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1.
前不久 ,在吉林省东部长白山腹地的蛟河市拉法山发现30个白岗岩洞穴群。世界上的洞穴大多为石灰岩溶洞 ,一次发现这么多的白岗岩洞穴群还不多见。拉法山的主要岩石类型为肉红色中粗粒白岗岩。岩石化学分析表明 ,拉法山白岗岩SiO2 质量分数约在 77%左右 ,岩石均呈SiO2 饱和、过饱和状态 ,岩石中Na2 O +K2 O质量分数高达 8% ,而且w(K2 O) >w(Na2 O) ,从而表明它不同于周围的其它花岗岩 ,是一次独立的岩浆活动的产物。关于拉法山岗岩的形成年龄 ,经取自白岗岩中钾长石的K Ar法测定为 15 5 .1Ma(约 1.5亿年 )。通过地质研究表明这个同位素… 相似文献
2.
福建天然洞穴的主要类型及其特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文将福建天然洞穴划分为石灰岩溶洞、火山岩构造— 差异风化洞、花岗岩崩塌堆叠洞、红层层(节)理洞和沿海的海蚀洞等主要类型,并讨论了各类洞穴的基本特征。 相似文献
3.
4.
洞穴自然环境系统的观测及研究－－以广西柳州响水岩为例 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
重点叙述了1990年代中期对广西柳州响水岩所进行的洞穴自然环境系统长期观测的成果,在响水岩洞内设置12个测点,进行洞穴空气温度、湿度、CO2、空气负离子的长期观测,并对响水岩的氡浓度、风速、放射性等作了测定。对洞穴空气负离子的观测在我国属于首次。观测研究工作表明,洞穴空气负离子浓度远大于洞外,洞穴空气质量一般皆属最清洁空气。响水岩的氡浓度低, CO2 含量略高于洞外,放射性背景值低,是一个具有洞穴医疗价值的洞穴。 相似文献
5.
北京石花洞是中国北方已探明洞穴中次生碳酸盐沉积规模最大、种类最丰富的洞穴;石花洞的景观美学价值和科学价值,在我国北方岩溶洞穴中占有重要地位。2013年7月,为了获取石花洞发育规模、空间结构等基本数据,采用国际通用洞穴测量方法,运用激光测距仪、罗盘和倾角仪,辅以Onstation洞穴绘图软件和ArcMap10软件对石花洞洞穴开展了全面的调查和测绘。结果显示:(1) 石花洞洞穴系统整体呈北西西-南东东向展布,长度为5 639 m,洞底投影面积为37 096 m2,洞底高差为172 m,洞内最高点海拔约为265 m,最低点海拔约为93 m。洞穴系统的发育演化主要受地层产状与北东向和北西向两组断层控制;(2) 石花洞洞穴系统分为五层,自上而下,各层洞道平均海拔依次为249 m, 211 m, 154 m, 111 m和95 m;(3) 最底第五层季节性地下河洞道长1 638 m,自西北向东南方向贯穿整个洞穴系统,依干湿季水文条件的差别,地下水以季节性涨落为主要特征,有多段有水通道;地下河道下游末端为叉状河道,崩塌明显,洞壁上无明显流纹发育;(4) 综合石花洞地下河走向和流向、洞穴发育控制因素和区域地层产状特征、石花洞与周边洞穴的空间位置关系,推测孔水洞是石花洞洪水期的排泄口。 相似文献
6.
荔波洞穴鱼类初步研究 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
荔波县位于贵州南部,地下河及洞穴发育,洞穴水体中鱼类亦很丰富。经过对100个洞穴的考察研究,在地下河中及地下河出、入口处共采集到鱼类标本200余号,经鉴定为37种,其中真洞穴鱼类3种,好洞穴鱼类10种,偶洞栖鱼类24种。真洞穴鱼类特化最高,对洞穴环境的依赖性很强,好洞穴鱼类有一些特化现象。 相似文献
7.
洞穴形态量计解析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
洞穴形态量计的最基本参数是长度、深度、高度和坡度,借助洞穴专业软件可进行洞穴的投影面积、洞道空间体积、洞道极点投影面积、洞道极点岩体体积等其它基本参数的量计,以及洞穴扩展参数包括洞道的比容积、网密度、面密度和体密度的量计。利用这些形态参数,可以对洞穴进行更科学的统计、形态特征分析、开发利用价值评估。通过选取深峰丛洼地区、中等深度峰丛洼地区和浅峰丛洼地区以及峰林平原区的地下河洞穴进行量计,并对量计结果进行相关分析,发现洞穴的比容积与洞穴的流域面积、石峰的相对高度具有良好的正相关性,而洞穴的网密度、面密度,尤其体密度与洞穴深度有着明显的负相关性。 相似文献
8.
