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1.
我国近年来短期气候预测研究的若干进展 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
回顾了近年来我国短期气候预测研究的若干进展,主要是在中国科学院大气物理研究所完成的以气候模式为基础的短期气候预测方面工作.第一个基于气候数值模式开展短期气候预测试验的是曾庆存等人,他们所采用的是IAP AGCM耦合一个热带太平洋环流模式(OGCM);1997年,基于耦合气候模式基础上的ENSO预测系统建立起来;同时开展了东亚区气候可预测性研究;利用气候变动的准两年信号提出了对模式预测结果进行有效修正的方案;为了考虑初始土壤湿度异常对夏季气候的影响,建立了气象变量和土壤湿度的经验关系;还系统地研究了1998年海面温度异常和大气春季异常对夏季气候(特别是发生于中国的大水)预测的影响. 相似文献
2.
平流层大气动力学及其与对流层大气相互作用的研究:进展与问题 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
本文综述了近年来关于平流层大气动力学及其与对流层大气相互作用动力过程的研究进展,特别是回顾了近年来关于平流层大气环流和行星波动力学、热带平流层大气波动及其与基本气流相互作用、平流层大气环流变异对对流层环流和气候变异的影响及其动力过程、平流层大气数值模拟以及在全球变暖背景下平流层大气的长期演变趋势预估等的研究进展。最近的研究揭示了大气准定常行星波传播波导的振荡现象、重力波在热带平流层准两年振荡和全球物质输送中的作用、平流层长期的变冷趋势变化、平流层在对流层天气和气候变化中的作用等现象,表明了平流层大气动力学研究的重要性。平流层大气动力学的深入研究,以及对数值模式中平流层模拟性能的提高,最终都会推动整个大气科学和气候变化研究的进一步发展。 相似文献
3.
用混合海气耦合模式长期积分的模拟结果, 分析了模式大气的年际变化性; 用1979~1994年间的“回报”个例, 探讨了该模式对ENSO引起的全球气候异常的预报。结果表明:模式能较好地再现与ENSO相关的全球大气环流的年际变化特征; 对预报而言, 模式较高的预报技巧主要分布在热带地区, 全球热带大气具有较稳定的1年左右的可预报时效; 基本上可预报中、高纬地区由ENSO引起的冬、夏季大气环流异常 (包括气温和降水), 超前时间可达9个月至1年。 相似文献
4.
In this paper, the two-layer IAP model with sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific is used to investigate potential predictability of global short-term anomalous climate change caused by El Nino via the “switching” experiments. The experimental results show that short-term anomalous climate change in the tropics is mainly caused by instantaneous response of tropical atmosphere to SSTA in the tropics. The effective period of this kind of anomalous climate is shorter and about monthly scale. In the high latitudes, the anomalous cli-mate is mainly caused by the lag response of atmosphere to SSTA in the tropics. The strongest influence appears in the month after a half year when the SSTA in the tropics disappears. Therefore, potential predictability of short-term anomalous climate change may be reached to one year; anomalous climate change in the middle-latitudes is not only affected by instantaneous response to SSTA in the tropics, but also by lag response to that. Therefore, short-term climate change prediction with monthly time scale can be not only done by using SSTA in the tropics, but also predic-tion of short-term climate after a half year can be done and its effective predictable period may be reached to one year. 相似文献
5.
Sensitivity studies with the regional climate model REMO 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Summary A new regional atmospheric model was set up in a joint effort by DKRZ (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum), DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst), GKSS (Forschungszentrum Geesthacht) at the MPI (Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meteorologie). This model, called REMO (REgional MOdel) can be used in the weather forecast mode as well as in the climate mode. It is based on the Europa-Model (EM), the main weather forecast model of the new numerical weather prediction system of the Deutscher Wetterdienst. In addition to the physical parameterizations implemented in the EM, REMO has the possibility of using the same physics as the global climate model (MPI) into which it is nested to assess the scale dependence of physical parameterizations within the same dynamical framework.This paper gives an overview over different case studies investigating the dependence of model results on simulation domain size, horizontal resolution, initial conditions and lateral boundaries especially for long term calculations. A sample of one month long integrations for an arbitrary July month, a four year long run for the Baltic Sea and its drainage basin and two summer seasons of the Indian Monsoon will be used to demonstrate the sensitivity of regional climate model results to different environments.The sensitivity studies show that it is very important to use realistic large scale driving fields at the lateral boundaries. The regional model results are strongly influenced by the driving fields. The domain size and the simulation length are also influencing the results.With 12 Figures 相似文献
6.
