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1.
Archaic rock engravings are found widely across the arid interior of Australia and are thought to represent an early pan‐continental tradition. A late Pleistocene age is assumed because of extensive weathering, but attempts to test this by direct dating have been unsuccessful. We use AMS 14C dating of calcium oxalate skins covering archaic engravings at two rock shelter sites in Central Australia (Wanga East and Puritjarra), constrained by 14C dates of charcoal in sedimentary layers beneath the same engraved slabs, to show this rock art is mid‐Holocene in age. Despite a limited range of simple geometric designs and uniformity across the arid interior, this corpus of rock art is not associated with the initial peopling of the Australian desert, but is a later development reflecting the dynamics of established desert societies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
2.
地面测年技术——宇生同位素测年 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
宇生同位素测年法是一种用于地面测年的技术,它能够测出103～106a之间的地貌面的裸露年代。常用的宇生同位素有3He、10Be、21Ne、26A1、36Cl。地面宇生同位素的浓度与时间和地面侵蚀速率之间存在着函数关系。该测年法在地貌学年代测量中具有很大的潜力。 相似文献
3.
第四纪测年研究新进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
第四纪与人类的关系及其在地质历史中的重要位置,需要高精度高分辨率的测年。第四纪地质学家们改进、发展了许多第四纪的测年方法。文章主要从岩石地层法、生物法、磁性地层法、考古法、放射性定年法等方面讨论了近年第四纪测年的一些研究进展。目前,这些方法的主要进展表现在由于科学技术的提高,如激光显微探测技术等,使得测年的精度、功效显著提高而样品的用量却有了显著的降低,并且拓展了一些测年的应用领域,如电子自旋法应用于冰碛物的测年,其据测年结果建立的序列可与深海氧同位素阶段对比。但要使得测年的可靠性增强,则需要有丰富的地质工作经验,根据所测样品的特征选择恰当的测年方法,且要尽量选择多种适当方法进行对比测年。 相似文献
4.
Mineralogical and geochemical variations in ten rock surface crusts are described from a large rock shelter known as Carpenter's Gap 1 in the southern Kimberley, formed at the junction between a sandstone floor and an overlying limestone roof. The finely laminated crusts, containing quartz, clays, oxalate and phosphate minerals, and sulfate salts (bassanite, gypsum, epsomite), formed over quartz‐rich sandstones. Mineralogical analyses of crusts, determined by X‐ray diffraction, and major element geochemical trends, in the form of element maps of cross sections, show a complex distribution of hemi‐, mono‐, and dihydrated sulfate and oxalate minerals vertically and laterally within the shelter. These mineralogical changes have occurred under fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes, which follow a general drying trend spatially with distance from the back wall and temporally over a period of about 20,000 years. Documenting these mineralogical changes is a first step in understanding the nature of microclimatic controls on the formation of rock surface coatings in shelters and their implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and for dating engravings covered by these crusts. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
5.
不同石漠化等级的孢粉组合特征及其生态指示意义——以花江实验区为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以贵州省关岭县南部北盘江试验示范为例,分析了不同等级石漠化土地上的表土孢粉组合特征,揭示了孢粉组合特征与石漠化等级的相互关系。结果显示:石漠化地区的孢粉组合具有鲜明的特征,乔木与灌木合占16.1%,草本与蕨类植物合占58.9%,这反映了石漠化地区以草蕨类植物为主的植被状况;孢粉组合与石漠化等级呈良好的相关性,草蕨类植物随石漠化等级的升高比重由41%增加到77.6%,种类由14种增加到27种,乔木花粉所占比重由6.9%降到2.6%,植物种类不变;孢粉组合反映出三出凤尾蕨等蕨类植物对岩溶石漠化生态环境的适应性和代表性。 相似文献
6.
Shiqmim is a late prehistoric farming village in the Beersheva river valley in Israel's northern Negev desert dating to the late 5th-early 4th millennia B. C. Along with surface architecture, archaeologists discovered a sequence of large subterranean rooms interconnected by narrow tunnels. This discovery, found in the northern Negev, as well as similar subterranean features and dating back to the same period, has created considerable controversy as to the functions of this innovative architecture. To a large extent, this controversy results from conflicting hypotheses based on the small sample of subterranean Negev architectures. A fundamental task in the resolution of these problems is the location and investigation of similar features within this region. This is not a simple task because these subterranean features can be as much as 7 m deep in hard-packed soil and are usually completely filled with fine sediment as a result of depositional forces acting over the 6 millennium since their abandonment. To help quantify the spatial extent of subterranean features at Shiqmim and identify particularly promising locations for excavation, an emerging geophysical method, known as geophysical diffraction tomography, was applied. This method is based on the propagation of acoustic waves and employs the mathematical concepts of optical holography to reconstruct quantitative, high-resolution images of the subsurface environment. Two geophysical imaging field studies were performed at Shiqmim, and the results of these studies indicate that subterranean architecture is much more pervasive at this site than previously thought. The new geophysical studies help answer social questions and highlight the contribution of geoarchaeology to anthropological reconstructions of the past. This article discusses geophysical diffraction tomography and the first attempt to apply it in an archaeological context. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
7.
