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GPS观测资料应用于中尺度数值预报模式的初步研究 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12
利用建立在长江三角洲地区GPS观测网中 11个站点的可降水量资料 ,对 2 0 0 2年 6月 2 3～ 2 4日影响长江三角洲地区的降水过程进行了MM5模式初始湿度场调整和Nudging同化试验。试验表明 :利用GPS测量的可降水量对模式初始湿度场进行调整能明显增强模式初始场描述水汽分布的能力 ,从而有效地控制模式积分初期对可降水量预报的误差 ,并对模式 6h累积降水量预报有较明显的改善作用。利用Nudging技术同化GPS可降水量资料对MM5预报效果改善较小 ,并且Nudging系数的增加对预报效果的影响不大。总体上 ,利用GPS可降水量资料调整模式初始湿度场对模式 6h累积降水预报效果的改善明显好于连续Nudging同化。试验还表明 :GPS资料对模式初始湿度场调整改善模式对累积降水量的预报主要是通过改善网格降水预报来实现的 ,而Nudging同化主要是通过改善次网格降水而提高模式降水预报能力的。 相似文献
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基于WRF模式对青藏高原一次强降水的模拟 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了了解新一代中尺度数值预报模式WRF中各参数化方案组合、嵌套技术的使用对青藏高原降水模拟结果的影响,利用WRF模式对2004年10月5—6日青藏高原一次强降水过程进行了模拟试验;对各微物理方案和积云参数化方案组合进行了模拟和对比评分,对嵌套技术的使用进行了对比分析,主要分析了不同行星边界层方案选择对降水模拟的影响。结果表明,WRF模式基本能够重建此次强降水过程的中心、强度及降水范围,Eta-Ferrier云微物理方案和Betts-Miller-Janjic积云参数化方案的组合在此次模拟降水过程中是最优的,采用嵌套技术的模拟结果要优于不采用嵌套技术的结果;行星边界层方案的合理选择能够明显提高降水模拟的效果。 相似文献
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2014年初冬湖北省一次大雾成因分析和数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用湖北省高速公路交通气象站观测数据及NCEP的1°×1°格点再分析资料,分析了2014年1月29—30日发生在湖北省内的大雾天气过程的气象要素变化特征及大雾形成机理,并利用优化参数化方案的数值模式对本次大雾过程进行了模拟。结果表明,大雾过程能见度基本与相对湿度变化趋势相反,气温与能见度变化趋势基本一致,风速都较之前有所下降。本次大雾是暖平流影响后,经夜间辐射冷却降温后形成,属平流辐射雾。利用WRF模式对本次大雾过程的模拟结果表明,除对海拔较高、受局地地形影响较大区域的模拟效果不理想外,模拟的大雾范围、强度、生消时间等与实况基本相符,可为以后大雾预报提供一定的参考。 相似文献
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刘品 《中国气象科学研究院年报》2004,(1):27-28
通过项目组全体科研人员的共同努力,国家自然科学基金“九五”重大项目“长江三角洲地区低层大气物理化学过程及其与生态系统的相互作用”历时6年,圆满完成。分析了长江三角洲地区大气-生态系统近期变化的动态、大气环境物理化学特征及有关痕量气体源汇分布;进行了水、热与物质(C、N)通量输送与转化的综合观测试验和数值模拟试验,就大气环境变化对典型农业生态系统影 相似文献
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飞机报资料在0506华南致灾暴雨过程模拟中的应用 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
利用常规和非常规观测资料,对2005年6月18～24日华南地区的一次致灾暴雨过程进行了分析,并对18～19日的过程进行了模拟研究。由于常规观测资料的分析对于描述暴雨的系统结构等方面尚显不足,因此利用GRAPES模式对此次暴雨过程进行了模拟研究。采用不同资料,利用模式同化系统经过12小时的同化,将得出的不同的同化分析场作为模式的初始场,对此次过程进行24小时的数值模拟做对比模拟试验,来对比分析飞机报同化场对于模式预报的改进作用。试验证明,利用有飞机报加入的同化分析场做初始场的模拟结果不仅能够模拟出主要的降水区域,而且降水强度与实况更加吻合,比未加入飞机报的控制试验结果的准确率提高了。飞机报资料的使用对于提高此次暴雨过程模拟效果是可行的、必要的,而且也为该资料用于华南暴雨的预报奠定了基础。 相似文献
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2007年7月江淮流域降水过程云分辨尺度模拟研究——数值模拟及验证 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用美国Goddard中心的云分辨尺度模式,对2007年7月2—9日江淮流域的一次暴雨过程进行了高分辨率的模拟研究。首先利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料、地面降水观测以及卫星云图等常规和非常规观测资料,对此次降水过程开展了天气尺度分析,对过程降水特点有了初步了解;进而利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料形成云模式大尺度强迫场,对降水过程开展了长度约8天的高分辨率数值模拟。通过观测与模拟的地面雨强以及雷达反射率等的对比分析发现,模式很好地模拟出了此次强降水过程的时空分布和演变特征,以及主要的雷达回波结构特点,模拟结果可用于进一步针对江淮流域地面强降水过程细致的定量诊断分析研究。 相似文献
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利用建立在长江三角洲地区GPS观测网中13个站点的资料对2002年6月27~28日影响长江三角洲地区的降水过程进行了MM5背景误差调节和可降水量资料的三维变分同化试验。试验结果表明:背景误差对三维变分同化的效果起着关键作用,模式变量(u,v,T,p和q)误差的水平尺度与NMC方法的平均时间长度有直接的关系。利用NMC方法重新构建的背景误差更接近实际的背景误差。三维变分技术能有效地同化GPS可降水量资料。GPS可降水量资料的同化使用不仅能调整模式初始湿度场,而且也能相应地调整模式初始气压场、温度场和风场。GPS可降水量资料的同化有利于减小模式初始场对可降水量的分析误差,并且有利于减小模式积分初期(3~6 h)可降水量的预报误差。与没有进行GPS可降水量同化相比,通过GPS可降水量资料的三维变分同化,使MM5模式6 h和24 h累计降水能力得到提高,改善了MM5模式降水预报性能。总体上,GPS可降水量资料的变分同化有利于模式降水预报能力的提高。 相似文献
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对2005年6月19日-23日,广西出现了大范围持续性的暴雨天气过程的影响系统进行分析,然后采用中尺度MM 5V 3.6模式对20日与21日持续性大暴雨进行模拟,利用高时空分辨率的数值模拟结果进行诊断。 相似文献
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一个改进的陆面过程模式及其模拟试验研究第一部分:陆面过程模式及其“独立(off-line)”模拟试验和模式性能分析 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
文中在综合比较过去各类陆面过程模式优缺点的基础上,主要参考ＢＡＴＳ模式,发展了一个陆面过程模式（ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ）。它具有以下几个特征：１．采用物理方程和经验解析公式相结合的方法进行土壤温度和土壤水汽的求解。在上层土壤,土壤分层较细并采用温度传导和水汽扩散方程求解,而在下层土壤,土壤分层较粗并利用经验方法处理。２．考虑了降水分布的次网格特征及其对陆面水文产生的重要影响。３．较全面地考虑了雪盖对陆面过程的各种影响：对陆面水文的影响、对土壤热传导的影响以及雪盖的高反照率对辐射收支的影响。利用３组单点观测试验资料对陆面过程模式ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ进行了“独立（ｏｆ－ｌｉｎｅ）”模拟试验。模拟结果表明陆面过程模式ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ具有较好的模拟性能,能够比较准确地模拟不同气候区的多种下垫面类型的陆面过程变化特点,模拟结果与观测基本一致。进而又利用一组观测资料和模式ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ进行了一系列敏感性模拟试验,试验结果表明模式ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ对一些参数的确定非常敏感,如初始土壤水汽、植被的物理特性参数以及降水次网格分布因子等,因此提高确定这些参数的准确性是改进陆面模式的重要内容之一。 相似文献
