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1.
Mangrove swamps and hypersaline saltflats fringe many estuaries in dry tropical climates, especially in Northern Australia. For most of the year these estuaries receive zero riverine freshwater input and thus, after the wet season, a steady increase in salinity occurs. In some locations the estuary becomes fully inverse, i.e. the salinity increases monotonically from the mouth to the head. In other locations, a salinity maximum zone separates the sea from low salinity water that persists at the head of the estuary throughout the dry season. Field data from five estuaries indicate that in short estuaries where a large area of saltflats and mangroves extends over the whole length of the estuary, the estuary becomes completely inverse with salinity rising to 55 within a couple of months. The evaporation and evapotranspiration over the saltflats and mangroves cause this rapid increase in salinity. Longer estuaries where a large area of salt flat exists only close to the mouth do not become completely hypersaline for the whole length of the estuary by the end of the dry season. A salinity-maximum is generated close to the river mouth but salinities of less than 10 persist in the upper reaches of the estuary until the end of the dry season, even though the estuary does not receive any further freshwater input. A simple analytical expression is presented that reproduces the changes in salinities in the estuaries studied. This model can be used to predict the formation of hypersaline conditions in other mangrove and saltflat fringed estuaries where freshwater flow is negligible. 相似文献
2.
Nicola C. James Paul D. Cowley Alan K. Whitfield Horst Kaiser 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008
Although the recruitment of larvae and juveniles of marine fishes into estuaries has been well documented, little is known about the factors governing the immigration of estuary-associated marine fishes into estuaries. Fishes have a well-developed sense of smell and it has been suggested by several workers that olfactory cues of freshwater or estuarine origin serve as stimuli, attracting larvae and juveniles of estuary-associated species into estuaries. Attraction of postflexion Rhabdosargus holubi larvae to estuary and river water from the Kowie estuarine system, South Africa, was measured using a rectangular choice chamber. In experiments, conducted during peak recruitment periods, larvae selected estuary and river water with a significantly higher frequency than sea water. This study, the first to assess the possible role of olfaction in the recruitment process of an estuary-associated marine fish species, demonstrates that larvae are able to recognise water from different origins, probably based on odour. 相似文献
3.
Temporarily open/closed estuaries typically open to the sea due to freshwater inflow coupled with storm surge events. In September 2008, in the absence of freshwater inflow, the mouth of the East Kleinemonde Estuary breached in response to a storm surge. The mouth of the estuary closed the following day at a high level. Marine overwash events following the breach introduced large volumes of saline water into the estuary and raised the water level by 0.07–0.33 m. Salinity was significantly higher in the 15 month closed phase after the breach (31 ± 0.9) compared to 21.9 ± 0.9 in the closed brackish phase before the breach. The historical average salinity for the estuary during a closed period is 23–25. The increase in salinity has reduced submerged macrophytes Ruppia cirrhosa and Chara vulgaris cover by 38.1%. Macroalgal cover of species such as Dictyota dichotoma, Caulacanthus ustulatus, Codium tenue and Ulva spp. have increased by 7.9%. The saline high water levels have also significantly reduced supratidal salt marsh cover by 15.2%, and reed and sedge cover by 19.7%. Loss of these habitats may result in bank destabilisation and erosion. This is the first record of an extended saline period in the 15 years the estuary has been monitored. Sea level rise in association with climate change, together with localised freshwater inflow reduction is likely to result in an increase in marine overwash events. The frequency and duration of closed saline periods are likely to increase in this type of estuary. A loss of submerged macrophytes may have significant impacts on faunal composition and abundance and on the subsequent functioning of temporarily open/closed estuaries. This has serious ecological implications since these estuaries represent 70% of the different types of estuaries found in South Africa. 相似文献
4.
5.
