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1.
利用地震资料、油气勘探资料分析了南海北部大陆边缘珠江口-琼东南新生代盆地断裂系统的时空差异及动力学成因机制.珠江口-琼东南盆地古近系裂陷构造层以NE向、近EW向基底正断层构成的伸展断裂系统的几何学、运动学沿着盆地走向有明显变化,盆地内部隐伏的区域性和局部的NW向断裂及相关构造变形带构成伸展断裂系统之间的构造变换带.在空间上,区域性的云开、松涛-松南等NW向构造变换带以西为NE-NEE向正断层构成的"非拆离"伸展断层系,以东为NE向正断层、近EW向正断层(走滑正断层)复合而成的拆离伸展断层系.在时间上,古近纪裂陷作用可划分为早(文昌组沉积期)、中(恩平组/崖城组沉积期)、晚(珠海组/陵水组沉积期)3个有明显差异的裂陷期.裂陷早期,盆地西部以平面式正断层控制的简单地堑、半地堑为主,伸展量相对较小,东部则以铲式正断层控制的复式地堑、半地堑为主,伸展量相对大,断层向深部收敛在中地壳韧性层构成拆离的伸展断层系统.裂陷中期,琼东南盆地、珠江口盆地西部断裂具有继承性活动特点,珠江口盆地东部发育NWW-EW向伸展断层,并向深层切割早期浅层拆离断层,形成深层拆离伸展断层系统,而沿着云开构造变换带发育反转构造.裂陷晚期,琼东南盆地、珠江口盆地西部断裂具有活动性减弱特点,琼东南盆地东部发育NWW-EW向伸展断层,形成深层拆离伸展断层系统,而沿着琼中央构造变换带发育反转、走滑构造.珠江口-琼东南盆地不同区段断裂系统及其构造演化的差异性受盆地基底先存构造、地壳及岩石圈结构及伸展量等多方面因素的影响,拆离伸展断层系统与发育NWW向"贯穿"断裂的基底构造薄弱带、现今地壳局部减薄带相关,南海扩展由东而西的迁移诱导北部大陆边缘块体沿着先存NW向深大断裂发生走滑旋转是导致变换构造带两侧差异伸展的动力学原因,应力场及岩石圈热结构变化是引起拆离断层深度变化的重要因素. 相似文献
2.
Dynamics Analysis of the Baiyun Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin,North of the South China Sea 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
SUN Zhen ZHONG Zhihong ZHOU Di PANG Xiong HUANG Chunju CHEN Changmin HE Min XU Hehua 《《地质学报》英文版》2008,82(1):73-83
The Baiyun sag is a deep one developing on the slope of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. It occurs as a composite graben horizontally, and is composed of two sub-sags versus one low uplift. Vertically, the sedimentary architecture could be divided into three layers, i.e. the faulted layer on the bottom, the faulted-ductile stretching layer in the middle and the draping layer on the top. The main rifting stage of the sag is supposed to be characterized by ductile extension and thinning of the crust. The special deformation pattern is probably attributed to the fact that the Baiyun sag is located in the transfer zone of the pre-existing weak zone, which made the sag a strongly deformed area, characterized by the greatly thinned lithosphere and active magmatism. The highly rising mantle under the Baiyun sag should be an important mechanism responsible for the ductile deformation, which caused partial melting of the upper mantle. Upweiling to the upper crust and the sedimentary layers, the partial melting materials accommodated extensional strain and caused non-faulted vertical subsidence. Magma was collected under the transfer zone after the first stage of rifting, and transferred laterally in a direction perpendicular to the extension to the ENE and WSW parts of the sag and upwelled along the NW-trending basal faults, where WNW-trending shear faults developed in swarms. The faulting activity and sedimentation history of the Baiyun sag may have been affected by the ocean ridge jump around 24 Ma and the cessation of sea floor spreading around 16 Ma. 相似文献
3.
