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1.
Brooks B. Ellwood Francis B. Harrold Karl M. Petruso Muzafer Korkuti 《Geoarchaeology》1993,8(3):217-227
Electrical resistivity surveys have been conducted, in conjunction with follow-up auger and test excavations, to optimize the excavation potential within two European closed sites. The first site, Pont d'Ambon II rock shelter, is situated on the Dronne River in the Department of the Dordogne, southwestern France. It is located ∼100 m south of Pont d'Ambon I rock shelter, from which late Upper Paleolithic cultural material has been recovered. Auger testing within Pont d'Ambon II yielded results predicted by evaluation of the electrical data, including an area which contains cultural material. A second area contained a large, near-surface limestone block, which probably resulted from a rock fall. The second site is located in a cave near the town of Konispol, Albania, in the southernmost part of the country. Its cultural deposits range in age from the Iron Age to at least Late Paleolithic times. Interpretation of the electrical resistivity data from Konispol Cave indicates that thick, relatively undisturbed sediments cover the floor in central portions of the cave. Only in one area near the entrance are limestone blocks likely to impair excavation efforts. Results from a test excavation, associated with an anomaly in the electrical data, uncovered a large, carefully constructed hearth. These data indicate that preliminary geophysical surveys at many archaeological sites can optimize excavation potential. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
2.
Rock fall from limestone cliffs at Timpanogos Cave National Monument in American Fork Canyon east of Provo, Utah, is a common occurrence. The cave is located in limestone cliffs high on the southern side of the canyon. One fatality in 1933 led to the construction of rock fall shelters at the cave entrance and exit in 1976. Numerous rock fall incidents, including a near miss in 2000 in the vicinity of the trail below the cave exit, have led to a decision to extend the shelter at the cave exit to protect visitors from these ongoing rock fall events initiating from cliffs immediately above the cave exit. Three-dimensional rock fall simulations from sources at the top of these cliffs have provided data from which to assess the spatial frequencies and velocities of rock falls from the cliffs and to constrain the design of protective measures to reduce the rock fall hazard. Results from the rock fall simulations are consistent with the spatial patterns of rock fall impacts that have been observed at the cave exit site. 相似文献
3.
河北崆山白云洞发育在以中寒武统张夏组厚层鲕粒灰岩为主的碳酸盐岩地层中。通过对洞穴结构、形态以及沉积物特征的观测分析,结合区域地质演化、古气候演变研究,认为：（1）白云洞由3层洞穴构成,上层为大型厅堂状,中层和下层为狭窄廊道状。洞穴展布受控于NNW、NE和近EW向断裂。（2）洞穴发育形态、规模不仅与岩性和构造有关,还取决于洞穴形成时期的构造稳定性及与之耦合的气候条件,其成层分布是间歇性构造抬升的结果。（3）溶洞沉积物形态多样,其中毛细水沉积的网状卷曲石、协同沉积的玉簪对净瓶等极为罕见。（4）溶洞发育过程中历经多次坍塌,损毁严重。现今的白云洞岩石破碎,结构稳定性差,易遭破坏。研究白云洞地貌和沉积特征及影响因素,对预测其未来变化、保护洞穴旅游资源有重要意义。 相似文献
4.
不同植物群落对灰岩试块溶蚀速率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用澳大利亚产的微侵蚀计,对湖南郴州礼家洞3个植物群落土壤和泉水中的灰岩溶蚀速率进行了精确测定。对取得的1 650个数据,用SPSS应用软件进行处理,发现乔木群落泉水和土壤中灰岩的平均溶蚀速率最高,分别为3.17 mm/a和0.63 mm/a。在测定灰岩溶蚀速率的同时,对泉水的水化学特征和土壤中的TOC进行了分析,发现乔木群落样地的泉水有更强的溶蚀力（较低的方解石饱和指数和较高的CO2分压）。乔木群落土壤中的TOC比灌丛、草丛的多。与灌丛、草丛相比,乔木群落对CO2汇的贡献最大。 相似文献
5.