Benjamin M. Chuwen Steeg D. Hoeksema Ian C. Potter 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009,81(3):279-295
This study explored the ways in which various factors influence the species compositions, species richness and catch rates of fishes in offshore, deeper waters of the basin and river regions of five estuaries, which are located along ca 400 km of the southern coastline of Western Australia and differ markedly in their physico-chemical characteristics. Gill netting seasonally for two years at sites in the basin and saline lower reaches of the main tributary of the seasonally-open Broke, Irwin and Wilson inlets, the permanently-open Oyster Harbour and the normally-closed Wellstead Estuary yielded 22,329 fishes representing 58 species. Overall, and irrespective of estuary type, the species compositions of the basins and rivers differed markedly. This was attributable to consistently greater abundances of Mugil cephalus, and usually also of Acanthopagrus butcheri, in the rivers of each estuary and to the restriction of a range of species largely to the basins. However, the compositions in the basins of the five estuaries varied markedly, reflecting differences in the extent and duration of the opening of the estuary mouth and/or whether extensive growths of macrophytes were present. Changes in the ichthyofaunal composition of the normally-closed Wellstead Estuary between the first and second years of the study were attributable, in particular, to the movement of two mugilid species into offshore waters as they increased in size. Cyclical changes in ichthyofaunal composition were conspicuous in both regions of the estuary that underwent the most pronounced seasonal variations in environmental conditions. In each estuary, species richness was greater in the basin than river, where salinities were more variable and fell to lower levels and were thus less conducive to the immigration of most marine species. Catch rates were least in Broke Inlet, which had the lowest primary productivity, and were particularly high in Wellstead Estuary, which is highly eutrophic. The results of this study emphasise that ichthyofaunal composition can vary greatly with region (basin vs river) in microtidal estuaries, a finding that is of direct relevance to managers as these systems are becoming increasingly degraded and yet still constitute important nursery areas for certain fish species and often support recreational and commercial fisheries. 相似文献
6.
L.E. Fox 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,16(4):431-440
A simple method for the determination of dissolved humic acid based on carbon analysis is presented. This method was used to measure the distribution of dissolved humic acids in seven coastal plain estuaries located in the middle-Atlantic United States. Results indicate that 100% of the dissolved humic acid was removed during estuarine mixing, although concurrent measurements of dissolved organic carbon showed either production or conservative behavior in regions of the estuary where humic acid removal was observed. It is apparent from these observations that removal of dissolved humic acid is a minor part of the estuarine transport of dissolved organic carbon.Laboratory experiments carried out by mixing river water with sea water demonstrated that salt-induced removal of dissolved humic acid was insignificant in two of three estuaries studied. These results suggest in situ removal of dissolved humic acid may not be universally caused by increasing estuarine salinity. 相似文献
7.
珠江三角洲河道近期冲淤特征初步分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近20多年,在人为因素影响下,珠江三角洲网河区和口门区的水沙分配发生了 重大变化．水沙东输,加速了伶仃洋的淤积,其年均淤积量、水域缩减面积、滩涂的年 均增长率,分别为磨刀门的2．4倍、1．7倍、6.4倍．网河区河道由淤转冲,过水断面面 积扩大13．9％～31．9％;冲刷速率12～21cm／a． 相似文献
8.
