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1.
Vertical electrical sounding was used for assessing the suitability of the drill sites in crystalline areas within a water supply project in Nampula Province in Mozambique. Many boreholes have insufficient yield (<600 L/h). Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out over seven boreholes with sufficient yield, and five boreholes with insufficient yield, in Rapale District, in an attempt to understand the reason for the failed boreholes. Two significant hydrogeological units were identified: the altered zone (19–220 ohm-m) with disintegrated rock fragments characterized by intermediate porosity and permeability, and the fractured zone (>420 ohm-m) with low porosity and high permeability. In addition to this, there is unfractured nonpermeable intact rock with resistivity of thousands of ohm-m. The unsuccessful boreholes were drilled over a highly resistive zone corresponding to fresh crystalline rock and a narrow altered layer with lower resistivity. Successful boreholes were drilled in places where the upper layers with lower resistivity correspond to a well-developed altered layer or a well-fractured basement. There are a few exceptions with boreholes drilled in seemingly favourable locations but they were nevertheless unsuccessful boreholes for unknown reasons. Furthermore, there were boreholes drilled into very resistive zones that produced successful water wells, which may be due to narrow permeable fracture zones that are not resolved by ERT. Community involvement is proposed, in choosing between alternative borehole locations based on information acquired with a scientifically based approach, including conceptual geological models and ERT. This approach could probably lower the borehole failure rate. 相似文献
2.
钻孔电视成像技术由于其高精度数字记录成像的特点,克服了工程钻探过程中岩芯不连续、裂隙几何要素信息丢失等问题,在国内外工程勘察中得到了广泛的应用。但目前钻孔成像解译大都以竖直孔为主,倾斜孔成像解译应用较少。结合某地区地下水封洞库项目中的斜孔电视成像工作,介绍了斜孔成像裂隙的解译方法,通过空间坐标转换将结构面的视产状转换成真产状,并在此基础上针对该地区地下水幕系统和洞室所在位置深度范围内的裂隙发育情况分三部分对深部花岗岩结晶岩体裂隙几何要素进行了统计分析,揭示了相应的裂隙发育产状变化特征和垂向变化特征,结果表明该地区主要发育NE 20°~40°和NW 20°~40°优势构造成因裂隙,裂隙发育数量呈现先减小后逐渐增大并维持较稳定数量的变化趋势。以此可为评价洞库围岩稳定性、水幕系统水封效果等提供了可靠的数据支持。 相似文献
3.
Temporal change in permeability of the Nojima fault zone by repeated water injection experiments 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
Three boreholes were drilled near the Nojima fault, which the 1995 Hyogoken–Nanbu earthquake occurred on. In order to research the properties and the healing process of the fault, water injection experiments were conducted every 3 years. In this report, we researched the permeability of the fault as a measurement of crack density or porosity of the fault zone. Pore water pressure changes in rock due to the water injections at one borehole were observed as discharge changes or groundwater level changes at the other borehole. Using numerical calculations, the permeability of the fault fracture zone was estimated for each experiment. The permeability has been decreasing as time passed, which is thought to show the fault healing process of the Nojima fault after the 1995 Hyogoken–Nanbu earthquake. 相似文献
4.
针对黄陇侏罗纪煤田中硬煤层渗透性差、瓦斯抽采浓度及流量衰减速度快等问题,利用自主研发的水力压裂成套工艺设备,提出煤层定向长钻孔水力压裂瓦斯高效抽采技术,并在黄陇煤田黄陵二号煤矿进行工程应用试验。现场共完成5个定向长钻孔钻探施工,单孔孔深240~285 m,总进尺1 320 m;采用整体压裂工艺对5个本煤层钻孔进行压裂施工,累计压裂液用量1 557.5 m3,单孔最大泵注压力19 MPa;压裂后单孔瓦斯抽采浓度及百米抽采纯量分别提升0.7~20.5倍、1.7~9.8倍;相比于普通钻孔,压裂孔瓦斯初始涌出强度提升2.1倍,钻孔瓦斯流量衰减系数降低39.6%。试验结果表明:采取水力压裂增透措施后,瓦斯抽采效果得到显著提升,煤层瓦斯可抽采性增加,为类似矿区低渗煤层瓦斯高效抽采提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
5.