1996年10月28日发生在金沙江下虎跳峡口的滑石板滑坡,因堵塞金沙江、摧毁公路而引起高度重视。野外调查发现,滑石板滑坡是典型结构面控制的顺层基岩滑坡,层面和两组近于垂直层面的节理将边坡厚层灰岩切割成不同规模的菱形块体,长期的风化作用、重力、降雨、人工开挖公路等因素作用下,这些菱形块体从顺层稳定状态演化为稳定性较差的悬挂体,受河谷边坡斜向割切影响,表现为梯级叠次悬挂,最外边的悬挂体稳定性最差,最容易发生快速滑动。因此,该滑坡每次发生破坏滑动的体积不会很大,但是具有多次重复发生的特点,值得高度注意。 相似文献
6.
为了研究洞穴母岩对洞穴系统及次生沉积物产生的影响,以重庆丰都雪玉洞母岩为研究对象,对其沉积地质特征进行了详细的研究,同时还探讨母岩的沉积地质特征与洞穴发育及次生沉积物特征之间的关联。结果表明,雪玉洞的母岩层位为下三叠统飞仙关组第二段,其沉积相为颗粒滩。母岩的岩性为砂屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩、砾屑灰岩, 夹少量微晶灰岩。母岩和洞穴次生沉积物的主要矿物成分是低镁方解石（LMC, low magnesium calcite）。母岩较低的Mg/Ca导致洞穴滴水的Mg/Ca也较低,这使得组成次生沉积物的低镁方解石晶体快速侧向生长,并导致方解石晶体纯净、粗大且自形程度高。雪玉洞母岩顶底板岩层沉积期稳定的滩间海沉积环境有助于形成高强度的厚层微晶灰岩从而为洞穴系统的发育提供有效的支撑。这表明洞穴母岩的沉积地质特征会在物质基础的层面对洞穴系统的发育以及洞穴次生沉积物的特征产生显著影响。 相似文献
7.
圣莲山地质公园为房山北部大石河上游一个小型完整的岩溶盆地,地质构造属于百花山向斜的南翼。遣景岩石从下至上依次为,寒武纪张夏组鲕粒灰岩、炒米店组条带状石灰岩和奥陶纪石灰岩。遣貌构追为,印支运动．燕山运动和新构造运动。印支运动的南北向挤压形成响山背斜;燕山运动的北西-南东向挤压形成神牛岭和翠屏峰两个方向的岩溶墙;新构遣运动的8次抬升,形成穿洞（通风洞）、孤峰（莲子峰）、脚洞（圣米石塘）,房山地貌（笔架山）、岩溶夷平面（晾马台）、北西向岩溶墙（翠屏峰）、北东向岩溶墙（神牛岭）,溶洞（隐仙洞）岩溶地貌景观。穿洞为北京西山最高的岩溶洞穴,孤峰为残存的新近纪峰林地貌,圣米石塘为孤峰脚洞,笔架山为上新世石林与第四纪岩溶陡壁组合成的房山地貌,晾马台为中更新世形成的岩溶夷平面,翠屏峰和神牛岭为晚更新世形成的岩溶墙,隐仙洞为全新世形成的岩溶洞穴。 相似文献
8.
9.
江西塔前-赋春成矿带近年发现了世界上最大的钨矿—朱溪钨铜矿。该矿床发育在富含钨铜元素的新元古代泥砂质岩基底之上,产在燕山期花岗岩与石炭纪-二叠纪灰岩接触带,阐明其覆盖区花岗岩与石炭纪-二叠纪灰岩的三维空间分布结构,是寻找该类矿床的关键问题。塔前-赋春成矿带控矿地层、花岗岩仅有微弱磁性,但是密度差异明显,这为本区开展重力工作提供了良好的前提。本文利用最新的1:5万重力调查成果,结合航磁建立了本区构造格架,使用重磁三维反演建模技术建立本区三维地质模型,取得了以下成果：（1）对区内控矿地层进行立体识别划分,推断了塔前-朱溪、双田-大游山和临港-乐河镇石炭-二叠系条带深部延展形态,推断红梅岭-排前村和刘家滩-珍珠山深部存在两条隐伏石炭-二叠系条带;（2）发现本区岩体具有环形重力低夹局部重力高的异常特征,结合磁法区分岩浆岩岩性,圈定了本区隐伏岩体;（3）根据朱溪钨铜多金属矿物化探异常特征,圈定了两类深部成矿有利靶区：一类位于地表出露石炭纪-二叠纪灰岩沿断裂延伸与隐伏岩体接触带;一类位于推断的隐伏石炭纪-二叠纪灰岩与隐伏岩体接触带。（4）塔前-赋春成矿带重力工作较少,通过分析本次重力调查成果,发现在地形复杂、具有明显密度差异的推覆构造发育地区开展1:5万重力调查可取得较好的勘查成果。重力调查工作成本低,工作周期短,在圈定的成矿有利靶区内开展大比例尺综合物化探异常查证和矿产调查工作,能有效提高矿产勘查效率;在地形、构造复杂地区推广应用1：5万重力调查并建立三维地质模型对开展深部找矿预测具有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
重庆小南海地震崩滑体的基本特征及形成机制研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对重庆小南海地震崩滑堆积体进行野外地质调查和工程地质勘察等相关工作,阐述了该崩滑堆积体的基本特征和形成机制,认为其形成过程经历了风化剥蚀震荡抛射崩滑堆积堵江成湖4个阶段,其岩体破坏形式为高度破裂或严重高度破裂状态,其岩体破坏过程以崩塌为主,滑动为辅。研究发现,小南海地震崩滑堆积体的最终形成是受地震构造运动及应力、岩体构造、地形地貌及地震波作用等因素综合作用的结果:(1)该区NE向黔江逆滑（右行）断裂与NNW向仰头山逆滑（左行）断层形成的X型地震构造组合及轴向呈NWW向的构造压应力使小南海断块内部发生张滑（左行）破裂而导致61/4级地震发生;(2)该区呈X形展布的3组主要构造节理是崩滑体发育的物质基础,大、小垮岩在地震波作用下最终发生了向山体临空面（约145~155方向）的各自崩滑;(3)从崩滑堆积体中发现的灰岩块石证明崩滑体原始地层中曾含二叠系栖霞组和茅口组灰岩,这为恢复崩滑前山体地形提供了直接证据;(4)崩滑体中堆积岩块直径分布区域沿约150方向自WN到ES依次递减,间接证明了地震时崩滑体抛洒方向为约150方向,且大、小垮岩分别形成堆积区,交叉堆积部分较少。 相似文献
