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1.
Modern concepts on variations of the redox conditions of Proterozoic ocean and atmosphere are reviewed. Generalized data indicate a non-linear evolution of the О2 content in atmosphere and ocean for almost 2 Ga of the geological history. Contrasting distribution of minimum and maximum values of diverse proxies of the ocean redox state was found for the Great Oxygenation Event, Early–Late Proterozoic transition stage, and the Late Precambrian–beginning of Cambrian. The last interval is marked by a wide scatter of Mo, V, and Used concentrations and values of Мо/TOC, δ98Mo, δ53Cr, and δ82Se in different geological objects. This time interval also coincided with one more large-scale oxygenation event, Neoproterozoic. Thus, according to the modern concepts, the О2 contents near the Earth’s surface and in ocean significantly varied during the entire Proterozoic. These concepts are consistent with the assumption by Frolov and many other researchers concerning the heterogeneous distribution of рН and Eh in ancient hydrosphere and the existence of diverse, sufficiently contrasting “gas” facies. They also agree with conclusions by Sochava that the periodical variations of О2 content in atmosphere and hydrosphere, especially at the Precambrian–Phanerozoic boundary, are related to the mass extinctions, emergence of adaptive response of animals (appearance of exoskeletons, food search strategy change, and others) and heavy taxonomic radiation of the latters. 相似文献
2.
试用地球系统科学观解读2004年印度洋地震海啸 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2004年印度洋地震海啸是本世纪初全球发生的最为惨重的自然灾害.这次地震海啸涉及地球的岩石圈、水圈、大气圈和生物圈,甚至还有地外星球和月球的作用,造成能量与物质之间的相互转化与传递,说明地球是一个完整的统一整体.因此,对地震海啸等自然灾害必须采用地球系统科学观进行分析和研究,找出彼此之间的相互关系、形成机制和演化规律,并用信息化、全球化和可持续发展的地球科学观来研究和防御地震海啸. 相似文献
3.
关于地下水地质作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地下水是地球物质的一个组成部分,并与环境介质不断地进行着相互作用。这种作用既是地下水形成演化过程,又是对岩石圈改造过程。这二者是同步发生的。这种水一岩相互作用的过程及结果即是地下水的地质作用。 不同地质环境对水-岩间相互作用会产生不同影响,并在地下水和岩石中形成特异的特征(产物),认识这些特征的标志意义即可从中获取有用信息。目前对地下水传递的信息价值认识还很不够。为此进一步研究水-岩相互作用机制及不同地质作用中地下水活动的特点、习性及作用是很有益的。本文是以地质循环及岩浆、变质和成矿作用为例,对地下水活动特点、习性及其相互关系的概述。以此说明水—岩相互作用中彼此的密切联系。 相似文献
4.
Massive-sulfide base-metal deposits of the volcanic rock association and strata-bound Pb-Zn deposits in terrigenous and carbonate-terrigenous formations contain over 70% of the total world reserves of Pb and Zn. It has been found, based on an analysis of original databases on the corresponding mineral deposits found all over the world, that correlation in time and distribution in the Earth’s geological evolution of massive-sulfide deposits of the volcanic-rock association and lead-zinc deposits of the SEDEX type, as well as their reserves, was determined by changes in tectonic settings, by the evolution of the composition of the continental lithosphere, and by irreversible changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere of the Earth. 相似文献
5.
The analysis of geological and geophysical data on the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain indicates that the commonly assumed origin of its lithosphere is inconsistent with the geothermal model of the oceanic-bottom formation. To reveal the nature of the Hawaiian-Emperor Ridge, the main tectonic units of the North Pacific were thoroughly analyzed and a map of geothermal data, magnetic anomalies, and bottom age in this region has been compiled. The subsidence rate of the lithosphere that was thermally rejuvenated by plume material after the passing of the Pacific plate over the Hawaiian hot spot was calculated with the aid of the bathymetric database for the World Ocean. The calculated parameters show that the lithosphere, which underwent thermal rejuvenation, subsides at a much lower rate than it spreads. The obtained empirical equation describes the abrupt uplifting and further subsidence of the oceanic floor during the passing of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian plume. The heat flow calculated in line with the thermophysical model of the thermally rejuvenated lithosphere is close to the heat flow measured at the surface of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamounts. Thus, the proposed model is realistic. Paleogeodynamic reconstructions of the thermal regime during the formation of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain were made in absolute coordinate system for the period 90–20 Ma on the basis of geological and geophysical data and the calculated distribution of bottom ages in the North Pacific. 相似文献
6.
人为地质作用与人为地质灾害 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
论述了人为地质作用对地球各圈层的作用及其特征，分析了由人为地质作用引发的主要人为地质灾害，指出人为地质作用已成为重要的地质管力，而协调人地关系是减轻人为地质灾害，实现人类社会可持续发展的关键。 相似文献
7.