Giant ground figures are widespread in the lower Colorado River area of southwestern North America, yet their chronology has remained unconstrained by numerical ages. Thirteen AMS 14C measurements reported here indicate that geoglyphs were made from before ˜A. D. 1200 to before ˜900 B. C. We account for potential contamination from prior organics in weathering rinds. All other potential errors point to 14C dates being minimum-limiting ages for the manufacturing of geoglyphs. Although these ages indicate considerable chronological complexity among geoglyphs, our data are consistent with the linguistic hypothesis that the Yuman people in the desert of southeastern California migrated from Baja California—rather than from the north. These results must, however, be placed under the cloud of uncertainty that hangs over the entire field of AMS dating of rock art: the untested assumption surrounding contemporeneity of organics in a surface context. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
8.
Steven L. Reneau 《Quaternary Research》1993,40(3)
Rock varnish coatings tend to become thicker, darker, and more continuous over time, leading to the use of changes in overall varnish color and the percentage of clast surfaces covered by varnish as relative-age indicators. Manganese is the most characteristic element of subaerial rock varnishes, and the progressive development of varnish coats can be quantified by measuring the amount of Mn accumulated on a given area of rock surface. Manganese oxides were dissolved off varnished clasts collected from alluvial surfaces on the Soda Mountains piedmont in the Mojave Desert, California, and the amount of Mn was measured using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. On the distal piedmont, maximum varnish development increases from a mid- to late-Holocene surface, typically containing up to 0.15 mg/cm2 of accumulated Mn, to an early- to mid-Holocene surface with up to 0.21 mg/cm2. However, varnish is less developed on a nearby late Pleistocene surface, suggesting extensive abrasion of clasts on the Pleistocene desert pavements or disturbance of the clasts. Varnish is better developed on the proximal piedmont, typically containing up to 0.30 mg/cm2 of Mn, although varnish from a Pleistocene surface is again no better developed than from a nearby early- to mid-Holocene surface. These data demonstrate that rock varnish can show significant spatial variation in degree of development on geomorphic surfaces of similar age, and imply that collecting varnish as old as a geomorphic surface may be difficult on surfaces as young as late Pleistocene. 相似文献
9.
在甘肃北山勒巴泉一带赋存一套变质侵入岩。岩性主要为闪长质片麻岩、石英闪长质片麻岩、英云闪长质片麻岩、花岗闪长质片麻岩及二长花岗质片麻岩。Rb-Sr全岩等时线定年获得似斑状中细粒花岗闪长质片麻岩年龄值727±50Ma,锆石Pb-Pb定年获得中细粒花岗闪长质片麻岩年龄值766±49Ma,结合其与围岩的接触关系及强变形变质特征,形成时代为南华纪中晚期。其岩石地球化学特点为:岩石A12O3CaO+Na2O+K2O,A/CNK=1.30~1.38,属过铝质类型;σ=2.08~3.78,NK/A=0.32~0.61,属钙碱性系列。在微量元素组成上,富集LREE和大离子亲石元素(LILE),而亏损HREE、高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Yb),Eu异常具弱—明显Eu负异常—弱的Eu正异常(δEu=0.24~1.20)。这些花岗岩类总体具有俯冲的构造背景,岩浆的产生可能与北山地区在新元古代末古陆壳裂解作用有关。 相似文献
10.
石漠化的成因机理与防治对策 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
从石漠化的研究现状出发，依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征，着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子．石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础，以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力，以资源退化和恶化为本质，基岩不断裸露，生态环境不断恶化，周而复始的恶性循环过程．提出对石漠化的研究重点是成固机理研究，对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主异因子的防治，阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议． 相似文献
11.