珠江口盆地白云凹陷新生代构造演化动力学 总被引：42，自引：0，他引：42
白云凹陷构造演化史的研究对在白云凹陷开展油气勘探和深水沉积研究具有重要的意义。通过对断裂与沉积结构平面和剖面特点的分析,结合岩浆活动特点,文中提出白云凹陷是一个复式地堑,推测这种结构特点与凹陷下地壳的强烈韧性减薄和颈缩变形有关,表现为热岩石圈的伸展。其发育机制推测与白云凹陷位于构造转换带上有关,特殊的构造位置使白云凹陷成为强烈构造变形区,岩石圈地壳强烈减薄,伴随伸展过程和地幔上涌,脆性地壳或上地幔中部分熔融物质的出现导致岩石圈强度的急剧降低,在区域伸展应力场下以韧性流变方式减薄。岩浆在构造转换带下聚集并发育主岩浆房,由于白云凹陷南北边缘没有发育正断裂系统,岩浆主要沿垂直伸展的方向运移,因此在珠琼运动一幕和二幕南南东向伸展应力作用下,岩浆向白云凹陷的东部和西部运移至北西向基底深大断裂处,那里由于北西向断裂表现为左行张剪性质而成为压力较低的地区,从而成为岩浆上涌和侵位的地方。在岩浆聚集的地区,活动岩浆体附近的脆性变形被分散的韧性变形所取代,因此在凹陷的东北和西南两个角上,发育了张性和张剪性小断裂群,由于热岩石圈弹性较差,白云凹陷长期持续沉降。白云凹陷的断裂活动和沉积演化史还受到南海海盆扩张活动的影响。 相似文献
4.
Yaomin Yang Jinwei Gao Liyan Tian Jichao Yang Yue Xu 《International Geology Review》2018,60(16):1941-1953
This paper describes the petrology and geochemistry of rocks from the Yap Trench acquired by three dives of the Jiaolong research submarine. Combining the geophysical data and submersible observations, this paper describes the geomorphology, shallow structures, and sedimentology of the Yap Trench and further discusses the tectonics and activities of this region. Two obvious slope breaks are found on the landward slope, and horsts and grabens with small fault offsets are observed in the ocean-ward slope of the trench. Peridotites sampled from the Yap Trench inner wall are highly depleted subduction-related mantle residues. Volcanic rocks in the northern segment of the trench have subduction-related characteristics that Yap fore-arc rocks underwent metasomatism during Cenozoic subduction. The rocks with remarkable lithologic difference from lithospheric mantle and upper crust sampled in the break slopes suggest that the slope break area may represent a lithologic boundary or transition zone. The landward slope of the Yap Trench was removed by subduction erosion as a result of collision with the Caroline Ridge. The bending of the down-going plate caused normal faults, horsts, and grabens with little or no sediments indicating that the Caroline Ridge is subducting beneath the Yap arc along the trench even though the convergence rate is very slow. 相似文献
5.
Wu Xiangjie Pang Xiong Shi Hesheng He Min Shen Jan Zhang Xiangtao Hu Dengke 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2009,20(1)
To study the deep dynamic mechanism leading to the difference in rifting pattern and basin structure from shelf to oceanic basin in passive continental margin,we constructed long geological sections across the shelf,slope and oceanic basin using new seismic data.Integrated gravity-magnetic inversion and interpretation of these sections were made with the advanced dissection method.Results show that the basement composition changes from intermediate-acid intrusive rocks in the sheff to intermediate-basic rocks in the slope.The Moho surface shoals gradually from 31 km in the sheff to 22.5 km in the uplift and then 19 km in the slope and finally to 13 km in the oceanic basin.The crust thickness also decreases gradually from 30 km in the northern fault belt to 9 km in the oceanic basin.The crustal stretching factor increases from the shelf toward the oceanic basin,with the strongest extension under the sags and the oceanic basin.The intensity of mantle upwelling controlled the style of basin structures from sheff to oceanic basin.In the Zhu 1 depression on the shelf,the crust is nearly normal,the brittle and cold upper crust mainly controlled the fault development;so the combinative grabens with single symmetric graben are characteristic.In the slope,the crust thinned with a large stretching factor,affected by the mantle upwelling.The ductile deformation controlled the faults,so there developed an asymmetric complex graben in the Baiyun (白云) sag. 相似文献
6.
