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1.
徐昶 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》1990,(3)
盐湖沉积的重要特征是蒸发盐和碎屑物互层或混层沉积,或蒸发盐直接发育在碎屑沉积物之上。粘土矿物是碎屑物的重要组成部分。盐湖粘土矿物是长期处于高矿化度卤水的特定环境中,卤水中某些化学成分势必对粘土矿物产生局部类质同象取代作用。郑绵平等曾对西 相似文献
2.
青藏高原是我国盐湖分布的主要地区之一。对该地区盐湖沉积物中的粘土矿物,前人未进行过系统研究。近年来,作者对柴达木盆地盐湖中的粘土矿物做过一些工作。本文报道了该区49个湖区约200个样品的粘土有关资料,其中包括藏北某些半咸水湖和盐湖周围的某些土壤和泥样的有关资料。文中对含粘土矿物的碎屑沉积物的岩性、粘土矿物类型、粘土化学组分以及粘土资料在盐湖形成演化过程中的地质意义等方面进行了初步讨论和总结。 相似文献
3.
内蒙查干诺尔和吉兰泰盐湖沉积物中粘土矿物 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
盐湖沉积物中粘土矿物主要为伊利石和绿泥石,其次蒙脱石、高岭石等.Al_2O_3、K_2O和MgO相对百分含量一般具有盐粘土化学成分特征.粘土资料与盐湖沉积阶段和岩性存在一定关系。通过粘土资料讨论了盐湖沉积过程中环境变化. 相似文献
4.
内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟现代盐湖地质特征及形成条件分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
呼盟盐湖面积都比较小，盐湖卤水组分较复杂，但其中所沉积的相应的厚层盐类沉积物组分却比较简单，多为不同纯度的芒硝或泡碱层。盐类沉积的组分和盐湖公布地区有关，也受沉积过程中沉积环境的变化所控制。呼盟盐湖主要形成于古河道盆地、砂丘间洼地和丘陵地区的山间洼地，盐类物质来自周缘地区。由于盐类物质溶解度变化规律的不同和沉积环境变化，盐湖演化过程中产生盐类物质沉积分异作用，因此即使在相邻的盐湖和同一盐湖中，也可形成不同的盐类沉积。 相似文献
5.
云南思茅盆地勐野井组碎屑岩矿物学、地球化学特征及古盐湖沉积环境演化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对云南思茅盆地勐野井钾盐矿区钻孔岩心的碎屑沉积物进行粘土矿物分析和元素地球化学分析探讨了研究区晚白垩世碎屑岩的物源属性及古盐湖沉积环境演化特征。粘土矿物组合特征及La/Th-Hf、La/Sc-Th/Co、La-Th-Sc图解,Cr/Th、Al2O3/TiO2比值等表明该孔碎屑岩的物源主要为长英质花岗闪长岩。主量元素活动性分析表明化学风化过程中随着粘土矿物的形成首先发生Ca和Na的淋失,K、Mg则在这一过程中呈富集态势,而Fe、Mn主要受物源限制而总体上表现为亏损。结合粘土矿物形成条件,认为研究区古盐湖经历了暖湿—暖干(成盐成钾期)—暖湿(淡化)的古气候转化过程。而粘土矿物组合受高盐极端环境与埋藏成岩作用影响显著,表现为成盐成钾期显著的伊利石化和绿泥石化作用。因此伊利石+绿泥石粘土矿物组合,结合富Mg绿泥石的相对含量,以及相应沉积阶段碎屑岩的MgO异常高值,可有效指示古盐湖成盐成钾的演化阶段。! 相似文献
6.
文章以柴达木盆地西部尕斯库勒盐湖沉积物为研究对象,通过对钻孔沉积物和地表沉积物中铀和钍含量的研究,探讨了盐湖沉积物中铀和钍的地球化学特征。分析表明,钻孔沉积物中铀和钍之间存在明显的正相关关系。在横向上,随地表取样点逐渐远离湖表卤水,沉积物中铀和钍的含量先增高后又急剧降低,且受补给水铀含量影响大;在纵向上,同一个晶间卤水层或者碎屑物沉积层内铀含量垂直分异明显,铀含量随深度增加而递增。就沉积物中铀和钍的赋存形式而言,2/3的铀被黏土质点吸附,1/3的铀夹杂在盐类矿物中;而90%以上的钍被黏土质点吸附,10%以下的钍夹杂在盐类矿物中。干盐滩中毛细蒸发和淋滤等化学沉积分异作用造成盐湖沉积中心的沉积物铀含量相对较高。 相似文献
7.