贵州绥阳双河洞系的发育与成因探讨 总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4
绥阳双河洞是发育在早古生代白云岩体内的多层多支,并彼此有水力联系的复杂洞群,根据贵州洞穴协会实测,洞长达３５．２ｋｍ。文章在实地考察的基础上,分析主要洞道的分布与特征,研究了洞穴发育与硫酸盐岩及含ＳＯ地下水的密切关系,并探讨了石膏源及洞穴发育演化的过程。 相似文献
9.
北京地区第四纪洞穴地层层序基本上是连续的，包括早更新世灰峪洞组与太平山；事更新世周口店组与新洞组；晚更新世羊耳峪组与山顶洞组。洞穴测年结果清楚，生物群演替明确。既有由北京人、新人、山顶洞伯遗骸与文化不断进步，又有由泥河湾动物群、周口店动物群及山顶洞动物群的不断更新。 相似文献
10.
岩溶峡谷区溶洞发育特征及水动力条件 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
本文首先阐述了岩溶峡谷的特性及其洞穴发育的特征,在此基础上进一步划分了岩溶峡谷区6种洞穴成因类型— — 暗河型、伏流型、穿洞型、顺河潜流型、渗流入水洞型和瀑水钙华型。同时还分析了洞穴形成与水动力过程间的相互关系,提出了外源水和水系演变是岩溶峡谷区形成大、长洞的必要水文因素的观点。 相似文献
11.
河北省崆山白云洞发育在以中寒武统张夏组为主的碳酸盐岩地层中,平面形态主要受NNW向、NE向和近EW向断裂控制,垂向上可分为3层,各层洞穴以沿陡倾断裂侵蚀、溶蚀而成的通道相连.第一层厅堂状溶洞(天堂、人间和地府)沿NNW向断裂展布,形成于早更新世中晚期;第二层格网状洞穴(迷宫和龙宫上部)沿NNW.和NE向断裂发育,形成于中更新世中期—晚更新世初;第三层形态曲折的廊道形洞穴(龙宫下部)主要追踪NE和NNW向断裂延伸,形成于晚更新世晚期—早全新世初期.在白云洞形成发育过程中,曾经历了多次构造运动破坏.现今的白云洞,景观损毁、岩石破裂严重,灾害承受力低,因此洞穴结构稳定性保护和洞穴地质环境治理是当前重要而紧迫的任务. 相似文献
12.
白岗岩是大陆碰撞过程中陆壳低比例熔融的产物,与铀及多金属矿床在成因上密切关联。甘肃红石泉铀矿床含矿主岩为伟晶状白岗岩,前人对伟晶状白岗岩的成岩年龄研究较少且精度有限,影响了对铀矿床成因和构造背景的深入认识。对甘肃红石泉铀矿床含矿主岩——伟晶状白岗岩开展了高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得伟晶状白岗岩成岩平均年龄值为2493.5Ma,形成时代为新太古代晚期—古元古代早期。认为伟晶状白岗岩应属于新太古代晚期-古元古代早期华北克拉通微陆块拼合作用后期的产物,同时也是华北克拉通约2.5Ga岩浆构造热事件在西部地块的响应。伟晶状白岗岩与红石泉铀矿床铀成矿没有直接成因关系,只是作为铀矿的含矿主岩。 相似文献
13.
方解石充填物对于深层古岩溶洞穴保存的独特意义--以塔河地区奥陶系为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶洞穴埋藏深度之大在世界范围内罕见,但对其为何没有垮塌殆尽的原因却知之甚少。为了探究其保存机制,对比了Fort Worth盆地奥陶系深埋洞穴,发现大量缝、洞充填方解石是塔河地区洞穴中常见且特有的充填物。在统计和综合分析缝洞方解石充填物地球化学数据的基础上,以洞穴充填方解石成因类型为切入点,详细分析了构造运动背景、热液活动、油气充注、方解石的产状以及洞穴受力情况,通过与Fort Worth盆地深埋洞穴埋藏史的对比和分析,提出塔河地区深埋岩溶洞穴的一种保存机制。研究区岩溶洞穴方解石主要是长期浅埋阶段,以大气淡水成因为主,海水成因为辅形成,深埋过程还受到了溶蚀性流体（岩浆热液和有机酸）后期改造。方解石充填物增加了洞穴的抗压性,岩溶洞穴内部充填的方解石在埋藏过程中支撑了洞穴;岩溶洞穴顶部裂纹中充填的方解石还“愈合”了洞穴周边的裂纹,强化了洞穴的顶板,增加了洞穴整体的稳定性。充填的方解石在垮塌前占据了部分洞穴空间,在埋藏后,高温有机酸、CO2、H2S和岩浆热液沿着深大断裂等通道对奥陶系碳酸盐岩改造溶蚀作用明显,也对处于优势通道和良好储集性能的洞穴充填方解石进行了改造,恢复了部分洞穴空间。因而认为地表、近地表方解石充填过程是碳酸盐岩洞穴型储层的“保持性成岩作用”。 相似文献
14.