Recent Advances in Predictability Studies in China （1999-2002） 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
Since the last International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) General Assembly (1999), the predictability studies in China have made further progress during the period of 1999-2002. Firstly, three predictability sub-problems in numerical weather and climate prediction are classified, which are concerned with the maximum predictability time, the maximum prediction error, and the maximum allowable initial error, and then they are reduced into three nonlinear optimization problems. Secondly, the concepts of the nonlinear singular vector (NSV) and conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) are proposed,which have been utilized to study the predictability of numerical weather and climate prediction. The results suggest that the nonlinear characteristics of the motions of atmosphere and oceans can be revealedby NSV and CNOP. Thirdly, attention has also been paid to the relations between the predictability and spatial-temporal scale, and between the model predictability and the machine precision, of which the investigations disclose the importance of the spatial-temporal scale and machine precision in the study of predictability. Also the cell-to-cell mapping is adopted to analyze globally the predictability of climate,which could provide a new subject to the research workers. Furthermore, the predictability of the summer rainfall in China is investigated by using the method of correlation coefficients. The results demonstrate that the predictability of summer rainfall is different in different areas of China. Analysis of variance, which is one of the statistical methods applicable to the study of predictability, is also used to study the potential predictability of monthly mean temperature in China, of which the conclusion is that the monthly mean temperature over China is potentially predictable at a statistical significance level of 0.10. In addition,in the analysis of the predictability of the T106 objective analysis/forecasting field, the variance and the correlation coefficient are calculated to explore the distribution characteristics of the mean-square errors.Finally, the predictability of short-term climate prediction is investigated by using statistical methods or numerical simulation methods. It is demonstrated that the predictability of short-term climate in China depends not only on the region of China being investigated, but also on the time scale and the atmospheric internal dynamical process. 相似文献
7.
短期气候预测依据大气科学原理,运用气候动力学、统计学等手段,在研究气候异常成因的基础上对未来气候趋势进行预测。虽然目前我国短期气候预测的水平还不高,但短期气候预测是国家经济发展和防灾减灾的迫切需求,提高预测准确率是气象科研和业务人员的重要任务。该文从海洋、积雪等外强迫信号及大气环流大尺度变动等大气内部特性等角度概述了短期气候预测的物理基础,简要回顾了近60年来我国短期气候预测的发展历程,并介绍了作者近十几年来研制短期气候预测客观统计学及统计与动力学相结合预测模型的主要思路。 相似文献
8.
汛期预测的集合预告模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3
本文介绍一个跨季度汛期降水预测的集合预测模拟试验，以1987年为例，用2月1日～26日每隔5天的观测资料作初值进行了6个积分，取其平均作为集合预测，共有7个预测结果，计算了7个预测与观测场的同号率，计算了6个预测的标准差，结果表明:集合预测比个别试验更为合理，这6个试验的结果在大尺度分布上是相近的，其差别也是不大的。集合预测值得继续进行试验。文中也讨论了一些由于大气运动固有的动力学特性，其集合预测与经典的数学考虑有所区别，对集合预测提出了一些新的看法，许多问题还需要继续深入探讨，以期能对该方法作出恰当的评 相似文献
9.
南极海冰的变化和全球大气环流关系密切。南极各区海冰的不同变化, 对南北半球大气环流有着不同的影响。文中基于对南极海冰变化的客观分区, 定义了南极海冰北界涛动指数 (ASEOI), 并结合中央气象台提供的南方涛动指数、北半球500 hPa和100 hPa高度场资料以及我国160站降水、温度资料, 利用诊断分析方法, 对ASEOI与我国夏季天气气候的关系进行了研究。研究表明:ASEOI对我国长江中下游降水及全国大部分地区温度具有指示意义。若前一年10月ASEOI偏低, 则当年7月我国长江中下游降水偏多, 引发洪涝灾害的可能性很大; 温度场上, 我国北方气温偏高, 南方气温偏低, 而高温往往伴随着少雨, 这无疑会加剧华北本就严重的旱情。 相似文献
10.