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A computer simulation model of regional vegetationdynamics was applied to the terrestrial ecosystems ofChina to study the responses of vegetation to elevatedCO2 and global climatic change. The primaryproduction processes were coupled with vegetationstructure in the model. The model was parameterizedand partially validated in light of a large number of fieldobservations made throughout China on primary productivity,10 years of monthly meteorological data, 5 years of monthlynormalized differential vegetation index observed byNOAA-11 satellite, and digital vegetation and terrainmaps. Eight different climatic scenarios, set byperturbations from the present climate, 100% inatmospheric CO2 concentration, 2 °C inmonthly mean temperature, and 20% in monthlyprecipitation, were applied to analyze the sensitivityof the Chinese terrestrial ecosystems to climaticchange. Simulation results were obtained for each ofthe climatic scenarios with the model running towardequilibrium solutions at a time step of 1 month.Preliminary validation indicated that the model wascapable of simulating the net primary productivity ofmost vegetation classes and the potential vegetationstructure in China under present climatic conditions.The simulations for the altered climatic scenariospredicted that grasslands, shrubs, and conifer forestsare more sensitive to environmental changes thanevergreen broadleaf forests in warm, wet southeastChina and desert vegetation in cold, arid northwestChina. For less than 150% of changes in vegetationstructure under altered climatic conditions, aboutthree quarters of the changes in net primaryproductivity of individual vegetation classes wereshown to be attributed to the changes in thecorresponding distribution area. 相似文献
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In the boreal biome, fire is the major disturbance agent affecting ecosystem change, and fire dynamics will likely change in response to climatic warming. We modified a spatially explicit model of Alaskan subarctic treeline dynamics (ALFRESCO) to simulate boreal vegetation dynamics in interior Alaska. The model is used to investigate the role of black spruce ecosystems in the fire regime of interior Alaska boreal forest. Model simulations revealed that vegetation shifts caused substantial changes to the fire regime. The number of fires and the total area burned increased as black spruce forest became an increasingly dominant component of the landscape. The most significant impact of adding black spruce to the model was an increase in the frequency and magnitude of large-scale burning events (i.e., time steps in which total area burned far exceeded the normal distribution of area burned). Early successional deciduous forest vegetation burned more frequently when black spruce was added to the model, considerably decreasing the fire return interval of deciduous vegetation. Ecosystem flammability accounted for the majority of the differences in the distribution of the average area burned. These simulated vegetation effects and fire regime dynamics have important implications for global models of vegetation dynamics and potential biotic feedbacks to regional climate. 相似文献
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Modeling the Influence of Topographic Barriers on Treeline Advance at the Forest-Tundra Ecotone in Northwestern Alaska 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate warming has important implications to potential feedbacks to climate. The interactions between topography, climate, and disturbance could alter recruitment patterns to reduce or offset current predicted positive feedbacks to warming at high latitudes. In northern Alaska the Brooks Range poses a complex environmental and ecological barrier to species migration. We use a spatially explicit model (ALFRESCO) to simulate the transient response of subarctic