11.
Qinghua Lei Xiaoguang Wang Jiansheng Xiang John-Paul Latham 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(8):2251-2262
A study about the influence of polyaxial (true-triaxial) stresses on the permeability of a three-dimensional (3D) fractured rock layer is presented. The 3D fracture system is constructed by extruding a two-dimensional (2D) outcrop pattern of a limestone bed that exhibits a ladder structure consisting of a “through-going” joint set abutted by later-stage short fractures. Geomechanical behaviour of the 3D fractured rock in response to in-situ stresses is modelled by the finite-discrete element method, which can capture the deformation of matrix blocks, variation of stress fields, reactivation of pre-existing rough fractures and propagation of new cracks. A series of numerical simulations is designed to load the fractured rock using various polyaxial in-situ stresses and the stress-dependent flow properties are further calculated. The fractured layer tends to exhibit stronger flow localisation and higher equivalent permeability as the far-field stress ratio is increased and the stress field is rotated such that fractures are preferentially oriented for shearing. The shear dilation of pre-existing fractures has dominant effects on flow localisation in the system, while the propagation of new fractures has minor impacts. The role of the overburden stress suggests that the conventional 2D analysis that neglects the effect of the out-of-plane stress (perpendicular to the bedding interface) may provide indicative approximations but not fully capture the polyaxial stress-dependent fracture network behaviour. The results of this study have important implications for understanding the heterogeneous flow of geological fluids (e.g. groundwater, petroleum) in subsurface and upscaling permeability for large-scale assessments. 相似文献
12.
<正> 混杂体(Melange)是由板块俯冲过程中所导致的各种构造作用而混杂形成的一些杂乱地质体。它的主要特征是大小不同的各类岩块嵌在比较塑性,遭到强烈剪切作用和破碎作用的基质中,每一混杂体都包括基质(matrix)、外来岩块(exotic block)和原地岩块(native block)三部分。根据其中含有时代新于基质的外来岩块和基质的强烈剪切变形而区别于沉积成因的滑塌体(Olistostrome),又可根据基质的塑性形变和外来成分岩块的普遍出现而区别于一般构造产物(破碎岩、构造角砾岩等)。 相似文献
13.