长江口管理界线的现状和分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
自然界河海相互关系非常密切.河海交互的河口海域,既不可同于一般典型河流,也不同于一般典型海洋.河口地区有着自身特有的现象和规律,这些特殊的现象和规律,不仅使许多河流研究者痴迷,也使许多海洋学家难以释怀.引发长江口河海划界之事或之争最初是在20世纪80年代中期,缘于河口选划海洋倾倒区,确定<海洋环境保护法>在河口区适用的地理范围.1993年财政部、国家海洋局颂布<国家海域使用管理暂行规定>,上海市出现了执行该规定的适用地理范围问题的不同意见,再次引发长江口河海划界之争.2001年12月市政府批准的<上海市海洋功能区划>虽然涵盖了长江口,但由于水务和海洋部门在长江口海域使用管理问题上争执不下,影响了上海海域使用管理工作的推进.2002年1月1日<海域管理法>施行后,长江口河海之争峰烟越燃越旺,直至现在,这一问题也没有很好解决.管理长江口海域的政府部门众多,它们在长江口海域的工作界线不同,对长江口海域的认识也很难统一意见.河口区是河海相互作用的交汇区,很难按照自然属性在河口区划出一条河海分界线,从自然科学研究角度出发也无必要划定一条河海分界线.就海洋与水行政管理部门的工作范围和工作衔接问题提出一些看法,首先是解决河海划界问题的3条基本原则:有利于经济社会发展和维护社会主义法制统一;尊重和考虑历史与现状,不纠缠细节,不排斥对方,具体问题具体分析解决;建立海洋与水行政部门之间的协调机制,以"非排他性原则"作好长江口海域权属管理的职能分工、协同配合与有机衔接.在此基础上,提出解决河海划界问题的3点办法.有关河口海域管理问题,要解决好不同部门管理上的地理范围重叠交叉和法律关系上的职能各有分工、不能相互取代、互相排斥的问题,在管理地理范围有交叉重叠的河口海域时,各自依法履行职责,共同监督管理.有关海岸带滩涂的管理问题,应以海岸线为界,在城市化地区应以一线海堤为界,海岸线或一线海堤以下滩涂的开发利用,纳入海域使用管理;海岸线以上的高滩涂,按地方滩涂管理条例进行管理.有关长江河口区的海域使用管理问题,海洋和水利行政主管部门应依据法律和各自的职责,共同监督管理,并对管理的具体做法提出4点建议. 相似文献
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10.
Alistair Becker Laurie J.B. Laurenson Kylie Bishop 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009,82(4):566-572
Fish kills are not uncommon within estuaries in many regions of the world. In seasonally open systems, which are common in temperate areas, they are often associated with mouth openings. Such a kill occurred in July 2005 in the Surrey Estuary following a closed mouth period of seven months resulting in the loss of many thousands of fish. At the time the fish community within the estuary was under investigation which provided comprehensive data of this population prior to the kill. Monthly water quality monitoring was also being conducted prior to the kill and also carried out on a daily basis following the mouth opening. The Surrey was stratified during the closed mouth phase, isolated waters below the halocline had stagnated and become anoxic. As a result only waters above the halocline contained oxygen concentrations capable of sustaining most fish. It appears that if a mouth opening happens under low flow conditions, a shearing effect occurs within the water column where surface waters flow out to sea leaving deeper waters behind. This resulted in only anoxic waters being present for in excess of six days and was responsible for the fish kill. Fish sampling of the Surrey Estuary was conducted three and six months following the kill and those data were compared to that collected in the 12 months prior to the event. Three months after the kill few fish were collected within the estuary and included marine opportunists near the mouth and estuarine resident species in the far upper reaches of the system. However six months following the kill large numbers of estuarine resident species were collected throughout the Surrey Estuary. As many species were euryhaline, it is believed that some individuals migrated into freshwater reaches of the Surrey to escape the anoxic conditions within the estuary. As conditions improved they recolonised the Surrey Estuary. The high fecundity and rapid growth of these small, short lived species probably aided in their re-establishing populations within the estuary. It is clear from this research that artificial openings of estuaries should be avoided during low flow periods when oxygen concentrations are low. It also appears that many of the small estuarine resident species common in seasonally open estuaries are capable of recolonising estuaries following fish kills. The effects on larger, longer lived resident species are not known but likely to be more detrimental due to longer time required for them to reach sexual maturity. 相似文献
11.
三角洲型河口河海划界 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
河海界限不是一个固定的断面，受制于径流、潮汐、风暴和地形等自然因素，河水与海水接触处的时空变化大。通过对黄河口和珠江口地区的河海划界的讨论，认为三角洲型的河口区海陆划界不能以咸水内侵、淡水冲出及生态环境等具有明显季节性的特征为依据，而应根据河口三角洲典型的地貌特征、沿着三角洲平原与水下三角洲前缘的界线划分，符合自然特征。 相似文献
12.