vegetation to climatic warming in the Kobuk/Noatak River Valley (200 × 400 km) in northwest Alaska. The model simulations showed that a significantly warmer (+6 °C) summer climate would cause expansion of forest through the Brooks Range onto the currently treeless North Slope only after a period of 3000–4000 yr. Substantial forest establishment on the North Slope didnot occur until temperatures warmed 9 °C, and only following a 2000 yr time lag. The long time lags between change in climate and change in vegetation indicate current global change predictions greatly over-estimate the response of vegetation to a warming climate in Alaska. In all the simulations warming caused a steady increase in the proportion of early successional deciduous forest. This would reduce the magnitude of the predicted decrease in regional albedo and the positive feedback to climate warming. Simulation of spruce forest refugia on the North Slope showed forest could survive with only a 4 °C warming and would greatly reduce the time lag of forest expansion under warmer climates. Planting of spruce on the North Slope by humans could increase the likelihood of large-scale colonization of currently treeless tundra. Together, the long time lag and deciduous forest dominance would delay the predicted positive regional feedback of vegetation change to climatic warming. These simulated changes indicate the Brooks Range would significantly constrain regional forest expansion under a warming climate, with similar implications for other regions possessing major east-west oriented mountain ranges. 相似文献
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中国农田下垫面变化对气候影响的模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
使用同期的美国国家环境预报中心/能源部(NCEP/DOE)再分析资料驱动区域气候耦合模式AVIM-RIEMS2.0,从遥感卫星图像资料中获取3期中国土地利用/覆盖数据中的农田植被类型,将其分别引入到AVIM-RIEMS2.0模式进行积分,研究中国农田下垫面变化对东亚区域气候的影响。结果表明:中国农田变化对气候影响具有冬季弱、夏季强的季节性变化,夏季气温和降水的差异在一些地区通过了95%的显著性检验;20世纪80年代农田扩张,林地、草地为主的植被类型转化为农田,植被变化区域的叶面积指数降低,反照率升高,且通过了95%的显著性检验,使得中国东部地区的气温由南到北呈现增加—减少—增加—减少的相间变化趋势,而降水的变化趋势大体相反;20世纪90年代农田面积减少,除东北地区外,农田变化引起的植被变化与80年代基本相反,叶面积指数变化、反照率以及由此导致的气候各要素也呈现大体相反的变化趋势;不同时期农田变化引起的植被类型转化的差异,使850 hPa风场变化趋势基本相反,可能是导致气温和降水变化趋势差异的主要原因之一。 相似文献
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北京城市热岛效应的流动观测和初步研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用车载气象观测仪器结合GPS定位、连续数据采集系统的流动观测方法研究了北京城区内不同城市地表覆盖物对城市局地小气候的影响和气象要素分布,发现城市下垫面分布与城市的温度和湿度有密切关系,一般在城市建筑物密集、水体和植被少的区域具有较高的气温和较低的相对湿度,在建筑物稀疏和植被、水体较多的区域则相反。观测结果表明,流动观测方法是对常规气象观测资料的有益补充,也是城市气候观测中的一种有效方法。 相似文献
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Modeling Dynamic Vegetation Response to Rapid Climate Change Using Bioclimatic Classification 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Modeling potential global redistribution of terrestrial vegetation frequently is based on bioclimatic classifications which relate static regional vegetation zones (biomes) to a set of static climate parameters. The equilibrium character of the relationships limits our confidence in their application to scenarios of rapidly changing climate. Such assessments could be improved if vegetation migration and succession would be incorporated as response variables in model simulations. We developed the model MOVE (Migration Of VEgetation), to simulate the geographical implications of different rates of plant extirpation and in-migration. We used the model to study the potential impact on terrestrial carbon stocks of climate shifts hypothesized from a doubling of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration. The model indicates that the terrestrial vegetation and soil could release carbon; the amount of this carbon pulse depends on the rate of migration relative to the rate of climate change. New temperate and boreal biomes, not found on the landscape today, increase rapidly in area during the first 100 years of simulated response to climate change. Their presence for several centuries and their gradual disappearance after the climate ceases to change adds uncertainty in calculating future terrestrial carbon fluxes. 相似文献
17.