渗水对龙门石窟的影响及治理分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
根据龙门石窟的工程与水文地质条件,结合3个试验洞窟(潜溪寺、皇甫公窟和路洞)的地质病害调查结果,分析了石窟内渗水的形成机理和破坏作用,并重点论述了治理措施。将龙门石窟的破坏作用系统地分为力学作用、化学作用、生物作用3类,认为化学作用对文物的损害最为直接和明显;提出了“堵”与“疏”相结合的治理方案,并进一步将治理方法细分为堵来源、堵出口、外部疏导和内部疏导4种。根据调查结果,指出对于渗水严重的洞窟不宜仅采取堵出口的方法,宜先采取外部封堵、外部疏导和内部疏导等措施,待渗水量明显降低之后再采取内部封堵的办法。 相似文献
14.
Maria Clementina Caputo Lorenzo De Carlo Costantino Masciopinto John Robert Nimmo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(3):583-590
Up to now, field studies set up to measure field-saturated hydraulic conductivity to evaluate contamination risks, have employed
small cylinders that may not be representative of the scale of measurements in heterogeneous media. In this study, a large
adjustable ring infiltrometer was designed to be installed on-site directly on rock to measure its field-saturated hydraulic
conductivity. The proposed device is inexpensive and simple to implement, yet also very versatile, due to its large adjustable
diameter that can be fixed on-site. It thus allows an improved representation of the natural system’s heterogeneity, while
also taking into consideration irregularities in the soil/rock surface. The new apparatus was tested on an outcrop of karstic
fractured limestone overlying the deep Murge aquifer in the South of Italy, which has recently been affected by untreated
sludge disposal, derived from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. The quasi-steady vertical flow into the
unsaturated fractures was investigated by measuring water levels during infiltrometer tests. Simultaneously, subsurface electrical
resistivity measurements were used to visualize the infiltration of water in the subsoil, due to unsaturated water flow in
the fractures. The proposed experimental apparatus works well on rock outcrops, and allows the repetition of infiltration
tests at many locations in order to reduce model uncertainties in heterogeneous media. 相似文献
15.
Shi Zhiqiang Yi Haisheng Lin Jinhui Zhu Lidong Liu Dengzhong Huang Jijun Tao ZhuanWT ”BX 《地学前缘》2000,(Z1)
PROVENANCE OF LOWER TERTIARY REDBEDS IN HOH XIL BASIN AND UPLIFT OF NORTHERN TIBET PLATEAU 相似文献
16.
The study area, Nan Province, northern Thailand is geotectonically situated within the Nan-Uttaradit Suture, the once back-arc basin between the Sukhothai Zone and Indochina Block. Permian Fusulinacean fauna from limestone blocks within the suture has been investigated and the Nan area has been mapped in detail. These may provide the useful information for understanding the faunal assemblage and overall ge-ometry of stratigraphic successions in the basin. The strata were intensely folded and thrust. Scattered Per-mian limestones found in Nan area are blocks within shale interbedded with tuffaceous rock. The contact between this unit and the adjacent units, the strongly foliated shale and tuffaceous sedimentary strata that are mildly metamorphosed and giving phyllitic tex-tures, has been interpreted as a west-dipping normal fault, namely the Pha Sing Fault. This fault runs par-allel to the Highway no.1080 (Nan-Tha Wang Pha). Middle and early Late Permian fusulinacean fauna found in the Nan area contains Neoschwagerina, Pseudodoliolina, Colania, Lepidolina, and Colaniella. Additionally, late Early Permian fusulinacean and Middle Triassic radiolarian fauna have been reported in this area (e.g., Fontaine, 2002; Saesaengseerung et al. 2008). These paleontological data show the existence of Nan Back-arc Basin during late Early Permian (Artin-skian) to Middle Triassic. Moreover, the similarity of fusulinacean assemblage yielding Permian limestone blocks of the Nan Back-arc Basin and the ones of the Indochina Block has been interpreted that the Permian limestone blocks in the Nan Back-arc Basin were part of the continental shelf within the Indochina Block. 相似文献
17.