土壤湿度是陆面过程的重要参量,可以通过影响土壤本身的热力性质和水文过程,导致局部大气环流的改变以及区域性短期气候异常。青藏高原作为全球气候变化的敏感区,其地气间的水分与能量交换对亚洲季风和全球大气循环有着极大的影响,且高原地区的土壤水分数据能够为陆-气相互作用和数值模拟等研究提供重要的观测信息和初始输入数据。文中综述了青藏高原土壤湿度观测和研究对气候变化影响的重要性,高原土壤湿度观测站网建设现状,各种土壤湿度替代资料的适用性和评估研究,以及高原土壤湿度时空分布特征对降水的影响与气候变化响应,并提出了今后青藏高原土壤湿度研究着重解决的问题。 相似文献
11.
欧亚大陆积雪对我国春季气候可预报性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用大气环流模式IAP9L_CoLM,通过两组集合后报试验,考察了欧亚大陆积雪对我国春季气候可预报性的影响。一组试验为常规后报试验,积雪是由模式陆面过程预报得到的,另一组试验为积雪试验,模式积分过程中欧亚大陆雪水当量由微波遥感积雪资料替代,一天替换一次。通过分析两组试验后报结果的差异,来考察欧亚大陆积雪对我国春季（3~5月）气候可预报性的影响。分析表明:欧亚大陆积雪模拟水平的改善能提高春季欧亚大陆中高纬环流场（海平面气压场和中、高层位势高度场）的可预报性,模式对我国春季气温异常的年际变化和空间分布的可预报能力也有显著增强。对我国春季降水,虽然预报技巧较低,但引入较真实的欧亚积雪作用后,由于中高纬环流场预报技巧的改进导致降水的预测能力也有所改进。个例分析也表明,欧亚中高纬春季积雪异常模拟水平的改善导致了欧亚中高纬贝加尔湖及以南区域环流场可预报性的提高,最终使中国东部区域春季气候异常模拟技巧得以改善。以上结果也证实,欧亚大陆积雪是影响东亚区域春季气候的一个重要因子,要提高模式对中国春季气候的预报技巧,积雪模拟水平的改进是非常必要的。 相似文献
12.
A new hybrid coupled model(HCM) is presented in this study, which consists of an intermediate tropical Pacific Ocean model and a global atmospheric general circulation model. The ocean component is the intermediate ocean model(IOM)of the intermediate coupled model(ICM) used at the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IOCAS). The atmospheric component is ECHAM5, the fifth version of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology atmospheric general circulation model. The HCM integrates its atmospheric and oceanic components by using an anomaly coupling strategy. A100-year simulation has been made with the HCM and its simulation skills are evaluated, including the interannual variability of SST over the tropical Pacific and the ENSO-related responses of the global atmosphere. The model shows irregular occurrence of ENSO events with a spectral range between two and five years. The amplitude and lifetime of ENSO events and the annual phase-locking of SST anomalies are also reproduced realistically. Despite the slightly stronger variance of SST anomalies over the central Pacific than observed in the HCM, the patterns of atmospheric anomalies related to ENSO,such as sea level pressure, temperature and precipitation, are in broad agreement with observations. Therefore, this model can not only simulate the ENSO variability, but also reproduce the global atmospheric variability associated with ENSO, thereby providing a useful modeling tool for ENSO studies. Further model applications of ENSO modulations by ocean–atmosphere processes, and of ENSO-related climate prediction, are also discussed. 相似文献
13.
回顾了近年来在中国科学院大气物理研究所开展的有关短期气候预测研究的进展。第一个短期气候数值预测是曾庆存等利用一个耦合了热带太平洋海洋环流模式的全球大气环流模式作出的。1997年，一个基于海气耦合模式的ENSO预测系统，包括一个海洋初始化方案被建立起来，同时也开展了基于海温异常的东亚气候可预测性研究。利用气候变动的准两年信号，王会军等提出了一个可以显著改进模式预测准确率的模式结果修正方案。为了考虑土壤湿度的初始异常对夏季气候的影响，一个利用大气资料如温度、降水等经验地反演土壤湿度的方法也被建立起来。还通过一系列的数值试验研究了 1998年夏季大水发生当中海温异常和大气环流初始异常的作用。 相似文献
14.