对地球系统科学的几点认识 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
地球系统科学将是２１世纪地球科学的主旋律,它被定义为：“将地球作为一个整体来伯全部知识;对地球的气圈、水圈、生物圈和岩石中的各种作用及各层圈间相互作用时间进行的研究”。此种学术思想可追溯到１００多年前,见於文字也有近二十年。它对当代地学的发展起了重要的推动作用,有四个特点：地球现象的远距离相互联系、影响;内动力和外动力研究一体化;地质作用和生物作用研究一体化;一类活动作为地球系统的一部分。当前地球系统科学的发展也提出了一些新问题,主要的是：在学术思路上对与岩石圈有关的地质作用有所忽视;观察研究系统不全面;还未深人到资源形成和小环境的研究中。近年来的观测试验表明,发生在岩石圈的各种地质作用正积极参与垒球各圈层间的物质能量交换。对它们的忽视,可能正是目前一些生物地球化学循环模型无法平衡的原因。 相似文献
8.
R. K. Klige Dr. 《GeoJournal》1990,20(2):129-136
The gradual accumulation of the Earth's hydrosphere, the land-to-water ratio, the periodic change of orogenesis and peneplanization stages, the timely and spatial change of the incoming solar energy determined the periodic changes of the major global hydrological cycles with the development of continental glaciations and permafrost of great pluvial epochs of a global warming in the geological past.Within a relatively short historical period various reasons for periodic and non-periodic heat and water transfer have led to changes in the hydrological cycle and to land moisture fluctuations.At present global hydrological processes are going through quite drastic changes as a result of the fluctuations of a number of geophysical processes (natural energy factors, in the first place). The global warming of the climate has resulted in the increase in the intensity of surface water exchange, in the drying up of continents and in the filling of the World Ocean. These changes are accompanied by an increase in the anthropogenic impact on water balance by the strenghthening of hydrologic exchange and the slowing down of river water exchange. 相似文献
9.
地壳风化系统中的Sr同位素地球化学 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
近20年来,人们利用Rb－Sr同位素体系对地表－近地表地球化学过程、尤其是水圈－岩石圈之间化学物质的循环进行了广泛而深入的研究。大陆地壳风化物质以及地表径流的Sr同位素组成变化揭示了不同流域盆地的地质背景和风化作用的特征。古海洋的Sr同位素组成变化则是地壳和地幔演化以及不同地质历史时期壳－幔相互作用的共同结果。本文对地壳风化系统Sr同位素地球化学研究的全面而详细的综述表明,Rb－Sr同位素体系仍将是研究地壳风化、水圈－岩石圈之间化学物质循环的重要手段,根据古海水及其化学沉积物的Sr同位素记录研究壳－幔演化和地球圈层演化过程中的物质循环特征以及地表古环境变化将是本研究领域的重点。 相似文献
10.
L. G. Bogashova 《Geochemistry International》2011,49(9):925-936
Great scales of halogen processes and aggressiveness of their liquid products, the brines, suggest significant and complex
role of these processes in the geological evolution of the Earth. Evaporite process extracted huge masses of salts from oceans
and transformed marginal seas into biotically unsuitable environments, many times increasing their salinity. Prolonged (104–106 years) formation of saliferous basins was accompanied by similarly protracted descending filtration of brines, which played
an important role in the mineral transformation of the rocks of sedimentary shell and its water component. The study of behavior
of halogen brines at the sedimentation and post-sedimentation stages makes it possible to decipher many aspects of genetic
links of ore- and naphthidogenesis with halogenesis and to obtain the quantitative estimate of these links. Mechanisms and
results of the influence of halogen processes on the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere were analyzed and a general model
of halogen press on the aforementioned spheres was developed. 相似文献
11.