在盐湖沉积演化过程中,钾镁盐在盐类矿物沉积的中晚期才开始结晶析出。因此,研究含盐系地层中盐类矿物的沉积地球化学特征,不仅可以从侧面获取岩盐的沉积物物质来源和成盐期古卤水蒸发浓缩程度等地球化学信息,而且可以直接揭示古盐湖期钾盐富集趋势及规律。目前,除在江陵凹陷的古近系沙市组等含盐系内发现了富钾卤水外,还在中-南部的钻孔盐矿盐岩中,发现了微量钾石盐和钾石膏,这些说明该凹陷古近纪具有成钾潜力。本文通过对SK3井蒸发岩特征研究及岩芯中K、Mg、Cl、Br离子含量与Br×103/Cl系数的垂向变化分析,揭示古盐湖浓缩演化与钾盐富集趋势,进一步揭示该层段沉积时期及所在凹陷古盐湖卤水钾的富集程度。 相似文献
8.
内蒙古盐湖的主要沉积特征及其古气候意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
内蒙古盐湖的沉积地层主要由碎屑、粘土 淤泥类和盐类化学沉积组成，构成完整连续的地层剖面。碎屑层的沉积代表干旱气候条件，植被稀疏；风化作用强烈；粘土 淤泥类属较深湖沉积物，反映沉积时的暖湿气候条件；有盐类沉积时气候干旱程度增加，厚层的芒硝和泡碱的沉积，代表有突然的降温过程。根据盐湖沉积演化过程分析，近２０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．以来内蒙古地区的古气候变化以暖湿－冷干交替变化为主要特征。在１５～１２ｋａＢ．Ｐ．、１１～１０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．和５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．以后，有几次较大的降温过程。 相似文献
9.
为揭示临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物的矿物组成对环境气候的指示意义, 利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微分析方法, 对临夏盆地晚渐新世的沉积物的矿物组成以及坡缕石的矿物学特征进行了深入的研究.结果表明, 沉积物中的坡缕石主要为自生成因, 极少量具有碎屑成因.自生成因的坡缕石呈细长丝状的形态特征, 往往沿片状的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物颗粒的边缘交代、生长;碎屑成因的坡缕石呈平直细纤维状的, 以单颗粒形式产出, 与细小的粘土矿物颗粒混杂, 或叠合在片状粘土矿物颗粒的表面.在临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中, 下段岩层中的粘土矿物组合为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和高岭石;中段岩层的为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土;而上段岩层则为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和绿泥石, 反映在盆地形成之后, 气候演化经历从湿润→冷干的变化过程.而沉积物中坡缕石的含量自下而上逐渐增多, 其分布特征与粘土矿物组合所反映的气候环境变化趋势相吻合.伊利石和伊/蒙混层粘土普遍存在于临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中, 伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和高岭石的共存表明这些粘土矿物具有不同的来源.坡缕石是干旱、半干旱地区泥灰岩风化以及风成沙漠尘土沉积物的特征矿物, 临夏盆地晚渐新世的沉积物中碎屑成因坡缕石的发现, 表明自~9Ma以来便出现风成黄土的沉积. 相似文献
10.
罗布泊位于塔里木盆地东端,地处欧亚大陆深腹地,罗北凹地则是罗布泊东北部的一个次级凹地。通过对罗北凹地LDK01深孔沉积物粒度、磁化率和地球化学的分析,并结合沉积物的岩性、盐类矿物形态特征和和组合类型、构造背景,对罗布泊地区第四纪成钾环境的阶段性变化规律进行探讨。研究表明,罗布泊地区早更新世以来依次发育了河流相、三角洲相、湖泊相-风成相等沉积体系,并呈现出明显快速的湖相推进和退缩交替的频繁变化,指示盐湖演化是干湿气候周期变化和湖盆周围山区淡水周期补给共同作用结果。第四纪时期罗北凹地发展并最终形成塔里木"高山深盆"中最深的次级凹地地貌,这是青藏高原隆升导致的向北挤压的必然结果,大地构造和环境的变化直接控制了罗布泊盐湖的构造演化和沉积体系的转变。罗布泊盐湖的演化大致可分为三个阶段:第一阶段为断陷阶段,早更新世以来主要沉积淡水河流湖泊相陆源碎屑物;第二阶段为坳陷阶段,中更新世中期发育膏岩湖相,以石膏等硫酸盐析出为主要特征;第三阶段为萎缩阶段,进入晚更新世,大量盐湖相钙芒硝沉积至全新世时期石盐等氯化物析出;上述三个阶段构成一个完整蒸发沉积构造旋回并于最终阶段中形成了超大型的钾盐矿床。 相似文献
11.