Studies on the seasonal to extraseasonal climate prediction at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) in recent years were reviewed. The first short-term climate prediction experiment was carried out based on the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to a tropical Pacific oceanic general circulation model (OGCM). In 1997, an ENSO prediction system including an oceanic initialization scheme was set up. At the same time, researches on the SST-induced climate predictability over East Asia were made. Based on the biennial signal in the interannual climate variability, an effective method was proposed for correcting the model predicted results recently. In order to consider the impacts of the initial soil mois ture anomalies, an empirical scheme was designed to compute the soil moisture by use of the atmospheric quantities like temperature, precipitation, and so on. Sets of prediction experiments were carried out to study the impacts of SST and the initial atmospheric conditions on the flood occurring over China in 1998. 相似文献
15.
中国业务动力季节预报的进展 总被引：26，自引：9，他引：26
利用动力模式开展季节到年际的短期气候预测 ,是目前国际上气候预测的发展方向。自 1996年以来 ,经过 8a多的研制和发展 ,国家气候中心已建立起第 1代动力气候模式预测业务系统 ,其中包括 1个全球大气 海洋耦合模式 (CGCM )、1个高分辨率东亚区域气候模式 (RegCM_NCC)和 5个简化的ENSO预测模式 (SAOMS) ,可用于季节—年际时间尺度的全球气候预测 ;全球海气耦合模式与区域气候模式嵌套 ,可以提供高分辨率的东亚区域气候模式制做季节预测。CGCM对 1982～ 2 0 0 0年夏季的历史回报试验表明 ,该模式对热带太平洋海表面温度和东亚区域的季节预测具有较好的预测能力。RegCM NCC的 5a模拟基本上能再现东亚地区主要雨带的季节进展。利用嵌套的区域气候模式RegCM NCC对 1991～ 2 0 0 0年的夏季回报表明 ,在预报主要季节雨带方面有一定技巧。 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 ,CGCM和RegCM NCC的实时季节预报与观测相比基本合理。特别是 ,模式成功地预报了 2 0 0 3年梅雨季节长江和黄河之间比常年偏多的降水。SAOMS模式系统的回报试验表明 ,该系统对热带太平洋海表面温度距平有一定的预报能力 ,模式超前 6～ 12个月的回报与观测的相关系数明显高于持续预报。 1997～ 2 0 0 3年 ,SAOMS多模式集合实时预报与观测的相关系数达到 相似文献
16.
基于EMD方法的观测数据信息提取与预测研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
用统计方法作月、季尺度的短期气候乃至年际尺度的长期气候预测是当前气候预测业务的主要依据,在短时间内这种情况仍然不可能彻底改变。虽然数值预报模式的预测能力达到了7 d的时效,不过要积分到月、季尺度并实现短期气候预测还面临着重重困难。其根本原因是气候系统的混沌分量和非线性/非平稳性等因素在起作用。而现有气候预测的统计方法(主要包括经验统计、数理统计和物理统计等方法)的数学基础却忽略了这些特点,这是因为以现有的科学水平人们不得不假设时间序列是线性和平稳的。实际气候观测序列普遍具有层次性、非线性和非平稳性,这给建立预测方法带来了极大困难。文中构建了一个新的预测模型,即首先利用经验模态分解(em-pirical mode decomposition,EMD)方法将气候序列作平稳化处理,得到一系列平稳分量-本征模函数(intrinsic modefunction,IMF);其次,利用均生函数(mean generate function,MGF)模型获得各分量的初次预测值;最后,在最优子集回归(optimal subset regression,OSR)模型的基础上,通过直接或逐步拟合一部分预测值,构建两种预测方案达到提高预测能力的目的。典型气候序列的预测试验结果表明,具有平稳化的IMF分量,尤其是特征IMF分量有较高的可预测性,它对原序列趋势的预测有重要指示意义。大力开展气候系统机理和气候层次的研究,并建立相应的气候模式是未来发展趋势。该文是这方面的一个初步尝试,相信该模型能为气候预测(评估)开辟一条新的有效途径。 相似文献
17.