中国东部新生代岩石圈构造滑脱、岩浆活动和地震 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在岩浆活动比较发育的中国东部地区,通过研究岩浆起源深度来大致判断岩石圈底部和内部是否存在局部构造滑脱面是一种可行的研究方法。华北期（始新世-渐新世）的构造滑脱主要局限在岩石圈底面与先存的NW或E-W向与NNE向岩石圈断裂的交点附近。喜马拉雅期（中新世-早更新世）在先存的NNE和NE向3条岩石圈断裂（太行山断裂,郯庐断裂和东南沿海断裂）与岩石圈底面相交部位发生较强烈的滑脱。根据地震资料分析,新构造期（中更新世以来）的构造滑脱主要发生在莫霍面和中地壳附近,局部呈面状分布,但华南地区则不发育构造滑脱。现代的重力梯度带就是大陆岩石圈地幔与大洋岩石圈地幔的分界线,也是岩浆作用强烈与微弱区的分界,此界线从白垩纪到现代最大向东移动了大约200 km。作者认为,主干断层是造成岩石圈内构造滑脱的主导因素。中国东部新生代岩石圈内部不同圈层之间的构造滑脱作用与断层控制了板内岩浆活动和地震的性质、强度及空间分布。研究结果不支持在中国东部新生代岩石圈深部存在广泛的地幔羽和热地幔上隆作用,也不支持中国东部在新生代发生大规模的岩石圈拉张减薄作用的假说。 相似文献
7.
Nie Fengjun East China Geological Institute Linchuan Institute of Geology China Seismological Bureau Beijing Li Sitian Wang Hua Xie Xinong Faculty of Earth Resources China University of Geosciences Wuhan Wu Keqiang Chin 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2001,12(2)
ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＤｏｗ (1994)ｓｔａｔｅｄ ,“Ｉｆｗｅｋｎｅｗｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｏｉｌｓｃａｍｅｆｒｏｍａｎｄｈｏｗｔｈｅｙｍｉｇｒａｔｅｄ ,ｗｅｃｏｕｌｄｂｅｔｔｅｒｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｙｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｆｕｔｕｒｅ .”Ｔｈｉｓｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｈｉｇｈｌｉｇｈｔｓｔｗｏｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔａｓｐｅｃｔｓ,ｔｈｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｏｆｏｉｌｓａｎｄｔｈｅｍｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｉｌｓ.Ｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙｍｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍｂ… 相似文献
8.
Numerical experiments reproduce the fundamental architecture of magma-poor rifted margins such as the Iberian or Alpine margins
if the lithosphere has a weak mid-crustal channel on top of strong lower crust and a horizontal thermal weakness in the rift
center. During model extension, the upper crust undergoes distributed collapse into the rift center where the thermally weakened
portion of the model tears. Among the features reproduced by the modeling, we observe: (1) an array of tilted upper-crustal
blocks resting directly on exhumed mantle at the distal margin, (2) consistently oceanward-dipping normal faults, (3) a mid-crustal
high strain zone at the base of the crustal blocks (S-reflector), (4) new ocean floor up against a low angle normal fault
at the tip of the continent, (5) shear zones consistent with continentward-dipping reflectors in the mantle lithosphere, (6)
the mismatch frequently observed between stretching values inferred from surface extension and bulk crustal thinning at distal
margins (upper plate paradox). Rifting in the experiment is symmetric at a lithospheric scale and the above features develop
on both sides of the rift center. We discuss three controversial points in more detail: (1) weak versus strong lower crust,
(2) the deformation pattern in the mantle, and (3) the significance of detachment faults during continental breakup. We argue
that the transition from wide rifting towards narrow rifting with a pronounced polarity towards the rift center is associated
with the advective growth of a thermal perturbation in the mantle lithosphere. 相似文献
9.