海相沉积型锰矿的成矿过程受古海洋沉积环境影响，而古海洋环境又与超大陆聚合与裂解、极端地质事件、生命演化等密切相关，因此，海相富锰地层是岩石圈、水圈、大气圈和生物圈等多圈层耦合关系与物质循环相关信息的重要载体。深层海水缺氧模型、最小氧化带模型和幕式充氧模型都显示海水中氧化还原梯度的变化是导致锰矿形成的最主要原因。全球范围内海相沉积型锰矿主要形成于古元古代、新元古代和显生宙3个地质历史时期。其中，元古宙时期，地球上发育了完善的氧化还原分层的古海洋结构；古元古代早期和新元古代，超大陆裂解引起的海平面升降变化导致古海洋氧化还原结构产生动荡，并促使大规模沉积型锰成矿作用发生；地球沉寂期（1800~800 Ma）涵盖了整个中元古代，这一时期仅在华北地台发育了少量沉积型锰矿床，反映该时期古海洋中锰的迁移受到了抑制；显生宙地球再次进入活跃期，经历了数次海洋缺氧事件，冰室-温室气候交替促使海水的化学性质剧烈变化，并在局部氧化还原分层的沉积盆地中富集形成沉积型锰矿床。总之，古海洋氧化还原环境的变化是沉积型锰矿形成的必要条件，同时，区域性沉积盆地的结构、海平面的升降、火山作用导致的物缘供给等多种因素都会影响沉积型锰矿的形成。与沉积型铁矿相比，沉积型锰矿对局部海水化学性质的变化更加敏感，综合研究铁锰矿床的共生与分异过程，将有助于更加有效的识别不同尺度的沉积过程与古海洋环境变化。 相似文献
12.
V. S. Savenko 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2011,66(3):163-170
The modern state of the ecological school in geochemistry in the context of the general tendency towards the ecologization
of the Earth sciences is considered. The key role of the Russian school of systemic natural sciences [V.V. Dokuchaev, V.I.
Vernadskii, B.B. Polynov, V.N. Sukhachev, N.V. Timofeev-Resovskii, and others] in the development of ecological geochemistry,
studying the structure and the progress of the system man-biota-abiotic environment at the nuclear-molecular level is noted.
The object of study in ecological biochemistry is the ecosphere, which is the system of external geospheres of the Earth (atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and the top lithosphere, including the zone of metamorphism) and the “home” for all breathing organisms, including
humans. 相似文献
13.
N. M. Sushchevskaya B. V. Belyatsky E. P. Dubinin O. V. Levchenko 《Geochemistry International》2017,55(9):775-791
Petrological–geochemical study showed that the alkaline-ultramafics of the Jetty Oasis (rift zone of the Lambert glacier, East Antarctica) are similar in the age (117–110 Ma) and geochemistry to the ultrapotassic alkali basalts of eastern India (Jharia and Raniganj intrusions). Alkaline magmatism in India and Antarctica is related to the activity of the Kerguelen plume, which significantly affected the evolution of the entire eastern Indian Ocean, in particular, determined geodynamic peculiarities of the ocean opening (existence of non-spreading blocks, fragments of the Gondwana lithosphere in oceanic areas) and geochemical characteristics of erupted tholeiitic magmas. Enriched magma sources related to the Kerguelen plume were formed by melting of ancient Gondwana-derived continental fragments, which experienced multiple transformations during its evolution up to the formation of metasomatized mantle under the impact of the Kerguelen plume on the Antarctic and India margins. 相似文献
14.
Major Advances in the Study of the Precambrian Geology and Metallogenesis of the North China Craton: A Review 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The North China Craton(NCC) is one of the most ancient cratons in the world and records a complex geological evolution since the early Precambrian. In addition to recording major geological events similar to those of other cratons, the NCC also exhibits some unique features such as multistage cratonization(late Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic) and long-term rifting during the Meso–Neoproterozoic. The NCC thus provides one of the best examples to address secular changes in geological history and metallogenic epochs in the evolving Earth. We summarize the major geological events and metallogenic systems of the NCC, so that the evolutionary patterns of the NCC can provide a better understanding of the Precambrian NCC and facilitate comparison of the NCC with other ancient continental blocks globally. The NCC experienced three major tectonic cycles during the Precambrian:(1) Neoarchaean crustal growth and stabilization;(2) Palaeoproterozoic rifting–subduction–accretion–collision with imprints of the Great Oxidation Event and(3) Meso–Neoproterozoic multi-stage rifting. A transition from primitive- to modern-style plate tectonics occurred during the early Precambrian to late Proterozoic and is evidenced by the major geological events. Accompanying these major geological events, three major metallogenic systems are identified:(1) the Archaean banded iron formation system;(2) Palaeoproterozoic Cu–Pb–Zn and Mg–B systems and(3) a Mesoproterozoic rare earth element–Fe–Pb–Zn system. The ore-deposit types in each of these metallogenic systems show distinct characteristics and tectonic affinities. 相似文献
15.
生态地质学理论的核心是以人类为中心的生态系统的生态动态平衡。整个地球表层的岩石圈、土壤圈、大气圈、水圈和生物圈是一个最大的生态系统。岩石圈的平衡在这个系统中起着决定性的作用。地质灾害即是地质污染。介绍在大巴山区开展１：５万生态地质调查工作的情况。 相似文献
16.