Summary Atmospheric flows exhibit long-range spatiotemporal correlations manifested as the fractal geometry to the global cloud cover pattern concomitant with inverse power law form for power spectra of temporal fluctuations on all space-tie scales ranging from turbulence (centimetersseconds) to climate (kilometers-years). Long-range spatiotemporal correlations are ubiquitous to dynamical systems in nature and are identified as signatures ofself-organized criticality. Standard models in meteorological theory cannot explain satisfactorily the observed self-organized criticality in atmospheric flows. Mathematical models for simulation and prediction of atmospheric flows are nonlinear and do not possess analytical solutions. Finite precision computer realizations of nonlinear models give unrealistic solutions because ofdeterministic chaos, a direct consequence of round-off error growth in iterative numerical computations. Recent studies show that roundoff error doubles on an average for each iteration of iterative computations. Round-off error propagates to the main stream computation and gives unrealistic solutions in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models which incorporate thousands of iterative computations in long-term numerical integration schemes. An alternative non-deterministic cell dynamical system model for atmospheric flows described in this paper predicts the observed self-organized criticality as intrinsic to quantumlike mechanics governing flow dynamics. The model provides universal quantification for self-organized criticality in terms of the statistical normal distribution. Model predictions are in agreement with a majority of observed spectra of time series of several standard climatological data sets representative of disparate climatic regimes. Universal spectrum for natural climate variability rules out linear trends. Man-made greenhouse gas related atmospheric warming will result in intensification of natural climate variability, seen immediately in high frequency fluctuations such as QBO and ENSO and even shorter timescales. Model concepts and results of analyses are discussed with reference to possible prediction of climate change.With 11 Figures 相似文献
18.
With the development of numerical weather prediction technology,the traditional global hydrostatic models used in many countries of the world for operational weather forecasting and numerical simulations of general circulation have become more and more unfit for high-impact weather prediction.To address this,it is important to invest in the development of global nonhydrostatic models.Few existing nonhydrostatic global models use consistently the grid finite difference scheme for the primitive equations of dynamical cores,which can subsequently degrade the accuracy of the calculations.A new nonhydrostatic global spectral model,which utilizes the Eulerian spectral method,is developed here from NCAR Community Atmosphere Model 3.0(CAM3.0).Using Janjic's hydrostatic/nonhydrostatic method,a global nonhydrostatic spectral method for the primitive equations has been formulated and developed.In order to retain the integrity of the nonhydrostatic equations,the atmospheric curvature correction and eccentricity correction are considered. In this paper,the Held-Suarez idealized test and an idealized baroclinic wave test are first carried out,which shows that the nonhydrostatic global spectral model has similar climate states to the results of many other global models for long-term idealized integration,as well as better simulation ability for short-term idealized integration.Then,a real case experiment is conducted using the new dynamical core with the full physical parameterizations of subgrid-scale physical processes.The 10-day numerical integration indicates a decrease in systematic error and a better simulation of zonal wind,temperature,and 500-hPa height. 相似文献
19.
航空短期区域气候模式预测系统研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于国家气候中心的海气耦合业务预测系统CGCM_1.1的预测资料产品,集成并完善了一个单向嵌套的、中尺度海气耦合的区域气候模式ASRegCM,并以其为数值计算核心,建立了一套航空短期区域气候预测业务系统ASRCPOS。对1983～2002年（共20年）的回报试验结果显示,ASRCPOS业务预测水平较前期统计预测为主业务系统的预测水平有一定程度的提高。尤其是在对连续型变量地面气温的距平,以及对非连续型变量地面降水的距平量级预测能力方面,该动力业务系统预测能力较前期业务系统有所改善。回报结果同时显示,业务系统在异常天气气温的预测方面存在较大的改进空间,对月以下时间尺度预报的解释应用方面仍存在一定的局限。 相似文献
20.
IAP短期气候距平预测系统的定量评估及订正技术的改进研究 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
采用一套多指标的评估方法, 对中国科学院大气物理所研制的短期气候距平数值预测系统（ＩＡＰＰＳＳＣＡ） 方案１ 的预测性能进行了定量的、系统的评估。评估表明： ＩＡＰＰＳＳＣＡ 对中国汛期大尺度的、重大的降水异常预报较好; 在不同区域,ＩＡＰＰＳＳＣＡ 的预测能力不同, 对中国东南区域显示出较高的预报准确度和可信度; 与单个预报相比, 集合预测水平稳定, 能提高总体预测水平。另外, 还对订正技术进行了改进研究, 距平百分率订正较距平订正效果为佳。 相似文献