长江河口潮波传播机制及阈值效应分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
河口潮波传播过程受沿程地形(如河宽辐聚、水深变化)及上游径流等诸多因素影响,时空变化复杂。径潮动力非线性相互作用研究有利于揭示河口潮波传播的动力学机制,对河口区水资源高效开发利用具有重要指导意义。本文基于2007—2009年长江河口沿程天生港、江阴、镇江、南京、马鞍山、芜湖的逐日高、低潮位数据及大通站日均流量数据,统计分析不同河段潮波衰减率与余水位坡度随流量的变化特征,结果表明潮波衰减率绝对值与余水位坡度随流量增大并不是单调递增,而是存在一个阈值流量和区域,对应潮波衰减效应的极大值。为揭示这一阈值现象,采用一维水动力解析模型对研究河段的潮波传播过程进行模拟。结果表明,潮波传播的阈值现象主要是由于洪季上游回水作用随流量加强,余水位及水深增大,导致河口辐聚程度减小,而余水位坡度为适应河口形状变化亦有所减小,从而形成相对应的阈值流量和区域。 相似文献
13.
The Need for Definitions in Understanding Estuaries 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper considers what the definition/classification of estuaries has taught us and why there is a need for classification systems. It further considers why we need to define an estuary and its constituent parts, including the fundamental difficulty and dilemma of trying to define parts of a continuum, as a means to both understanding and managing that estuary. The review considers where an estuary starts and ends and the relative merits of defining estuaries in terms of their biology, physics, chemistry, geographic nature and socio-economic units. It briefly discusses the need for legal and planning definitions and the linkages between science and management. Following this, we present a generic framework for the definition, classification, monitoring, assessment, reporting and management of estuaries. In particular, it is argued that scientists should engage in the debate on the definition of estuaries for legal and socio-economic purposes. It is concluded here that as existing definitions will never be suitable for all needs, a different approach is required. The proposed ‘ Expert Judgement Checklist Approach ’ could provide guidance for those needing to define/delimit an estuary while still acknowledging the inherent variability of such systems. The proposed system mostly relates to the European, temperate estuary, but there are lessons here for estuaries worldwide. 相似文献
14.
入海河口是河流向海洋过渡的区域,作为海岸带的一部分,具有独特性与复杂性,基于岸线形态的海岸地貌学指标与众多河口参数具有密切的联系与影响,而以地形节点作为河-海划界方案具备可行性与可操作性。在河流中心线上某点处,定义河流宽度(B)和沿河流中心线到口门处距离(L)的B=f(L)函数来实现河-海划界的定量划分,并对不同类型河口使用该函数曲线寻找地形节点进行河-海划界。结果表明:沙坝或堵塞型河口其地形节点处的河流展宽速率在-0.5~0之间;河道状河口及河网状三角洲其地形节点处的河流展宽速率在0.5~1.2之间;河口湾型河口的地形节点处的河流展宽速率在0.6~1.5之间;喇叭形三角洲河口其地形节点处的河流展宽速率在1.3~4.5之间;鸟足状三角洲和扇形三角洲的入海河口段的河流展宽速率在0~0.2之间,建议以口门处作为地形节点。应用此方法对我国大陆入海河流进行河-海划界,并进行中国大陆河口岸线长度量算,取得良好效果。 相似文献
15.
Terry M. Hume Ton Snelder Mark Weatherhead Rick Liefting 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2007,50(11-12):905-929
A new approach to the classification of estuaries is described. The estuary environment classification (EEC) is based on a hierarchical view of the abiotic components that comprise the environments of estuaries. The EEC postulates that climate, oceanic, riverine and catchment factors ‘control’ a hierarchy of processes and broadly determine the physical and biological characteristics of estuaries. The classification differentiates estuaries at four levels of detail. Level 1 differentiates global scale variation based on differences in climatic and oceanic processes, which are discriminated by the factors: latitude, oceanic basins and large landmasses. Level 2 differentiates variation in estuary hydrodynamic processes, which are discriminated by estuary basin morphometry, river and oceanic forcing. Level 3 differentiates variation among estuaries that are due to catchment processes, which are discriminated by catchment geology and catchment land cover. The approach has been applied to all the estuaries in New Zealand using existing data sources. Estuaries were assigned class membership at each level of the classification by applying criteria in the form of decision rules to the database of assignment characteristics. GIS was then used to map the estuaries with classes being defined by colour at any level of the classification. The resulting map provides a multi-scale spatial framework that is suitable for many environmental or conservation management applications. 相似文献
16.