水科学是以自然界的水为对象,研究其静态的分布和动态的变化过程,包括其物理学的、化学的和生物学的变化过程及其从宏观到微观的运动形式和变化规律等.因此,它是以地球上水圈为对象的科学,也包括水圈与气圈、水圈与岩石圈、水圈与生物圈的相互关系和相互作用,以及水在环境中与其他要素间的相互作用与影响、水与人类社会的关系等等.水科学在其自身发展中仍应遵循认识与实践的统一,自然科学属性和应用科学属性的相互配合、协调发展,以求把人与水和自然的关系处理得合理、有效. 相似文献
17.
大陆岩石圈研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
从地震学、地球化学、岩石学等不同学科的角度,对大陆岩石圈研究进展做了简要介绍。不同学科的最新研究成果表明,岩石圈在热状态、化学成分和力学行为等方面具有高度非均匀性。这不仅表现为岩石圈性质和结构随深度的变化,而且还反映在不同时代、大陆与海洋以及克拉通和造山带岩石圈结构特征的显著差异上。性质和结构的差异体现了岩石圈形成和长期演化过程的复杂性。我们认为,不同岩石圈块体之间、岩石圈与深部对流地幔之间普遍存在着相互作用。这种相互作用被认为是稳定克拉通岩石圈遭受改造甚至破坏的深部机制,同时还是地球深、浅部物质交换的重要方式,因而显著影响着地球深部的对流和地表的构造过程。值得注意的是,由于岩石圈本身定义的模糊性及其厚度的不确定性,地震活动与岩石圈强度之间的关系以及大陆岩石圈演化的规律性等问题仍有待于进一步的研究和探索。 相似文献
18.
白垩纪诸多地质事件中,以黑色页岩为特征的大洋缺氧事件和以红层为特征的大洋富氧环境尤其引人关注。本文探讨了白垩纪大洋从缺氧到富氧转化的过程与机制,认为上述沉积事件是地球圈层之间相互作用的结果。白垩纪岩石圈剧烈的岩浆活动,是缺氧、富氧事件发生的源动力,水圈、大气圈、生物圈的共同作用是沉积事件发生的结果。具体过程为:白垩纪大规模的火山喷发,改变了海陆面积的对比,并引起地球内部大量热能释放和大气中CO_2气体浓度的升高,最终导致大气温度的升高。海水温度的升高和CO_2浓度的增加导致海洋环境中溶解O_2的降低,缺氧事件随之而产生。同时,海底岩浆喷发在海底产生大量的富含铁元素的基性和超基性岩石,通过海底风化和热液活动,铁元素从岩石圈进入水圈。海水中的铁元素是海洋浮游植物宝贵的营养盐类,其含量的增加可激发浮游植物的大规模繁盛,而这一生命过程可以吸收海水中大量的CO_2,并且产生等量的O_2。随着海水中O_2浓度的不断升高,以富含Fe3+的红色沉积物为特征的海洋富氧环境出现。藏南和深海钻探、大洋钻探典型剖面的数据证实大洋缺氧和富氧发生的韵律性,即缺氧事件之后往往伴随富氧环境的出现。研究认为,白垩纪大洋缺氧和富氧事件是同一原因导致的不同结果,地球圈层相互作用是其根本制约因素。由岩浆活动引起的缺氧事件和同样由其造成的富氧环境,其机制存在明显的差异,前者以物理、化学过程为主,后者除此之外还演绎了更为复杂的生物-海洋地球化学过程。 相似文献
19.
板块构造的启动时间和机制,一直是国内外地球科学界关注的焦点,有不少热点文章对此进行了讨论。它涉及的不仅是早期地球的构造机制问题,更关系到整个地球的演化历史、变化过程和演化规律,以及地球的未来。本文对国内外的研究状况、研究重点进行了简单述评,强调地球的"热状态和热演化"是构造机制演化的关键控制因素,提出大陆形成和岩石圈的演化与板块构造起源关联密切,是理解早期板块构造启动的重要研究内容。华北克拉通是代表性的古老大陆,本文对它的研究状况给出了介绍和评述。文章最后展望了"早期大陆与板块构造启动"这一重要科学问题的研究方向,并对相应的研究方法提出了评论和建议性意见。 相似文献
20.
中国第四纪气候变化和未来北方干旱灾害分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
气候异常变化不仅是气象灾害、海洋灾害、洪涝灾害、生物灾害的源头,而且由于地球及其各圈层运动的整体性和联系性,气候异常变化的激烈时期也常是地震和地质灾害的多发期。为了对未来自然灾害作出预测,文章研究了第四纪气候变化和发展规律,据此认为21世纪初虽然可能降水量有所增加,但仍属干旱期,特别是中国北方将受到干旱灾害的严重威胁,并将诱发或伴生一系列其他自然灾害。文章认为要从节流与开源并重的战略高度解决北方水资源短缺问题,只有这样才能保证社会经济的可持续发展。 相似文献