephotochemical feedback mechanisms. Experiments are carried out under global and annual average insolation and cloudiness conditions. The transient calculations are made for three different growth scenarios for increase in trace gas concentrations. Scenario 1, which begins in 1850, uses the best estimate values for future trace gas concentrations of CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, CFC-12 and tropospheric O3, based on current observational trends. Scenarios 2 and 3, which begin in 1990, assume lower and upper ranges, respectively, of observed growth rates to estimate future concentrations.The transient response of the model for Scenario 1 suggests that surface warming of the ocean mixed layer of about 1 K should have taken place between 1850 and 1990 due to a combined increase of atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases. For the three scenarios considered in this study, the cumulative surface warming induced by all major trace gases for the period 1850 to 2080 ranges from 2.7 K to 8.2 K with the best estimate value of 5 K. The results indicate that the direct and the indirect chemistry-climate interactions of non-CO2 trace gases contribute significantly to the cumulative surface warming (up to 65% by the year 2080). The thermal inertia of a mixed layer of the ocean is shown to have the effect of delaying equilibrium surface warming by almost three decades with an e-folding time of about 5 years. The volcanic aerosols which would result from major volcanic eruptions play a significant role by interrupting the long-term greenhouse surface warming trend and replacing it by a temporary cooling on a time scale of a decade or less. Furthermore, depending on the scenario used, a reduction in the net ozone column could result in an increase in the solar UV-B radiation at the surface by as much as 300% towards the end of 21st century.With 14 Figures 相似文献
14.
Tov Elperin Andrew Fominykh Boris Krasovitov 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,122(3-4):215-226
We suggest a one-dimensional model of precipitation scavenging of soluble gaseous pollutants by non-evaporating and evaporating droplets that is valid for arbitrary initial vertical distribution of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere. It is shown that for low gradients of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere, scavenging of gaseous pollutants is governed by a linear wave equation that describes propagation of a wave in one direction. The derived equation is solved by the method of characteristics. Scavenging coefficient and the rates of precipitation scavenging are calculated for wet removal of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ammonia (NH3) using measured initial distributions of trace gases. It is shown that scavenging coefficient for arbitrary initial vertical distribution of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere is non-stationary and height-dependent. In case of exponential initial distribution of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere, scavenging coefficient for non-evaporating droplets in the region between the ground and the position of a scavenging front is a product of rainfall rate, solubility parameter, and the growth constant in the formula for the initial profile of a soluble trace gas in the atmosphere. This expression yields the same estimate of scavenging coefficient for sulfur dioxide scavenging by rain as field estimates presented in McMahon and Denison (1979). It is demonstrated that the smaller the slope of the concentration profile the higher the value of a scavenging coefficient. 相似文献
15.
为了研究成都地区城市化对当地气候的影响,利用不同时期的下垫面土地利用类型数据和耦合单层城市冠层模型(UCM)的WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式对成都夏季和冬季城市化效应进行了模拟研究,得到以下主要结论:1）成都地区城市化使夏季城区上空出现增温区域。城区地表气温升高约2.8°C,边界层高度升高约150 m,冬季地表气温平均升高约0.6°C,边界层高度升高约25 m。夏冬两季气温日较差均减小。2）受城市化影响,成都地区夏季和冬季2 m相对湿度减小,感热通量增加,潜热通量减小,且夏季变化程度强于冬季。3）城市化使地表的粗糙度增加,进而使夏季和冬季风速在城区减小,减小约0.1~0.6 m s?1,但夏季风速减小区域较冬季更大。城市化还使城市上空低层散度减小,辐合作用增强,垂直速度增大,夏季水汽往高层输送明显。4）夏季,城市化作用使日平均和白天时段降水量在城区的迎风区和下风区均增加,夜间降水量在下风区域增加,对迎风区域影响不明显。 相似文献
16.
One of the crucial problems in study on the middle atmosphere is to determine theconcentration and distribution of some trace gases.In this aspect,sounding methods with highspectral resolution have been developed by many scientists.Some major trace gases and theirspectral characteristics,space-borne limb method for determination of trace gases in the middleatmosphere are introduced,requirements for used methods and instruments,development andchallenge encountered by sounding of trace gases with high spectral resolution are discussed in thispaper. 相似文献
17.
The trace gases （O3, HCl, CH4, H2O, NO, NO2） in the stratosphere play an important role, not only in the photochemical processes in which the ozone layer destroyed, but also in the radiative processes. In this paper, we review the works on the distribution and variation of the trace gases in the stratosphere and their impact on climate, which have been carried out at the University of Science and Technology of China in the recent 20 years. The Halogen Occultation Experiment （HALOE） data were used to analyse the distribution and variation of the mixing ratio of these trace gases and the temperature trends in the stratosphere in the most recent decade. And the reanalyzed National Centers of Environmental Prediction （NCEP）/NCAR data were also used to give the temperature trends and compared with the results from HALOE data. Numerical simulations were also carried out to study the impact of ozone depletion on the global climate. In this review, the distributions of the trace gases, especially those over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, are discussed, and the variations and trends for the trace gases in various levels in the stratosphere have been given for the most recent decade. The temperature variation and the cooling trend obtained from HALOE data in the middle and lower stratosphere for the last 13 years are significant, which agree well with the results from NCEP/NCAR data. While the temperature trend in the upper stratosphere in this period do not seem to have much cooling. The numerical simulations show that either the Antarctic ozone hole or the ozone valley over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau affect not only the temperature and circulation in the stratosphere, but also the temperature, pressure and wind fields in the troposphere, then lead to the global climate change. 相似文献
18.
Inge Bischoff-Gauß Norbert Kalthoff Samiro Khodayar Melitta Fiebig-Wittmaack Sonia Montecinos 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,128(3):357-379
The boundary layer of the Elqui valley in the arid north of Chile exhibits several interesting phenomena, such as a very shallow
convective boundary layer (CBL) during the day. In the morning, warming is observed in and above the CBL, while the humidity
decreases in the CBL. At midday, in and above the CBL of the valley, the temperature stagnates. In the afternoon in the CBL
the temperature decreases and humidity increases, although the latent heat flux is very low. Because the characteristic features
of the valley atmosphere are hard to interpret from observations alone, model simulations were applied. The simulations indicate
that all components of the budget equations, i.e. the turbulent flux divergences, advection via the sea breeze, the upvalley
and upslope wind systems, as well as subsidence, contribute to the evolution of the valley atmosphere. 相似文献
19.
Yves Delage 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,43(4):365-381
Two formulations of the stable atmospheric boundary layer are proposed for use in weather forecasting or climate models. They feature the log-linear profile near the surface, but are free from the associated critical Richardson number. The diffusion coefficients in the Ekman layer are a natural extension of the surface layer. They are locally determined using wind shear in one case and turbulent kinetic energy in the other. The parameterizations are tested in a one-dimensional model simulating the evolution of the nocturnal boundary layer with and without radiative cooling. Both formulations give very similar results, except near the top of the boundary layer where the transition to the free atmosphere is smoother with the wind shear formulation. A distinctive feature of these schemes is that they retain their simulating skill when resolution is reduced. This is verified for a wide range of situations. In practice, this means that there is no need for a large-scale model to have a level below 50 m or so. 相似文献