松辽盆地徐家围子地区深反射结构及其盆地动力学意义 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过松辽盆地徐家围子地区深反射地震剖面与世界典型深反射剖面对比,以岩石圈流变学模型为基础,结合浅层钻探资料可以发现,松辽盆地与世界典型裂谷盆地有相似的深反射特征,即层状结构十分明显。岩石圈横向分段性是另一个显著特点,由中下地壳挤压"断裂带"和由热流底辟体组成的"岩浆底辟带"分开。下部块段控制上部层状构造体系的形成与演化过程。由此证明,裂谷演化过程中地幔上涌是主要动力。地壳"三明治结构"和热流底辟体的发育表明,盆地不仅有高热流的地质条件,而且深部存在无机物质"储库"与通道。 相似文献
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青藏高原中部第四纪左旋剪切变形的地表地质证据 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
在青藏铁路的格尔木—拉萨段进行的活动断裂调查发现,在沱沱河—五道梁之间宽约150km的地段内发育了多条由北西西向次级断层左列分布构成的北西西向和北西向左旋张扭性断裂带,在断裂带之间则发育"S"型的北东向裂陷盆地和雁列分布的菱形裂陷盆地,盆地边界断裂也为左旋张扭性质。上述断裂带和裂陷带主要形成于第四纪,它们构成了宽约150km的不均匀的左旋简单剪切变形域,该变形域的整体活动性较弱,属于弱的不均匀剪切变形域。但其中的二道沟断陷盆地是个例外,该盆地边界断裂的垂直活动速率约为0 5mm/a,左旋活动速率介于0 8～1 0mm/a之间。而在整个左旋剪切变形带累计的左旋走滑速率不会超过6mm/a,它们所调节的昆仑山与唐古拉山之间的地壳南北缩短量也可能仅占总缩短量的15%～30%。上述弱剪切变形域与强烈左旋走滑的昆仑断裂系共同构成了高原中部的左旋剪切变形带,它们在印度板块与欧亚板块强烈碰撞的构造动力学背景下,起着调节青藏高原南北向缩短的重要作用。 相似文献
12.
By scaled physical modelling, we have investigated the mechanical response to gravitational forces in an oceanic lithosphere, overlying a less dense asthenosphere. In the models, an upper wedge-shaped layer of sand represented an oceanic lithosphere (0–35 Ma old, with a half-spreading velocity of 3 cm/yr), and a lower layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), mixed with dense wolframite powder, represented the asthenosphere. In the models, as in nature, isostatic compensation resulted in uplift of ridges and subsidence on their flanks. The resulting relief was responsible for ridge push. We tested two main configurations: straight ridges and offset ridges. In all the models, ridge push was sufficient to cause plate motion, underlying advection, and symmetrical rifting at the ridge axis. There was no need to impose plate motions through external pistons and motors. In models of straight ridges, the style of normal faults in the axial rift zone depended on the local thickness of the brittle sand layer. For thick layers, normal faults rafted out from the active zone of rifting, creating a fossil topography of tilted blocks, between faults dipping toward the ridge. In a model of an offset ridge, with thin lithosphere at the ridge crest and no embedded weakness, ridge push was responsible for a short transform fault, linking en-échelon rifts. In a similar model, but with thick lithosphere, an oblique rift formed at about 20° to the offset trace. We conclude that ridge push was not adequate to create an ideal transform fault. In a model of an offset ridge, with an embedded thin vertical layer of pure PDMS at 90° to the ridge, transform motion concentrated along this weak layer, and the resulting structural style was very similar to that in nature. On the basis of these results, we infer that, in nature, (1) ridge push can indeed drive plate motion, and (2) ridge push can drive strike-slip motion on transform faults, provided that these are weaker than the adjacent oceanic lithosphere and that they form early in the history of spreading. 相似文献
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在皖北新元古界四十里长山组下部粉砂岩层中, 发育有一个软沉积物液化变形-塌落叠合构造。观测剖面共分为三部分: 下部为啸积砾岩未变形层, 中部为液化均一层、球枕状层和塌落叠合层, 上部为震积不整合面, 不整合面之上为啸积砾岩未变形层。共同构成一个完整的地震-海啸震积岩序列。中部的液化均一层、球枕状层和塌落叠合层是震积事件的主旋回层。对剖面特征及成因机理研究分析后发现, 该剖面位于浅海陆棚边缘斜坡相带。在古地震多旋回脉动震颤作用下, 经液化均一变形, 负载体下沉滑覆及盖层塌落多重叠合, 最终形成具有软沉积物变形特征的叠合构造。四十里长山组沉积期, 位于浅海陆棚边缘斜坡地带的粉砂质软沉积物, 为震颤变形的能量转化提供了物质基础。而强地震的多旋回脉动作用, 给软沉积物液化均一变形、负载体下沉滑覆、盖层塌落叠合等提供了原动力。 相似文献
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16.