青藏高原多年冻土层中地下冰储量估算及评价 总被引：12，自引：7，他引：5
过去几十年来,沿青藏公路/铁路多年冻土区已经完成了数千个钻孔的钻探工作.经过仔细筛选,对其中的697个钻孔剖面的地下冰分布状况和其中9261个重量含水量的分布特征进行了分析.在水平方向上,依据地下冰的分布特征,把青藏公路/铁路沿线的多年冻土划分成少冰冻土、多冰冻土、富冰冻土、饱冰冻土和含土冰层5个含冰量类别,并详细统计了各类冻土沿公路所占里程.在垂向上,将每个钻孔划分出3个深度段:即多年冻土上限以下1m范围内、上限下深1～10m段及上限下10m以下段,统计了各深度地下冰储量.青藏公路沿线多年冻土的平均厚度为38.79m,平均含水量为17.19%,据此初步估算出青藏高原多年冻土区地下冰的总储量为9528km3. 相似文献
6.
R. C. Neagu U. Tinivella V. Volpi M. Rebesco A. Camerlenghi 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(4):839-848
Petrophysical properties (wet bulk density, porosity, P-wave velocity) are used to predict biogenic silica contents along
a seismic reflection profile that ties two well sites, 1095 and 1096, drilled by Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 178 on sediment
drifts on the Pacific continental margin of the Antarctic Peninsula. The biogenic silica contents along the seismic reflection
profile were estimated on the basis of three hypotheses about petrophysical properties distributions in the two boreholes
and statistical relationships between biogenic silica and other petrophysical properties, which were established on various
sediment layers within the boreholes. Our study demonstrates the possibility to reliably predict the distribution of biogenic
silica in the sub-seabed sediments if seismic data processed with amplitude preservation are used and statistical relations
are considered. We conclude that the statistical extrapolation of biogenic silica content along seismic reflection profiles
tied to borehole data is an efficient tool to quantify the amounts of silica undergoing crystalline transformation, which
may have strong implications for submarine slope destabilisation. 相似文献
7.
《Cretaceous Research》1987,8(3):189-209
The predation by boring gastropods on ostracods can be thought of in terms of being a “truncated” system inasmuch as all adult prey individuals are accessible to all predators, but only attract juveniles of the latter. Material from the Santonian (Late Cretaceous) of Israel and the Palaeocene of Nigeria were studied. Hole-size is not correlated with prey-size for the Santonian material, whereas this relationship is highly significant in the Palaeocene samples. Holes made by juvenile naticids are larger, on the average, than those made by muricids. The dimensions of the boreholes for the two samples do not differ statistically at the bivariate level. Ostracods with strong surface ornament were less likely to be drilled than those with smoother shells. In neither the Santonian nor the Palaeocene could a case be made for a selective effect arising out of predational pressure (the predational level in the Santonian is 8% and in the Palaeocene, 2%). Partially completed holes made by muricids and naticids occur in both sets of material and there are several examples of multiple boreholes (i.e. two or more holes in the same shell). Examples of boreholes are figured and an early phase of drilling illustrated in which radula scratches and the effects of dissolution by the accessory boring organ (ABO) are visible. Estimates of muricid and naticid sizes, based on ABO dimensions, (reconstructed from borehole diameters) indicate a range in whorl-height running from 0.6–3.9 mm (mode at 1.8 mm). 相似文献
8.
