共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
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本文从边界层运动方程出发,利用地转动量近似解析地给出了根据宏观外参数来求正压边界层中动能耗散的公式,得到了地转风及其平流与局地时变项及纬度的影响。指出了变性能量依赖于气压系统,改进了对变性能量的认识。本结果可直接应用于大尺度模式中以估计边界层的动能耗散,因而对大气动能平衡的研究,对从能量观点研究天气系统的生衰,发展有一定意义。 相似文献
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根据绝热无耗散大气总动能和总位涡拟能守恒的特性，本文讨论了二维平面上动能谱分布随时间变化的规律。结果表明，大气谱动能变化必然涉及至少三种不同的空间尺度；或遵从双向转化原则，或遵从单向转化原则。在讨论能量的双向转化和单向转化条件的基础上，本文还分别研究斜压大气和正压大气中能量转化的一般状况。 相似文献
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利用1958—2011年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,根据Lorenz能量循环理论框架,分析了北半球大气能量循环的年变化特征,在此基础上给出了更具普适性的多年平均的大气能量循环框图.结果表明:北半球大气能量循环的年变化特征十分明显.大气能量及能量转换率均表现为冬季高、夏季低、春秋季过渡的演变特征;纬向平均有效位能、纬向平均动能和涡动动能中有少许能量在冬季时由南半球向北半球进行越赤道输送,夏季时则由北半球向南半球输送,而涡动有效位能的输送方向则与此相反;纬向平均有效位能的制造在秋季最大,涡动有效位能的制造在夏季最大;动能的耗散冬季最强,夏季最弱.就年平均而言,相较于能量转化过程,能量越赤道交换过程非常微弱.在经向上,纬向平均有效位能主要分布于高纬地区,纬向平均动能主要分布于中低纬地区,而涡动能量主要贮存在中纬和高纬地区;此外,能量转化过程一般在中纬度地区较活跃. 相似文献
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大尺度扰动的感热和动量输送是紧密联系的.在准地转运动中,大尺度涡动输送可分解为平衡输送和不平衡输送.在北半球冬季纬向风系和副热带高压带维持的过程中,中纬度不平衡涡动输送,以及与之相联系的平均经圈环流所造成的垂直输送,起着十分重要的作用.这时水平输送和垂直输送本身就处在内在联系之中.并且这种输送过程是和温度槽落后于流场槽的斜压扰动相联系的. 当把大气运动分解成垂直平均的正压动能和垂直切变的斜压动能时,可以更细致地了解中纬度大气环流能量转化的规律.我们进一步讨论和计算了中纬度北半球冬季能量转换的过程. 相似文献
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把流函数分成对赤道对称和对赤道反对称的两部分,可以把正压涡度方程分离为描写大气对称运动和反对称运动的两个方程。根据它们,讨论了在全球范围内几种基本物理量,如涡度和绝对角动量等在对称和反对称情况的守恒性。还给出了这两类运动的能量收支方程和能量转换表达式。可以看出,在大气中不仅有纬圈平均动能和扰动动能之间的转换,也有对称运动产生的和反对称运动产生的动能之间的转换。 还在涡度方程中考虑地形和水平扩散的情形下,提出了大气非对称性质产生的机制。结果表明:非对称的地形分布和水平扩散系数的分布可能是导致非对称运动的原因。 最后,还对全球预报和半球预报,从物理观点作了理论比较。 相似文献
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在第一讲里已指出,热带大气动力学的研究是一项极为重要的课题。这不仅因为热带大气的运动与中高纬度地区的大气运动相比有着许多不同的特点,而且在所谓的大气“热机”中,驱动大气热机的太阳辐射能大部分为热带地区的地球大气所吸收,以后通过大气运动才由热带将能量输送给中高纬度地区,因而热带是大气热量、动量和水汽的源。因此,热带大气动力学的研究对揭露全球大气运动的规律也有重要的意义。热带大气动力学的内容极其广泛,这里只能就其基本部分作简单介绍。 相似文献
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管兆勇 《南京气象学院学报》2000,23(3):313-322
使用ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ４０年（１９５８～１９９７年）月平均再分析资料,通过动力学论断研究了大气斜压／正压运动动能的变化及其相互转换,分析了亚洲季风变动与这两种动能变化的联系。指出：季风区大气运动动能的组成和变化具有独特的特征。冬季风时期大气斜压运动动能与正压运动动能具有正相关线性关系,斜压运动能向正压运动动能转换;春、秋季无论是东亚还是印度季风区斜压运动动能与正压运动动能之间转换都处于极小值,只是 相似文献
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2020年第7号台风“海高斯”在广东省造成大风、暴雨灾害,细致研究其多尺度能量分布及转化特征有助于更好地认识和防御类似的台风灾害。运用WRF模式对台风“海高斯”进行了数值模拟,使用Barnes滤波方法将模拟结果分离为大尺度背景场(> 2 000 km)、α中尺度系统(200～2 000 km)、β中小尺度系统(<200 km)等三个尺度分量,分别计算三个尺度动能、有效位能的分布及变化。结果表明：(1)台风“海高斯”活跃期内,大尺度背景场动能先增加后稳定,α中尺度动能先增加后减少,β中小尺度动能变化不明显。动能的主要来源是有效位能的转化及气压梯度力做功,主要去向是水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度动能主要分布于对流层低层。(2)大尺度背景场有效位能有两次先增加后减少的过程,α中尺度和β中小尺度有效位能先增加后减少。有效位能的主要来源是非绝热加热,主要去向是转化为动能和水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度有效位能主要分布于对流层高层。(3)台风“海高斯”能量转化区域主要为距台风中心200 km以内台风眼壁及中心密集云盖区域对流层上层、距台风中心200—700 km台风外围区域对流层上层、... 相似文献
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An attempt is made, for an anticyclonic stable situation in the atmospheric boundary layer during November 1978, to estimate the dissipation length. The turbulent dissipation and the turbulent kinetic energy, as measured on a 100 m high mast, exhibit large variability, due to the sporadic turbulent structure of the stable layer, and associated variability of the Richardson number. A comparison with different parameterizations of the turbulent dissipation rate allows a validation of these parameterizations. 相似文献
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Turbulence structure in temperature inversions and in convection fields as observed by doppler sodar
Weill A. Baudin F. Goutorbe J. P. Van Grunderbeeck P. Leberre P. 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1978,15(3):375-390
The structure of turbulence in an inversion layer and in an homogeneous convective field of the planetary boundary layer is
described. In the first part of the paper, we validate the sodar estimates of turbulent dissipation, by using measurements
with an hot-wire anemometric system in situ. Limitations of an ε measurement technique using structure function calculations
are given, taking account of atmospheric properties and acoustic Doppler instrumental effects.