河口的水位变化是径潮动力相互作用的结果,但近30年来,强人类活动对河口环境的影响已远超环境自我修复能力,导致水位发生异变。为研究这种变化,本文选取人类活动影响剧烈的珠江磨刀门河口作为研究区域,采用Copula方法定量分析在同一上下边界(上游流量和口外海平面)下由强人类活动引起的水位异变。结果表明:1)强人类活动后,河道地形下切显著,外海海平面对沿程各站水位的线性影响增强,上游马口流量对水位的线性影响减弱。2)强人类活动后甘竹至灯笼山站同概率水位事件明显降低;三灶海平面呈上升趋势;马口流量分布特性变化不明显。3)水位与海平面、流量的联合依赖关系发生明显改变,低水位与海平面关系的敏感度增加,而高水位与海平面关系的敏感度下降。低水位与流量关系的敏感度基本不变,而高水位与珠江流量关系的敏感度明显下降。4)强人类活动后各站水位变化幅度变窄,在相同概率海平面及流量驱动下,强人类活动后各站水位均有明显下降,水位与海平面、流量遭遇概率为0.1—0.9时,其月均水位下降幅度达0.01—1.24m。低海平面和低流量联合驱动下各站水位的下降幅度明显小于高海平面和高流量联合驱动下月均水位的变幅,而且上游站位的水位下降幅度明显大于下游站位。本研究成果可为强人类活动的影响辨识及珠三角水资源的合理配置和可持续发展利用等提供技术支撑。 相似文献
17.
Z.A. Kuzyk R.W. Macdonald M.A. Granskog R.K. Scharien R.J. Galley C. Michel D. Barber G. Stern 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008
A conceptual scheme for the transition from winter to spring is developed for a small Arctic estuary (Churchill River, Hudson Bay) using hydrological, meteorological and oceanographic data together with models of the landfast ice. Observations within the Churchill River estuary and away from the direct influence of the river plume (Button Bay), between March and May 2005, show that both sea ice (production and melt) and river water influence the region's freshwater budget. In Button Bay, ice production in the flaw lead or polynya of NW Hudson Bay result in salinization through winter until the end of March, followed by a gradual freshening of the water column through April–May. In the Churchill Estuary, conditions varied abruptly throughout winter–spring depending on the physical interaction among river discharge, the seasonal landfast ice, and the rubble zone along the seaward margin of the landfast ice. Until late May, the rubble zone partially impounded river discharge, influencing the surface salinity, stratification, flushing time, and distribution and abundance of nutrients in the estuary. The river discharge, in turn, advanced and enhanced sea ice ablation in the estuary by delivering sensible heat. Weak stratification, the supply of riverine nitrogen and silicate, and a relatively long flushing time (∼ 6 days) in the period preceding melt may have briefly favoured phytoplankton production in the estuary when conditions were still poor in the surrounding coastal environment. However, in late May, the peak flow and breakdown of the ice-rubble zone around the estuary brought abrupt changes, including increased stratification and turbidity, reduced marine and freshwater nutrient supply, a shorter flushing time, and the release of the freshwater pool into the interior ocean. These conditions suppressed phytoplankton productivity while enhancing the inventory of particulate organic matter delivered by the river. The physical and biological changes observed in this study highlight the variability and instability of small frozen estuaries during winter–spring transition, which implies sensitivity to climate change. 相似文献
18.