Sedat Türkmen Hidayet Tağa Eray Özgüler 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(4):1137-1149
This paper covers the investigation of construction materials and selection of the dam type for the Büyük Karaçay Dam, which was planned to be constructed on Büyük Karaçay River 20 km to the SW of Hatay (Southern Turkey). The purposes of the dam are irrigation, domestic water supply, and producing energy. Auxiliary structures locations have been determined during the study of detailed geological maps of the dam axis and reservoir area. Quality, quantity and hauling distance of natural construction materials were effective to select different dam types. For engineering geological studies exploration boreholes were drilled at the dam site; pressuremeter tests were performed in order to determine bearing capacity and elasticity properties of rocks; pressured water tests were also performed to determine permeability of the dam site. Moreover, physical and mechanical properties of rocks were determined by the laboratory test. In the feasibility stage, the dam type was chosen as the central core rock-fill dam, depending on state of natural construction materials. In design stage dam type was changed as faced symmetrical hardfill dam. Finally, the dam type was revised again during the design stage as concrete face rockfill dam. 相似文献
9.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(11):1011-1018
Thermal borehole logging of the eastern part of the West-Siberian lowlands shows a dependable correspondence between geologic features and thermal gradients. After comparing logging data from various depths up to 2,900 m the author concludes that major basement structures and all except the deepest ground water horizons will be revealed in logging data taken from relatively shallow boreholes, such as those drilled for surveying and stratigraphic purposes. This discovery prompts the author to recommend that thermal logging be conducted in such boreholes as a very cheap method of determining deep structures, especially since they lead to important oil and gas- discoveries. — A. Eustus 相似文献
10.
为准确评价勘查区内的水文地质条件,验证原有钻孔的施工质量,在距原7755号孔50m的地方施工了S06-1孔。施工发现,S06-1孔的标志层和煤层资料与原7755号相差很大,最大可达119.60m。究其原因是本区岩性软硬相间、岩层倾角大以及施工质量差所致。在仔细分析施工钻孔岩性的基础上,发现区内有一层灰褐色、含直径为1mm的石英泥岩较为稳定,可作为标志层对煤层进行预测,并以此提出了见煤深度预测公式,对该区煤层进行预测。预测结果与实际见煤深度很近,从而证明该标志层及预测公式可靠,可作为后续钻探施工指导依据。 相似文献
11.
针对淮南矿区顶板复杂地层条件下大直径高位定向钻孔成孔难度大的问题,结合淮南顾桥矿工业性试验,开展了顶板复杂地层成孔工艺技术研究,形成了顶板复杂地层信息探查技术、爬坡复杂孔段和目标层复杂孔段定向钻进技术、完孔技术等关键工艺技术,并成功实施完成了10个孔径153 mm的顶板大直径高位定向钻孔。抽采试验阶段,试验钻孔标况瓦斯抽采纯流量平均达到11.07 m3/min,平均瓦斯抽采体积分数达到31.39%,与邻近高抽巷瓦斯抽采水平相当,初步实现了"以孔代巷"的目标。研究成果为淮南矿区及类似地质条件矿区瓦斯治理提供了新途径,具有显著的应用和推广价值。 相似文献
12.
The natural gamma log is widely used in both cased and uncased boreholes to identify changes in lithology down the length of a borehole. This is particularly important in the ground investigation process where 100% core recovery is often not achieved in the borehole programme. In this paper the use of the gamma log to provide additional information from the ground investigation boreholes is examined and illustrated by a number of case histories. It is shown that the gamma log can be used to study both the lithological variations within an individual borehole and changes in geological structure across a construction site. It is also demonstrated that a geological formation or sequence can be classified in terms of its natural gamma signature, which enables the geologist to observe its presence over large distances on a regional basis. The importance of the calibration of the gamma sonde and the use of the correct logging speed is emphasised in the paper. The successful calibration of the log against a quarry wall using a known observed geological structure as a reference is also described together with the use of the resulting information to obtain a geological log for boreholes drilled behind the quarry face. Its use in extrapolating between boreholes to detect and trace the presence of a particular geological formation to estimate its vertical and lateral extent for possible extraction is also discussed. 相似文献
13.
14.