南海北部珠江口盆地中段伸展构造模型及其动力学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
位于南海北部大陆边缘上的珠江口盆地发育NNE向、NE向、NW向、近EW向等多组基底断裂,盆地结构复杂,并表现出明显的时空差异性。本文基于珠江口盆地中段地震资料解释的构造样式的变化推断地壳中存在一条向南缓倾斜、呈坡坪式形态的拆离断层,古近系构造属于这条拆离断层上盘的伸展构造系统。北部的西江凹陷属于拆离断层伸展构造系统的头部,凹陷边界正断层铲式断层面形态向深层延伸并收敛在拆离断层面上,凹陷表现为半地堑“断陷”样式;中部的番禺低隆起对应于拆离断层的低角度断坪部位,拆离断层上盘断块的伸展位移导致两侧的恩平组超覆在低隆起上;南部的白云凹陷位于拆离断层的深部断坡部位,充填的文昌组和恩平组表现为“断坳”或“坳断”样式;南部隆起位于拆离断层深部断坪部位,其上盘发育的分支断层控制着荔湾凹陷古近系、新近系的发育并使之表现为复杂的断陷断坳构造样式。该模型强调拆离断层上盘与下盘、不同地壳结构层均发生不同程度的伸展变形,且伸展变形方式、应变量等存在时空差异,而拆离断层正是不同构造单元、不同地壳构造层之间的调节性构造面。总体上,拆离断层上盘以脆性伸展构造变形为主,分支断层控制不同构造单元古近纪的构造演化,下盘则是以韧性伸展变形为主,并拖曳上盘发生不均一的伸展应变;西江凹陷的伸展应变量大于拆离断层下盘的伸展应变量,白云凹陷的伸展应变量则小于拆离断层下盘的伸展应变量。以西江凹陷北部边缘的NE向铲式正断层为头部的拆离断层控制了文昌组沉积,但在恩平组沉积期被近EW向高角度正断层切割破坏而被遗弃,拆离断层系统的头部由西江凹陷北部边缘迁移至番禺低隆起。盆地结构及断裂系统的时空差异性受盆地基底先存构造、地壳与岩石圈结构及伸展量等多方面因素的影响,但主要是对软流圈流动及岩石圈热结构变化的响应。用软流圈由北西向南东流动拖曳上覆岩石圈发生伸展变形的动力学模型能合理地解释珠江口盆地中段古近系构造的形成和演化。 相似文献
17.
地壳的拆离作用与华北克拉通破坏:晚中生代伸展构造约束 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
伸展条件下的地壳拆离作用是岩石圈减薄的重要浅部构造响应。晚中生代时期的伸展构造(包括拆离断层、变质核杂岩构造和断陷盆地)在华北、华南、东北和东蒙古及贝加尔地区普遍发育,它们切过上部地壳(断陷盆地)、中、上地壳(拆离断层)或中部地壳(变质核杂岩)。地壳拆离作用具有运动学极性(NWW或SEE)、几何学宏观(区域)对称与微观(局部)不对称性、遍布全区但不均匀性,以及形成时间的跨越性(140~60Ma)等特点,并使得地壳和岩石圈发生显著的减薄。本文研究揭示出现今岩石圈厚度变化与晚中生代伸展构造的发育程度和分布之间并没有必然的联系。其变化的基本规律是,除新生代裂陷发育区岩石圈厚度明显较小且厚度有迅速变化外,从华北向贝加尔地区总体的变化趋势是逐渐加厚,也即东亚地区岩石圈具有楔形形态。晚中生代时期的地壳(或地幔)拆离作用伴随着广泛的岩石圈减薄作用,区域岩石圈同时遭受到一定程度的减薄和破坏,华北克拉通在这一时期的破坏仅仅是区域岩石圈减薄在华北的具体体现。 相似文献
18.