Jessica L. McKenzie Gerry P. QuinnTy G. Matthews Jan BartonAlecia Bellgrove 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
Outflows from estuaries potentially contribute to the productivity of adjacent coastal waters, although most previous work has been on estuaries with considerable river discharge. We investigated the influence of estuary outflow on aspects of coastal sediments adjacent to two seasonally intermittent estuaries, the Curdies and Anglesea Rivers, in southwest Victoria, Australia. For each estuary, we measured sediment organic matter, microphytobenthic chlorophyll a and microbial utilization of carbon sources at three locations associated with each estuary: (1) inside estuary mouth, (2) estuary swash and (3) control swash (an open beach distant from any estuarine influences). Sampling occurred one week before and at one and nine weeks after both an artificial mouth opening and a separate natural flood at both estuaries. Significant temporal changes were detected for all three variables at the estuary mouth and estuary swash but the direction of change was inconsistent across the two estuaries and between the artificial mouth opening and natural flood. Organic matter in both estuaries showed no difference after the artificial mouth openings. Only Anglesea showed an increase in organic matter in the estuary mouth and estuary swash after the floods. Microphytobenthic chlorophyll a concentrations were highest when the estuary mouths were closed. Concentrations decreased at all locations at Curdies after the mouth was artificially opened. The estuary mouth at Anglesea sustained high chlorophyll concentrations and the estuary swash increased one week post artificial opening. The flood event resulted in an increase in chlorophyll a at the estuary mouth and swash at both estuaries, one week post flood. At Curdies, the microbial utilization of different carbon sources changed after both mouth events; estuary mouth and estuary swash showed similar patterns at one and nine weeks post opening. At Anglesea, the bacteria utilized different carbon sources between locations and the only significant interaction between location and time was post flood with change in carbon sources utilized by bacteria in the estuary mouth and estuary swash for one and nine weeks post flood. The southern coastline of Australia is characterized by estuaries with small catchments. This study highlights the spatial and temporal variability in the effects of the output of relatively small, intermittent estuaries on coastal sediment of adjacent beaches, particularly during prolonged periods of drought. 相似文献
19.
The characteristics of the fish faunas in nearshore, shallow (<1.2 m) waters of the basins of estuaries along the same coastline, but which were open to the ocean for varying periods, have been determined and compared. The fish faunas of the permanently-open Oyster Harbour, the seasonally-open Broke, Irwin and Wilson inlets and the normally-closed Wellstead Estuary on the south coast of Western Australia were sampled by seine net seasonally for 2 years. Irrespective of the frequency and duration that the estuary mouth was open, the ichthyofauna of each estuary was numerically dominated by three atherinid species and three gobiid species (92.9–99.7%), each of which completes its life cycle within these estuaries. The ichthyofaunal compositions of each estuary differed significantly, however, from that of each other estuary. These differences were largely attributable to the relative abundances of the above six species varying between estuaries, which, in turn, reflected differences in such factors as estuary mouth status, macrophyte cover and salinity. For example, Favonigobius lateralis and Leptatherina presbyteroides, which are also represented by marine populations, were most abundant in the permanently-open estuary (Oyster Harbour), which, in terms of substrate and salinity, most closely resembled the nearshore marine environment. In contrast, Leptatherina wallacei made its greatest contribution in the only estuary to exhibit a protracted period of greatly reduced salinities, which is consistent with its distribution in permanently-open estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia, while Atherinosoma elongata and Pseudogobius olorum were particularly numerous in estuaries containing dense stands of the seagrass Ruppia megacarpa. Marine species made the greatest contribution to species richness in the permanently-open estuary and least in the normally-closed estuary. Species richness was greatest in summer and least in winter in each estuary, but differed markedly between years only in Wilson Inlet. Density of fishes was greatest in the most eutrophic estuary (Wellstead Estuary) and least in the most oligotrophic estuary (Broke Inlet) and only underwent marked seasonal variations in Wilson Inlet and Wellstead Estuary, in which densities fell to their minima in winter. Ichthyofaunal composition varied between years in the Broke and Wilson inlets and Wellstead Estuary, in which there was little or no connection with the ocean in one of those years. Species composition underwent progressive seasonal changes throughout the year in Wellstead Estuary, due to the abundance of certain species peaking at different times of the year. 相似文献
20.
长江口细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用及其制约因素研究 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
简要介绍了人海河口细颗粒泥沙的絮凝机理;以长江口细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用的研究为例,概述了影响河口细颗粒泥沙絮凝的若干因子;着重介绍了长江口水体生物地球化学过程对于细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用影响的研究进展。在此基础上,结合国内外相关研究的最新进展以及河口工程与环境中的泥沙问题,提出未来工作设想。 相似文献