Application of fractal models to characterization of vertical distribution of geochemical element concentration 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Characterization of the vertical distribution of geochemical element concentration is essential for economic planning in the mining industry. 10 mineralized boreholes and 1 non-mineralized borehole from the Qulong copper deposit, Tibet, western China, were collected to identify the vertical distribution properties of Cu values using fractal models. The vertical distribution of Cu values in mineralized and non-mineralized boreholes shows a positive skewed distribution in the former and multimodal distribution in the latter. The results obtained by the box counting method show that the vertical distributions of Cu values in mineralized and non-mineralized boreholes exhibit self-similarity with box dimensions ranging from 1.28 to 1.37. The box dimensions of mineralized boreholes are greater than that of Cu values in the non-mineralized borehole, indicating that the mineralization makes the distribution of Cu values more irregular. The power-law frequency analysis reveals that Cu values in mineralized boreholes are bifractal. The two portions of the plot define a crossover point at 0.33%, for Cu values less than and greater than 0.33, fractal dimensions range from 0.1 to 0.65, in non-mineralized rocks, and range from 2.71 to 5.79, in the mineralized rocks. Hurst exponents for mineralized boreholes occur at 0.8, which are greater than 0.5, indicating that Qulong copper deposit has a good continuity of mineralization. 相似文献
15.
基于煤矿井下陷落柱、小断层等地质异常体精确探查对漏失地层近水平孔取心钻进的迫切需要,采用双壁水力反循环连续取心技术进行井下地质异常体探查,分析其技术原理及特点,研制配套的ø89/42 mm双壁取心钻杆和反循环取心钻头,并在某地面矿山进行功能性试验,共施工完成3个近水平取心钻孔,单孔最高取心率为83.6%,最大回次进尺69 m,平均钻进效率为3.61~6.26 m/h。针对漏失地层冲洗液漏失严重的问题,提出双壁取心钻具的结构改进优化方案,采用改进后的取心钻具岩心上返通道返水流量和流速大幅提升,最后指出该套反循环取心施工中出现的钻孔环空排渣及岩心卡堵问题并提出了针对性的解决方案,包括采用正反循环排渣法解决钻孔环空排渣问题和采用中心通道打水解卡方法解决岩心卡堵问题。试验表明:该套双壁取心钻具满足煤矿井下地质异常体探查的施工需要,为煤矿井下地质异常体探查提供新的技术途径。 相似文献
16.
韩城矿区碎软煤层发育,煤层透气性差,本煤层钻孔钻进困难,瓦斯抽采效果差。顶板梳状孔水力压裂技术结合了水力压裂技术和定向钻进技术二者的优势,是解决碎软低渗煤层瓦斯抽采难题的有效技术途径。在韩城矿区王峰煤矿3号煤层顶板粉砂岩中施工长钻孔并向煤层开分支,采用套管+封隔器座封的整体压裂方式进行水力压裂工程试验。钻孔总长度344 m,有效压裂长度284 m,累计注水量874.79 m3,最大泵注压力9.4 MPa。试验结束后对钻孔瓦斯抽采相关参数连续监测86 d,钻孔瓦斯抽采体积分数27%~51%,平均42.11%,钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量8.25~21.41 m3/min,平均17.02 m3/min,钻孔累计抽采瓦斯量约210万m3。与常规的穿层钻孔水力冲孔技术相比,该技术百米钻孔瓦斯抽采量提高了11.48倍,初步证明了该技术在碎软煤层瓦斯强化抽采领域的适用性。 相似文献
17.
Failure of borehole sources in weathered and fractured crystalline basement aquifers in Malawi in southern Africa has been linked with poor borehole design, mechanical failure and badly sited boreholes. However, recent work in Malawi indicates that demand may now exceed long-term resource potential in some places and that this is also a cause of water point failure. An 11-year climate cycle (including a wet and dry period) necessitates overdraft from groundwater storage during the dry-cycle years before episodic rainfall events in the wetter part of the cycle again recharge the aquifers. Data, particularly groundwater hydrograph data, are sparse, but sufficient to evaluate the long-term renewable groundwater potential for both fractured and weathered basement-aquifer types in each of the 15 management areas in Malawi. The groundwater potential or long-term renewable resource (recharge) is given by the sum of Darcian throughflow and dry-season depletion of storage. Estimated rural demand exceeds the renewable resource in the fractured-rock aquifer in two management units and in the weathered-rock aquifer in two other units. Although there is inherent uncertainty in the water-balance estimates, the likelihood that rural demand is exceeding long-term average recharge in some areas is cause for concern. 相似文献
18.