12.
Burial Metamorphism of the Ordos Basin in Northern Shaanxi 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zhang Lifei 《《地质学报》英文版》1993,67(2):181-193
Burial metamorphism has been found in the Ordos basin of northern Shaanxi. On the basis of a rather intensive study of burial metamorphism of sandstone, it has been shown that the evolution from diagenesis to metamorphism involves four stages: cementation of clay minerals, regrowth of pressolved quartz and feldspar, cementation of carbonates and formation of laumontite. On that basis it has been put forward that the laumontite is formed by burial metamorphism of clay and carbonate minerals. According to the thermodynamic data of minerals, the conditions under which laumontite is formed are T<250℃ and X_(CO_2)<0.17. High-resolution SEM and TEM studies of clay minerals in mudstone show that there occur a mixed layer assemblage of bertherine and illite/chlorite and transformation from bertherine to chlorite. On that basis coupled by the X-ray diffraction analysis the author suggests the following transformation of clay minerals during burial metamorphism: the earliest smectite-kaolinite assemblage changes into the bertherine-illite mixture with increasing depth, then into the illite/chlorite mixed layer assemblage and finally into dispersed individual illite and chlorite. The reaction of the transformation is:smectite+kaolinite+K~+=illite+chlorite+quartz According to the study of the oxygen isotope thermometry of the coexisting illitequartz pair, the temperature of the above transformation is lower than 180℃. 相似文献
13.
我国不同气候带黄土中粘土矿物组合特征分析 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
在兰州黄土和下蜀黄土中粘土矿物的X衍射分析基础上,对我国不同纬度和气候带的五个黄土剖面(点)中的粘土矿物组合和空间分布进行了对比分析,并探讨了与古气候的关系。结果表明,黄土中粘土矿物组合具有明显的地带性特征。从西北到东南,随着纬度的逐渐降低,黄土中的粘土矿物组合也发生有规律的变化。主要表现为绿泥石含量的逐渐减少和蛭石含量的逐渐增多。位于温带半干旱区的兰州黄土以伊利石和绿泥石为主要粘土矿物,而位于亚热带湿润区的大港下蜀黄土则以伊利石和蛭石为主要粘土矿物。黄土中含有较多量的绿泥石可作为黄土母质堆积后干冷气候和微弱风化的标志,而蛭石和蛭石/绿泥石混层矿物含量的增加指示了风化强度的增强。因此,黄土粘土矿物组合特征不仅反映物源区古环境信息,而且指示了黄土堆积期后的生物气候环境。 相似文献
14.
Richard H. April 《Sedimentary Geology》1981,29(4):283-307
The clay mineralogy of the Newark Supergroup (Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic) in the Connecticut Valley was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. Clay minerals identified in 126 samples are illite, chlorite, smectite, kaolinite, vermiculite, expandable chlorite, mixed-layer illite/smectite, mixed-layer chlorite/smectite, and mixed-layer chlorite/vermiculite. In general, the rocks are illitic with subordinate amounts of chlorite. However, the various lithofacies in the Newark Supergroup are characterized by distinct clay-mineral assemblages. Red beds of floodplain origin contain clays mainly of detrital nature with 2M illite most abundant. Subordinate amounts of chlorite, smectite, vermiculite, kaolinite and mixed-layer illite/smectite are also present. An interstratified chlorite/vermiculite occurs in red mudstone underlying basalt flows. Lacustrine gray beds are generally characterized by the clay-mineral assemblage 1Md illite + chlorite with minor amounts of smectite ane expandable chlorite. An interstratified chlorite/smectite predominates in gray mudstone associated with perennial lake cycles in the East Berlin Formation. Black shales of deeper lacustrine origin contain the assemblage 1Md ifillite + trioctahedral smectite and traces of chlorite. Illite and smectite also occur as mixed-layer phases.In many respects, the distribution of clay minerals in the Connecticut Valley can be likened to the general scheme proposed for the Permo-Triassic basins of Europe and Africa. These display both vertical and horizontal variations in clay-mineral assemblages that reflect the chemical and spatiotemporal evolution of intrabasin depositional and diagenetic environments. Chemical data indicate that magnesium, especially, was concentrated in the black muds of large perennial lakes that intermittently occupied the Connecticut rift valley. Pore waters derived from these sediments played an important role in the development of Mg-rich 2 : 1 and interstratified clay minerals during early diagenesis. 相似文献
15.