西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带含有从砾石级到几十平方千米大小的二叠纪灰岩体，它们没有完整的地层层序，与围岩形成混杂或滑杂堆积，长期以来对其来源的解释存在争论。本文通过对灰岩体的动物群类型、古生物地理区系及其岩石学特征等方面进行研究和比较，认为雅鲁藏布江缝合线一带的二叠纪灰岩体总体上都呈现出冈瓦纳冷水型与华夏暖水型动物群混生特点，应形成于相同或类似的沉积环境。根据珊瑚、筵、腕足类等动物群大致分为与南方冈瓦纳大陆北缘内陆棚相动物群比较接近和与更靠近古赤道区的拉萨地块动物群较为接近两种类型，其时代从早二叠世晚期至长兴期不等。灰岩体主要由肉红色或灰色纯生物碎屑灰岩组成，不含或含有很少的陆源碎屑，均孤立地分散于中生代地层中，与围岩往往呈断层接触，断层带或灰岩夹层中经常有玄武岩或其他火山岩。因此，灰岩体可能为位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘外陆棚上小型碳酸盐台地或新特提斯洋最初裂解带上的海山型碳酸盐岩沉积，受后期印度-欧亚大陆板块碰撞作用而成为外来体夹于缝合带的其他海相沉积中。 相似文献
18.
碳酸盐岩的声波特性研究及其应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于岩溶地区碳酸盐岩试样室内声波测试分析发现: ( 1)泥质灰岩和角砾状灰岩的波速比普通灰岩、灰质白云岩比一般白云岩和角砾白云岩的高。( 2)灰岩的声波、密度略大于白云岩的声波、密度,灰岩的动弹性模量、剪切模量和体积模量也比白云岩大。( 3)溶蚀程度和微小结构面对碳酸盐岩中波的传播速度影响较大,灰岩波速随风化程度的提高而降低。( 4)纵、横波速与岩石的密度具有线性关系,利用密度、波速、纵横波速比或泊松比可初步判断碳酸盐岩在岩性上的差别。( 5)声波测试和单轴抗压强度试验求得的岩石的弹性模量具有一定的相关性,利用声波测试结果可以推求实际工程中计算、设计所需的力学参数。 相似文献
19.
岩石的长期风化作用会造成岩石表面的剥落,这将导致石质文物产生无可挽回的破坏。为了更好地保护它们,需要开展在相同风化环境下岩石风化剥落深度和相对风化速度及其与不同岩性关系的研究。本文以衢州古城墙通仙门的多块岩石砌块为研究对象,利用自制的测量仪器,对不同岩性岩石砌块风化剥落深度和风化速度进行了研究; 通过分析量测结果得出凝灰岩、砂岩、砾岩、含砾砂岩和粉砂岩相对灰岩的风化速度分别为0.005～0.059mm a-1、0.032～0.097mm a-1、0.004～0.058mm a-1、0.021～0.033mm a-1 和0.015mm a-1。研究结果表明:在相同的风化环境之中不同岩石砌块的风化速度从大到小排序为V砂岩V凝灰岩V含砾砂岩 V砾岩V粉砂岩V灰岩,即岩石抗风化能力从强到弱为:灰岩粉砂岩砾岩含砾砂岩凝灰岩砂岩。由此,为石质文物的长期保护以及制定相关的保护措施提供了重要的理论依据。 相似文献
20.
The present survey aimed to image the subsurface structure, including karstic voids, and to evaluate the extent of the heterogeneities that can result in potentially dangerous collapse of road segments overlying these features. A multidisciplinary geophysical approach (seismic refraction, frequency domain electromagnetic and ground penetrating radar) in combination with a detailed geological survey indicated the presence of tectonic faults as well as velocity and conductivity anomalies along an old road within the area of Akrotiri at Chania (Crete). Due to the presence of subsurface fuel pipes, perpendicular to the direction of the road, 2D resistivity imaging was excluded from the applied geophysical methods. Interpretation of the geophysical data revealed that the section of the road investigated overlies prominent voids attributed mostly to karst features. The conductivity and velocity anomalies are interpreted to indicate an area where the host limestone rock has been downthrown by faulting and associated karstification. The continuation of this fault zone was observed in the slope of the road during later excavations. Interpretation, using geographic information systems (GIS) to integrate data, allowed these controls and relationships to be understood and monitored. The above methodology was proved successful for areas where the application of resistivity method is not possible. 相似文献