扭动走滑构造是最常见的构造样式之一,走滑拉分盆地也是重要的含油气盆地类型。大地构造运动本质是岩石圈在区域应力场作用下的变形过程,然而真正将走滑断裂和走滑拉分盆地的成因以及它们的特征和岩石圈性质联系起来研究的文献却很少。显然,区域应力场是形成构造运动的前提条件,是外因,决定了运动的基本方式,如走滑、拉张或挤压等(构造类型);而岩石圈是构造运动的主体,是内因,其性质决定了形成构造的规模和具体形态(样式)。中国境内发育的大量走滑断裂体系和走滑盆地展示:古老克拉通上发育大面积分布的多条小位移走滑断裂体系,如塔里木盆地古生代走滑断裂体系;被后期热活动破坏了的克拉通发育多条扭动断裂系,例如华北克拉通东部的郯庐断裂系、兰聊—盐山断裂系、太行山东麓断裂系,并和区域拉张应力场耦合形成雁列式断陷群(如渤海湾盆地);相对较弱的古生代基底岩石圈发育大型单一走滑断层,如郯庐断裂东北段,并沿断裂发育一些相互独立的走滑拉分盆地;而在固结较差的中新生代造山带往往形成一条平直的大型走滑断层,例如阿尔金走滑断裂、海原断裂等。本文内因外因相结合,从扭动应力场和岩石圈强度以及流变学特征,建立了不同岩石圈性质下下部韧性层和顶部(上地壳或上地壳上部)刚性层之间的耦合作用机制以及扭动构造形成和演化模式,较好地解释了中国陆内发育的典型走滑断裂和走滑拉分盆地的成因机制。 相似文献
19.
南沙北部伸展构造的基本特征及其动力学意义 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
南沙地块辫啊以中南－美洲断裂为分界,其东、西两侧伸展构造的几何学与运动学表明,晚白垩世至早渐新世,其伸展作用以纯剪切为主;中渐新世至早中新世,伸展带东段转换为简单剪切,西段剪切渐停。伸展作用的主要动力来源于陆缘俯冲板片的拆沉、软流圈地幔热物质乘隙上拱和部分熔融作用及周边板块的相互作用。 相似文献
20.
Centrifuge analogue experiments are used to model the reactivation of pre-existing crustal fabrics during extension. The models reproduced a weakness zone in the lower crust whose geometry was varied in order to investigate its role in controlling the architecture of rift segments and related transfer zones. The typical rift system geometry was characterised by two offset rift segments connected by a major transfer zone in which boundary faults were oblique to the extension vector and displayed a significant transcurrent component of movement. The transfer zone was also characterised by cross-basin faults with both trend and strike-slip component of movement opposite to that displayed by the master faults. Typically, different structural patterns were obtained by changing the offset angle φ between the rift segments, supporting that the structural pattern at transfer zones is strongly influenced by the orientation of pre-existing discontinuities with respect to the stretching vector. In the models, the aspect ratio (ratio of length vs. width) of the transfer zone shows a positive correlation with the offset angle (i.e., the more the inherited fabric is parallel to the extension direction, the longer and narrower the transfer zones). In case of staircase offset of the rift segments (φ=90°), the structural pattern was characterised by two isolated rift depressions linked by a narrow transfer zone in which border faults with alternating polarity overlapped. Prominent rise of the ductile lower crust was also observed at the transfer zone. Many of these geometrical features display striking similarities with natural rift systems. The results of the current experiments provide useful insights into the mechanics of continental rift architecture, supporting that rift propagation, width and along-axis segmentation may be strongly controlled by the reactivation of pre-existing pervasive crustal fabrics. 相似文献