Inorganic minerals in mudstone are composed of clay minerals,carbonate and detrital minerals.Detrital minerals(such as quartz and feldspar)are mainly original deposit.However,clay minerals(kaolinite,illite,and chlorite)and carbonate(calcite and dolomite)are mostly diagenetic minerals.Furthermore,conversion of the four kinds of clay minerals are common.The formation of clay minerals and carbonate is controlled by temperature,pressure,p H,Eh and type of cations during diagenesis.Therefore mineral assemblage can indicate the characteristics and change of diagenetic environment.In addition to inorganic minerals,there are also organic matter of different sources and chemical properties in mudstone.Traditionally,it is considered that evolution of organic matter is controlled by thermal effect.Now studies show that inorganic and organic matter can interact with each other and form clay-organic complexes.This suggest that attention should be paid to the influence of diagenetic mineral assemblage and diagenetic environment on the evolution of organic matter* Samples of mudstone from 1500-4500m of the Palaeogene in the Dongying Depression,China,were collected to investigate the changes of mudstone diagenetic environment.XRD,thin section and SEM were used to detect diagenetic minerals and assemblage characteristics.Results showed that content of detrital minerals,which are floating in mud matrix or preserved as silt laminae,is basically unchanged from shallow to deep strata.Clay minerals which are gathered as argillaceous matrix or preserved as argillaceous laminae have growth and decline relation to carbonate which mainly appear as micropoikilitic ferriferous calcite and ferriferous dolomite.All these characteristics indicate that detrital minerals are exogenetic,whereas carbonate is diagenetic minerals.Based on the SEM analysis of the clay minerals,it was found that smectite present honeycomb and reticulate structure,while illite present filiform and schistose structure and there are growth and decline relationship between them.Nevertheless,hexagonal tabular and stratified kaolinite has the highest content from 2400m to3300m.Rosette and stratified chlorite shows increase trend when the burial depth is deeper than 3300m.These characteristics indicated that clay minerals are diagenetic minerals and there are conversions among the four types.Therefore form shallow to deep,three diagenetic mineral assemblage zones can be divided based on the characteristics of carbonate and clay minerals in mudstone.Namely,smectite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2000-2500m;kaolinite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2500-3300m and illite+chlorite+carbonate zone below 3300m.Previous studies showed that kaolinite is stable under acidic conditions,while other clay minerals and carbonate are stable under alkaline conditions.Hence according to mineral assemblages feature,it was inferred that diagenetic environment of mudstonehasundergonethechangeof alkaline-acid-alkaline.For the organic matter with different chemical properties in mudstone,the hydrocarbon generation will be different in the acidic and alkaline diagenetic environment even if the conditions of temperature and pressure are the same.Therefore,for hydrocarbon generation we should not only focus on thermal effect,but also pay more attention to the differences of diagenetic environment which have great significance for the understanding of hydrocarbon generation,hydrocarbon expulsion and reservoir formation in mudstone. 相似文献
16.