本文采集了3种典型的富锰沉积物样品,即岩石漆、树枝晶与土壤铁锰胶膜,并制作了相应的纵切片。运用光学显微镜、原位微区拉曼光谱仪、扫描电镜、EDX能谱仪分别对其形貌学与矿物学特征进行了研究。结果表明岩石漆呈黑色致密层状、葡萄状,主要由水钠锰矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿、粘土矿物等组成,是一种高度混杂的沉积物。宏观上岩石漆与基岩有截然的接触面,发育有微层理结构,在微观上的表现即锰含量的周期性波动。树枝晶呈黑色分枝状,主要由锰钡矿组成,极端富锰而贫硅铝,与基质呈交织结构。土壤铁锰胶膜呈黑色粘稠层状,由水钠锰矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿、钛铁矿、粘土矿物等组成,可细分为外层黑褐色的富锰条带和内层黄棕色的富铁条带。这3种富锰沉积物的形貌学和元素分布特征与各自的成因机制密切相关。 相似文献
12.
Cheng-Chao Lee Louis Loung-Yie Tsai Chieh-Hou Yang Kuo-Liang Wen Zi-Bin Wang Zhi-Hsian Hsieh Hsing-Chang Liu 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(7):1397-1406
A slope on the west border of the foothill near 921 surface rupture (caused by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake) in central Taiwan
shows distinctive topographic expression that was prone to be considered as a fault scarp formed by a preexisting active fault.
The 2D and 3D resistivity images clearly delineate rock surfaces which show steep, deep, gentle, and subvertical displacement
beneath the slope, the toe of slope, the non-lateritic terrace, and 921 surface rupture, respectively, which can be attributed
to the significant contrast of resistivity between gravel and rock. The horizontal sand bed and clast-supported gravel were
deposited in a fluvial environment, whereas wedge-shaped gravel and colluvium were scarp-induced colluvial deposits in the
trench profile. The layers shown in the depth of excavation, except for rock, has no offset or disturbance by fault ever since
at least 2,480 ± 50 year B.P., based on carbon 14 dating of charcoal sample at the bottom of trench profile. According to
information from two boreholes close to the slope, an over 20-m-thick marker bed with transported shell fragments, was found
for correlation. This correlation further implies the slope was not formed by fault. On the other hand, two boreholes which
are far from the slope and located on the flat non-lateritic terrace frequently show fractured and sheared features. By comparison,
the locations around these two boreholes indicate a reverse fault or faults that occurred before the deposition of gravel.
Later on, the paleostream was developed along the foot of fault scarp that was subjected to erosion and led to subsequent
retrogression or retreat of the slope. Consequently, the incision of paleostream is believed to be responsible for the high
relief of rock surface around the slope. Furthermore, from resistivity and borehole data, the rock surface underlying terrace
is gentle where no faults occur after the deposition of gravel. The result of RIP crossing the 921 surface rupture displays
about 10 m difference in elevation of rock surface on both sides, which is greater than that of 3–4 m caused by Chi-Chi earthquake.
This indicates that the 921 surface rupture is a preexisting thrust fault that resulted from several thrusting events since
terrace gravel was deposited. So it is not necessary to establish an extra restricted zone for construction in study area,
except close to the 921 surface rupture. 相似文献
13.
14.
气候模拟显示,中国在古近纪曾被带状干旱带控制并被大面积沙漠沉积覆盖,然而在中国境内,尤其是在青藏高原周边气候变化与青藏高原隆升耦合敏感地区却鲜有发现,一定程度制约了东亚季风起源时间和气候变化研究。本文通过岩性、沉积结构、沉积构造、石英砂颗粒表面特征、铁质黏土套的化学成分特征和风成沙丘分布面积综合分析,证实了剑川盆地古近系始新统宝相寺组中段典型沙漠沉积的存在。古风向重建显示,沙漠早期为西风控制,晚期为西北风控制并伴随有初始季风雨。综合分析区域地质证据可见,青藏高原东缘始新世中晚期经历了一个由干旱到潮湿的气候剧变事件,而沙漠的消失即为该事件的标志。研究区古近纪风向偏转、初始季风雨的出现以及沙漠的消失表明,东亚季风可能始于晚始新世。本文进一步确证了青藏高原东缘古近纪沙漠的存在,对深化研究东亚季风起源的时间及其与青藏高原隆升的耦合关系具重要意义。 相似文献
15.
16.