J.B. Whalen 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1983,47(8):1443-1457
The 345 ± 10 Ma old composite Ackley City Batholith of southeastern Newfoundland, consists largely of very felsic K-feldspar megacrystic granite and alaskite. Spatially related to the southeast contact of the alaskite are younger aplites and pegmatite, intrusive phases which are interpreted to be pan of a tilted, high level roof zone complex to the batholith. The compositions of the alaskite and roof zone complex define major and trace element gradients similar to those in voluminous high-silica eruptive suites; i.e., the alaskite is more chemically evolved (higher in Rb, lower in Ca, Fe, Mn, Ti, P, Sr, Ba and LREE) toward the roof. Apparently these chemical gradients in the batholith are restricted to the top 2 to 3 kms of the former magma chamber. Fractional crystallization is a plausible process for generating the chemical dispersion in the granites, although very high feldspar partition coefficients for Ba, Sr and Eu are required to generate the observed chemical gradients by a reasonable degree of fractional crystallization. Restriction of crystal fractionation to near the roof of the batholith may reflect a decreased viscosity which would facilitate crystal-liquid separation by processes such as filter pressing, flow differentiation or convective fractionation.The chemical gradients in these granites closely resemble those attributed in high-silica volcanics to the process of thermogravitational diffusion (TGD). Compositional gradients in the upper portion of a magma chamber are consistent with the TGD model. This model, although still poorly understood, is, like fractional crystallization, a plausible mechanism to generate the chemical features of the Ackley City granites. 相似文献
15.
Presently, 235 submerged caves and pits have been recorded along the Croatian coast and islands, partly or completely submerged
by sea water. Contrary to the inland situation, recorded submerged features are predominantly horizontal (60%), though there
are indications that the real situation is similar to that of the continental part where 69% are vertical pits. Completely
marine conditions are established in 126 caves and the rest are anchihaline caves and submarine springs. Speleothems are found
in more than 140 caves. By their origin, the investigated caves are all continental features formed in Mesozoic and Palaeogene
carbonates, subsequently submerged owing to sea transgression. Due to the relatively low wave energy, rapid sea level rise
and maturity of the host rock, they do not fit into concepts of a sea cave or a flank margin cave development, but they fulfil
several conditions for being the blue holes. Since the term ‘blue hole’ is mainly associated with the Bahamian karst, our
attempt is only to show the possible similarities with no intention of ascribing that term to the Croatian caves. Beside karstological
issues, Croatian submerged caves are unique environmental, archaeological and tourism assets. 相似文献
16.
Speleogenetic history of the Hungarian hydrothermal karst 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Y. V. Dublyansky 《Environmental Geology》1995,25(1):24-35
The hydrothermal karst of Hungary displays at least two principal stages of development in two differing environments. Caves of an early stage were formed within a deep zone of low thermal gradient. These caves (vugs) are small (tens of centimeters) and lined with scalenohedral crystals of calcite that are often in association with barite. Calcite yields fluid inclusion temperatures of 55–95°C and is depleted in18O (–11.2 to –17.6 per mil PDB). The caves were formed by ascending thermal waters charged with CO2. Solubility of CaCO3 in such a system gradually increases with the ascent of the fluid (solutional zone) but drops sharply at a depth of –250 m to –500 m below the water surface (depositional zone). Caves formed in the solutional zone may be shifted into the depositional zone due to tectonic uplift, and calcite lines their walls. Large caves (tens to thousands of cubic meters) of a late stage were formed within a shallow zone of high thermal gradient immediately below and above the thermal water table. The calcite of the phreatic crusts has a rhombohedral habit, displays lower fluid inclusion temperatures (35–55°C and less), and a depletion in18O of –9.5 to –14.6 per mil PDB. Several powerful cave-forming processes may operate there including convection, mixing/cooling corrosion, and condensation corrosion. Due to differences in the rate of tectonic uplift, rate of hydrothermal system decay, and hydrogeologic pattern, these caves were either filled with water for a long period of time (phreatic calcite crusts are formed) or partly dewatered early in their history (waterline and subaerial speleothems are formed). The zones of thermal cave formation recognized in Hungary may have a universal character. Very similar features are found in other hydrothermal karst areas of the world (Kirghizia, Algeria, South Dakota). 相似文献
17.