The results of the study of clay mineral alterations in Upper Pleistocene sediments of the southern trough in the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) due to the influence of hydrothermal solutions and heat produced by sill intrusions are discussed. Core samples from DSDP Holes 477 and 477A were taken for the analysis of clay minerals. Application of the method of modeling X-ray diffraction patterns of oriented specimens of the finely dispersed particles made it possible to establish the phase composition of clay minerals, determine their structural parameters, and obtain reliable quantitative estimates of their contents in natural mixtures. The modeling data allowed us to characterize reliably the transformation of clay minerals in sediments of the hydrothermally active southern trough in the Guaymas Basin. In Upper Pleistocene sandy–clayey sediments of the southern trough, changes in the composition of clay minerals occurred under the influence of a long-living hydrothermal system. Its lower part (interval 170.0–257.5 m) with maximum temperatures (~300°C) was marked by the formation of chlorite. Terrigenous clay minerals are not preserved here. Saponite appears at a depth of 248 m in the chlorite formation zone. Higher in the sedimentary section, the interval 146–170 m is also barren of terrigenous clay minerals. Sediments of this interval yielded two newly formed clay minerals (chlorite and illite), which were formed at lower temperatures (above 180°C and below 300°C, approximately up to ~250°C), while the relatively low-temperature upper part (110–146 m) of the hydrothermal system (from ~140°C to ~180°C) includes the mixture of terrigenous and newly formed clay minerals. Terrigenous illite is preserved here. Illitization of the mixed-layer illite–smectite was subjected to illitization. The terrigenous montmorillonite disappeared, and chlorite–smectite with 5–10% of smectite layers were formed. In the upper interval (down to approximately 110 mbsf), the composition of terrigenous clay minerals remains unchanged. They are composed of the predominant mixed-layer illite–smectite and montmorillonite, the subordinate illite, mixed-layer chlorite–smectite with 5% of smectite layers, mixed-layer kaolinite–smectite with 30% of smectite layers, and kaolinite. This composition of clay minerals changed under the influence of sill intrusions into the sedimentary cover at 58–105 m in the section of Hole 477. The most significant changes are noted in the 8-m-thick member above the sill at 50–58 m. The upper part of this interval is barren of the terrigenous mixed-layer illite–smectite, which is replaced by the newly formed trioctahedral smectite (saponite). At the same time, the terrigenous dioctahedral smectite (montmorillonite) is preserved. The composition of terrigenous clay minerals remains unchanged at the top of the unit underlying the sill base. 相似文献
17.
笔者对采自太平洋中部170°E至178°W,6°到17°S,即新赫布里底群岛至乌佛阿岛,斐济群岛到埃利斯群岛间海区(见图1)的10个站位,20个海底沉积物样品,进行了分析和研究。 该区的地质构造受西太平洋岛孤活动带的控制,海底地形复杂,水深变化大。火山活动频繁,区内散布许多白垩纪至老第三纪形成的火山岛和水下火山体。第四纪以来,火山活动依然十分频繁[1]。根据海底地形，水深和沉积物的差异，将该区分为三个小区。(1)斐济群岛和霍恩群岛以北海区，水深一般小于2500米，但深度变化大，地形复杂，水下火山体和珊瑚礁星罗棋布，沉积物以钙质生物沉积为主。( 2)北斐济海盆，水深多为3000-400。米，海盆边缘散布着许多水下火山体，沉积物以钙质生物沉积一火山碎屑沉积为主。(3)美拉尼西亚海盆南部，水深5000米左右，海域开阔，水下火山体较少，沉积物以多源性红粘土沉积为主。 相似文献
18.
青海察尔汗盐湖固体钾盐物质组成及意义 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
察尔汗盐湖为我国目前最大的钾肥产地。根据钾盐层的矿物组成可以确定钾盐开发的难易程度以及化学组成可以确定钾盐富集层位并可对资源量进行估计的原则,通过在察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段和察尔汗区段野外系统取样和室内的分析测试,研究了固体钾盐层的矿物组成、化学组成和物理参数。结果表明,别勒滩区段钾盐层最主要的钾盐矿物是杂卤石,其矿物晶形完好,排列紧密,表明液化开发至"中期阶段"即可利用,此段22.42 m以上钾盐的资源量约为2.5亿吨,主要赋存层位为断续的5段;察尔汗区段钾盐层最主要的钾盐矿物为光卤石,其矿物晶体排列疏松,表明液化开发到"晚期阶段"才可利用,察尔汗盐湖3区段3.55 m以上资源量共约为0.89亿吨,钾盐的主要赋存层位为浅表的60 cm以浅的盐层。对该区段钾盐的物理参数进行探讨,为察尔汗盐湖的进一步研究和固体钾盐的开发提供了新资料。 相似文献
19.
鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区上古生界砂岩中储层粘土矿物特征分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区上古生界砂岩储层中普遍发育粘土矿物,根据岩心薄片观察,自然γ能谱测井交会图识别出的粘土矿物类型有高岭石、伊利石、蒙脱石、绿泥石。薄片分析按粘土矿物形成方式划出沉积粘土和成岩粘土(蚀变、转变及化学成因粘土),以及按其产出状态尚划出构造(骨架)粘土和结构(填隙)粘土,并定量分析出构造粘土和结构粘土含量在多数层段分别为20%以上与10%~18%。依据自然γ能谱测井分析采用多元线性逐步回归分析法,查明各粘土矿物含量同T h,U,K质量分数之间的相关系数都大于0.85,建立了粘土矿物定量计算模型X=a-b×T h c×U d×T h/K还对储层中粘土矿物进行预测及粘土矿物的纵向分布特征分析。 相似文献