辐射仪在标定时要带上铅套,放射性伽玛顺检之铅套方法和常规方法的区别是前者在测量时辐射仪要带上铅套,在龙岩市东宫下高岭土西矿段补勘岩(矿)心放射性伽玛顺检中铅套法和常规法的测量成果对比非常显著,即铅套法测量伽玛值偏低,异常下限也偏低,伽玛曲线平直;常规法测量伽玛值偏高,异常下限也偏高,伽玛曲线起伏变化较大,这些差别是因为常规方法测量受到散射射线,尤其是近旁岩(矿)心伽玛射线影响所致。但是,铅套法因其伽玛值偏小,致使听测时可能会漏掉狭缝里的伽玛偏高场或异常,这是铅套法的不足之处。为此,提出了在岩(矿)心或工程放射性伽玛顺检时铅套法和常规法结合使用的建议。 相似文献
17.
Rebecca M. Briant Martin R. Bates Gilbert D. Marshall Jean-Luc Schwenninger Francis F. Wenban-Smith 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2012,123(3):438-449
River terrace sequences are important frameworks for archaeological evidence and as such it is important to produce robust correlations between what are often fragmentary remnants of ancient terraces. This paper examines both conceptual and practical issues related to such correlations, using a case study from the eastern part of the former Solent River system near Southampton, England. In this region two recent terrace schemes have been constructed using different data to describe the terrace deposits: one based mainly on terrace surfaces; the other on gravel thicknesses, often not recording the terrace surface itself. The utility of each of these types of data in terrace correlation is discussed in relation to the complexity of the record, the probability of post-depositional alteration of surface sediments and comparison of straight-line projections with modern river long profiles. Correlation using age estimates is also discussed, in relation to optically stimulated luminescence dating of sand lenses within terrace gravels in this region during the PASHCC project. It is concluded that the need for replication at single sites means that this approach has limited use for correlative purposes, although dating of sediments is important for understanding wider landscape evolution and patterns of human occupation. 相似文献
18.
19.
The influence of Cenozoic tectonics on the groundwater-production capacity of fractured zones: a case study in Sao Paulo, Brazil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A new procedure is developed to correlate structural lineaments recognised through air-photo interpretation with subsurface
fracture features that are associated with zones of high groundwater production in fractured-rock environments. The analysis
approach is referred to as the homogeneous tectonic domain (HTD) method and involves correlating the lineament features of
a given area with the orientation of the primary stress fields and fracture structures associated with the recent tectonic
history that affected the region of study. The main premise of the method is that the most recent tectonic events in a given
area have had the most significant influence on the nature of the existing fracture network and subsequently on the regional
groundwater flow characteristics.
A study site was selected within the state of S?o Paulo, Brazil, where a complex tectonic history dating back to Precambrian
time has generated significant fracture porosity in the bedrock environment. The bedrock is heavily used in this area as a
domestic and industrial aquifer. The most recent tectonic activity is associated with five distinct Cenozoic events that generated
fracture features through both shear and extension stress fields. Due to the mode of formation, fracture zones generated by
extension tend to have the largest effective apertures and are the most conductive to groundwater. By applying the HTD method
in a series of test areas where specific Cenozoic events were dominant, fracture trends generated by shear and extension mechanisms
could be identified. Water-well production capacity was correlated with proximity to extension-type structures in most cases.
Other factors, such as the type of rock the well was completed in, had a much weaker influence on well capacity.
Through this application, the HTD approach is shown to provide a methodology for delineating fractured areas within rock environments
that have high potential for groundwater-resource development by combining classical lineament analysis with a clear understanding
of the tectonic history of a given area.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
20.
Stefan Winkler 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2009,1(3):274-290
This study provides the first attempt to combine terrestrial (in situ) cosmogenic nuclide (10Be) surface exposure dating with Schmidt hammer relative-age dating for the age estimation of Holocene moraines at Strauchon Glacier, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Numerous Schmidt hammer tests enable a multi-ridged lateral moraine system to be related to three late-Holocene ‘Little Ice Age’-type events. On the basis of cosmogenic 10Be ages, those events are dated to c. 2400, 1700, and 1100 years ago. Linear age-calibration curves are constructed in order to relate Schmidt hammer R-values to cosmogenic 10Be ages. The high explanation yielded reveals the causal link between both data sets. The potential of combining both methods in a ‘’multiproxy approach’ is discussed alongside possible future improvements. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating delivers absolute ages needed as fixed points for Schmidt hammer age-calibration curves. The Schmidt hammer technique can be used to crosscheck the boulder surfaces chosen for surface exposure dating by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides. It should, therefore, reduce the number of samples necessary and costs. 相似文献