We use a frame-based simulation model to estimate future rate of advance of the arctic treeline in response to scenarios of transient changes in temperature, precipitation, and fire regime. The model is simple enough to capture both the short-term direct response of vegetation to climate and the longer-term interactions among vegetation, fire, and insects that are important features of dynamic vegetation models. We estimate a 150–250 yr time lag in forestation of Alaskan tundra following climatic warming and suggest that, with rapid warming under dry conditions, there would be significant development of boreal grassland-steppe, a novel ecosystem type that was common during the late Pleistocene and today occurs south of the boreal forest in continental regions. Together, the time lag and grassland development would delay the positive feedback of vegetation change to climatic warming, providing a window of opportunity to control fossil fuel emissions, the primary cause of this warming. 相似文献
18.
Holger Göttel Jörn Alexander Elke Keup-Thiel Diana Rechid Stefan Hagemann Tanja Blome Annett Wolf Daniela Jacob 《Climatic change》2008,87(1-2):35-50
In the context of the EU-Project BALANCE () the regional climate model REMO was used for extensive calculations of the Barents Sea climate to investigate the vulnerability
of this region to climate change. The regional climate model REMO simulated the climate change of the Barents Sea Region between
1961 and 2100 (Control and Climate Change run, CCC-Run). REMO on ~50 km horizontal resolution was driven by the transient
ECHAM4/OPYC3 IPCC SRES B2 scenario. The output of the CCC-Run was applied to drive the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS.
The results of the vegetation model were used to repeat the CCC-Run with dynamic vegetation fields. The feedback effect of
the modified vegetation on the climate change signal is investigated and discussed with focus on precipitation, temperature
and snow cover. The effect of the offline coupled vegetation feedback run is much lower than the greenhouse gas effect. 相似文献
19.
影响青藏高原植被生理过程与大气CO2浓度及气候变化的相互作用 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
利用一陆面过程模式,初步模拟研究了青藏高原夏季风盛行期植被生理过程与大气CO2浓度及气候变化的相互作用。结果表明,气候以及大气CO2浓度变化对青藏高原地区的植被生理过程有较明显的影响,高温、高温和高CO2浓度将加强高原植被的光合作用和呼吸作用,有利于植被生长。高原植被也可通过生理过程,产生净CO2呼收,降低大气CO2含量,起到调整温室效应的作用,从而影响全球气候变化;当气温升高、大气CO2增加时,这种作用更加有效。青藏高原地区大气CO2浓度加倍,对高原地区气候的直接影响不明显。植被的存在也会影响区域气候变化,并可通过改变高原热源,进而影响高原及其周边地区气候变化。文中还归纳出了植被生理与气候相互作用的简单概念模型。 相似文献
20.
Grassland is one of the most widespread vegetation types worldwide and plays a significant role in regional climate and global
carbon cycling. Understanding the sensitivity of Chinese grassland ecosystems to climate change and elevated atmospheric CO2 and the effect of these changes on the grassland ecosystems is a key issue in global carbon cycling. China encompasses vast
grassland areas of 354 million ha of 17 major grassland types, according to a national grassland survey. In this study, a
process-based terrestrial model the CENTURY model was used to simulate potential changes in net primary productivity (NPP)
and soil organic carbon (SOC) of the Leymus chinensis meadow steppe (LCMS) under different scenarios of climatic change and elevated atmospheric CO2. The LCMS sensitivities, its potential responses to climate change, and the change in capacity of carbon stock and sequestration
in the future are evaluated. The results showed that the LCMS NPP and SOC are sensitive to climatic change and elevated CO2. In the next 100 years, with doubled CO2 concentration, if temperature increases from 2.7-3.9˚C and precipitation increases by 10% NPP and SOC will increase by 7-21%
and 5-6% respectively. However, if temperature increases by 7.5-7.8˚C and precipitation increases by only 10% NPP and SOC
would decrease by 24% and 8% respectively. Therefore, changes in the NPP and SOC of the meadow steppe are attributed mainly
to the amount of temperature and precipitation change and the atmospheric CO2 concentration in the future. 相似文献