D. Mottaghy R. Schellschmidt Y.A. Popov C. Clauser I.T. Kukkonen G. Nover S. Milanovsky R.A. Romushkevich 《Tectonophysics》2005,401(1-2):119-142
We present new heat flow values and other geothermal data in the upper crystalline crust in the immediate vicinity of the 12.4-km deep Kola super-deep borehole, NW Russia. Our results show a systematic vertical increase in geothermal gradient and heat flow density as deep as we could measure (1.6 km). Our results confirm earlier results on vertical heat flow trends of in the uppermost part of the Kola super-deep hole, and imply that the thermal regime is not in steady-state conductive conditions. In an area of 3-km × 5-km measurements were performed in 1–2-km deep boreholes surrounding the Kola super-deep hole and on core samples from these holes. Temperature logs are available from 36 holes. Core data exists from 23 boreholes with a total length of 11.5 km at a vertical resolution of 10 m. We carried out a very detailed study on thermal conductivity with regard to anisotropy, inhomogeneity and temperature dependence. Tensor components of thermal conductivity were determined on 1375 core samples from 21 boreholes in 3400 measurements. Additionally, we measured specific heat capacity, heat generation rate, density, porosity, and permeability on selected subsets of core samples. Heat flow from 19 boreholes varies between 31 and 45 mW m−2 with an average value of 38 mW m−2. In most boreholes the vertical heat flow profiles show a considerable variation with depth. This is consistent with observations in the upper part of the Kola super-deep borehole. We conclude that this variation is not caused by technical operations but reflects a natural process. It is considered to be due to a combination of advective, structural and paleoclimatic effects. Preliminary 3-D numerical modeling of heat and flow in the study area provides an indication of relative contributions of each of these factors: advective heat transfer turns out to have a major influence on the vertical variation of heat flow, although transient changes in surface temperature may also cause a significant variation. Heterogeneity of the rocks in the study area is less important. 相似文献
19.
热释光的用途很广,但在判断火山活动旋回(期次)以及火山岩类型鉴定方面,尚未涉及。本文通过对大庆徐家围子升深7和杨参1井岩石样品以及其他井部分火山岩样品的热释光特征的研究,发现:①升深7井中,顶部峰型和总积分强度近似,可指示为同期喷发产物;中下部热释光特征表现为“顶底韵律效应”,可能是较晚阶段的火山喷发物对前一阶段顶部有热改造而消耗了部分辐射积累。②杨参1井中根据热释光特征可划分2个旋回和4个期次。下部旋回发育双峰,主峰积分强度差别较大,可能指示底部为多源喷出产物(如多机构产物)混堆,小旋回产物之间叠加;主峰积分强度从下到上依次减小,反映了火山岩喷发强度的降低。上部旋回发育单峰,热释光积分强度相差不大,可能为一套同源产物。③升深7井中未发生明显蚀变作用的安山岩热释光特征相似而杨参1井中岩相均一、未蚀变的凝灰质岩热释光特征也很相似,这表明热释光特征技术应用于火山空落相岩石和火山熔岩岩性判别是有可能的。最后总结了火山岩热释光研究应注意的问题。 相似文献
20.
基于MODFLOW的岩溶管道水流模拟方法探讨与应用 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
针对岩溶管道水流特征,选取广西寨底岩溶流域为研究对象,分别采用三维有限差分地下水流动模型(MODFLOW)中的Drain和River模块概化模拟岩溶管道特征,结合管道内上游、中游及下游三个观测孔对比分析两种方法的适用性,结果表明:末期等水位线图中位于管道两侧处流线均有形状突变,符合实际管道水流动态特征,且能模拟出管道内水位变化趋势。最后分析两种方法模拟管道水流的原理,Drain模块中岩溶管道仅起排水作用,不允许管道内水流流向周围含水层,而River模块允许岩溶管道水与周围含水层水流交换,因而相对Drain模块而言,应用River模块概化模拟岩溶管道更加精确。 相似文献