白岗岩型铀矿床:构造和岩浆作用耦合的产物 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以罗辛矿床为代表的白岗岩型铀矿是纳米比亚主要的铀矿床类型。白岗岩型铀矿集中产出在元古界达玛拉造山带中,含矿白岗岩是造山期后岩浆作用的产物。白岗岩易于侵入Nosib群罗辛组和可汗组地层中,但对地层没有绝对选择性,在整个Nosib群中都有发现矿化的可能。根据野外特征可将白岗岩分为6种,其中D型、E型是主要的含矿白岗岩,白岗岩具有成矿专属性。区域千岁兰(Welwitschia)断裂控制了白岗岩浆的侵位,其次级断裂以及片理、片麻理构造等为岩浆就位提供了有利张性空间。穹窿的转折部位是有利的成矿位置。构造和岩浆岩是重要的控矿因素,成矿是构造和岩浆作用耦合的结果,是一次构造-岩浆热事件。 相似文献
18.
L. E. Zuffianò M. Polemio R. Laviano G. De Giorgio M. Pallara P. P. Limoni F. Santaloia 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(13):517
Hypogenic caves, developed by sulphuric acid speleogenesis, are known all over the world among which the Santa Cesarea Terme caves have been included. They are four submerged caves, located along a coastal carbonate sector in Southern Italy and hosting the outflow of coastal springs of thermal mixed waters (from 21 to 33 °C). These waters derive from the mixing of three water end members: the fresh pure groundwater of a wide karstic aquifer, the deep sulphur thermal water and the seawater. This cave system represents an almost unique case of hypogenic sea caves in carbonate environment. The thermal mixed waters have a different effect on the surrounding rocks of the caves, influencing the sulphuric acid speleogenetic process within the whole cave system. To understand the complex and overlapping natural processes acting on the development of these coastal caves, a multidisciplinary study has been carried out. This study has integrated all the data resulting from different methods and technologies, merging morphology, structural geology, hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry and mineralogy. This multidisciplinary study has allowed to define the main geochemical processes acting within these caves, including the cave development and the formation of the mineral concretions. After the introduction of H2S in the thermal waters, formed by the reduction of sulphates in the sedimentary deposits crossed at depth in the offshore, the oxidation occurs within the caves, producing sulphuric acid. Favoured by upwelling deep-seated thermal flows, this acid dissolves the limestone, with condensation corrosion process that involve replacement of limestone rock with gypsum. This process has resulted to be more active and remarkable within the Gattulla Cave, one of the Santa Cesarea Terme sea caves. 相似文献
19.
河北崆山白云洞发育在以中寒武统张夏组厚层鲕粒灰岩为主的碳酸盐岩地层中。通过对洞穴结构、形态以及沉积物特征的观测分析,结合区域地质演化、古气候演变研究,认为：（1）白云洞由3层洞穴构成,上层为大型厅堂状,中层和下层为狭窄廊道状。洞穴展布受控于NNW、NE和近EW向断裂。（2）洞穴发育形态、规模不仅与岩性和构造有关,还取决于洞穴形成时期的构造稳定性及与之耦合的气候条件,其成层分布是间歇性构造抬升的结果。（3）溶洞沉积物形态多样,其中毛细水沉积的网状卷曲石、协同沉积的玉簪对净瓶等极为罕见。（4）溶洞发育过程中历经多次坍塌,损毁严重。现今的白云洞岩石破碎,结构稳定性差,易遭破坏。研究白云洞地貌和沉积特征及影响因素,对预测其未来变化、保护洞穴旅游资源有重要意义。 相似文献
20.
Howard Falcon‐Lang 《Geology Today》2011,27(1):34-38
The Isle of Portland is one of the jewels in the crown of the ‘Jurassic Coast’ of Dorset, southern England. Thomas Hardy aptly described this limestone peninsula as the ‘Gibraltar of Wessex’, and used its stone quarries as the backdrop for one of his novels (The Well‐Beloved). Quarries then, as now, work the world‐famous Portland Stone—a Jurassic oolitic limestone—from which St Paul's Cathedral and many other well‐known buildings are constructed. Rocks exposed in the numerous disused quarries scattered across the isle, together with exposures in spectacular sea‐cliffs, paint a vivid picture of life and environments, ～150 million years ago. In addition to Jurassic patch‐reefs, coastal sabhkas, fossil forests and dinosaur footprints found in the bedrock, more recent geological phenomena include two Quaternary raised beaches, solution caves filled with vertebrates, and massive coastal landslips. The aim of this article is to provide a field guide for those wishing to explore the geology of this little‐known region for themselves. 相似文献