By comparison between isopleths of backscattering intensity and of turbulent dissipation rates, we observe that in the early
morning, turbulence is advected by mechanical turbulence generated by wind shear. The same mechanism seems to be operating
in the case of an inversion layer capping thermal instability, when the convective activity is not too greatly developed.
A turbulent kinetic energy budget is examined using aircraft, sodar, and tower measurements. This indicates a constant turbulent
dissipation profile through a deep convective layer. 相似文献
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Z. Petkovšek 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1992,47(2-4):237-245
Summary Problems of turbulent dissipation of a cold air lake (CAL) and the inversion layer bordering CAL on the upper boundary are presented and studied with the compound model. In wintertime such cold air lakes can persist for days even if rather strong winds are blowing above them. The required conditions for CAL dissipation are removed processes of its formation or maintenance, as well as a sufficiently strong invasion of turbulence in the inversion layer from above down-wards. By this, the inversion layer at first becomes stronger and dissipation is stopped, until the increase of turbulent kinetic energy of the upper flow enables further dissipation. Such turbulent dissipation process is shown by the model for typical conditions and for different initial values of the relevent variables.With 6 Figures 相似文献
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D. V. Chalikov 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1986,34(1-2):63-98
A new approach to investigations of the structure of the boundary layer above waves is discussed. The approach is based on direct numerical simulation of wave motions in the boundary layer produced by a moving curved surface. Model equations are derived, which are the Reynolds equations in a curvilinear nonstationary system of co-ordinates, evolution equations for turbulent kinetic energy, and Kolmogorov's approximate similarity formulae relating the coefficient of turbulent viscosity to the dissipation of turbulent energy; the length scale is assumed to grow linearly with increasing distance from the surface. Principles of constructing the model numerical scheme are described. Results are given of modelling the structure of the boundary layer above a nonsteady surface, which, in a general case, is a superposition of progressive waves with assigned dispersion relations and amplitudes. Mechanisms of energy and momentum transfer to the surface, effects of density stratification and energy structure in the boundary layer are studied. Merits and demerits of the approach are discussed. 相似文献
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An observational analysis of the structures and characteristics of a windy atmospheric boundary layer during a cold air outbreak in the South China Sea region is reported in this paper. It is found that the main structures and characteristics are the same as during strong wind episodes with cold air outbreaks on land. The high frequency turbulent fluctuations(period<1 min) are nearly random and isotropic with weak coherency, but the gusty wind disturbances(1 min相似文献
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Data from a convective internal boundary layer (IBL) are analyzed by focusing on the instantaneousstructure of the top of the IBL instead of the time-average structure.A conditional averaging technique is developed todiscriminate between air from above the IBL and air from below the IBL , which alternately invade some instrument levels due tosubstantial variation of the top of the convective IBL.Sensitivity to the conditional sampling criteria is examined.Inside the IBL , buoyant and mechanicalproduction and dissipation dominate the turbulent kinetic energy budget.The horizontal advection and turbulent transport terms are smaller, but not negligible. The inferred pressure correlation term is negligible.Above the IBL , buoyant production and dissipation, although weak,dominate the turbulent kinetic energy budget. Shear generation andturbulent transport are smaller but significant. 相似文献
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An extremely dense radiation fog event during 10-11 December 2007 was studied to understand its macro-micro-physics in relation to dynamic and thermodynamic structures of the boundary layer, as well as its structural evolution in conjunction with the air-surface exchange of heat and water vapor. The findings are as follows. The extreme radiation fog process was divisible into formation, development, mature, and dissipation phases, depending on microstructure and visibility. This fog event was marked by rapid evolution that occurred after sunrise, when enhanced surface evaporation and cold air intrusion led to a three order of magnitude increase in liquid water content (LWC) in just 20 minutes. The maximum droplet diameter (MDD) increased four-fold during the same period. The fog structure was two-layered, with the top of both the surface-layer and upper-layer components characterized by strong temperature and humidity inversions, and low-level jets existed in the boundary layer above each fog layer. Turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and friction velocity differed remarkably from phase to phase: these features increased gradually before the fog formation and decreased during the development phase; during the mature and dissipation phases these characteristics increased and then decreased again. In the development and mature stages, the mean kinetic energy of the lower-level winds decreased pronouncedly, both in the horizontal and vertical directions. 相似文献
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H. L. Kuo 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,17(1):29-39
Previous theoretical and observational investigations have shown that vertical plumes are formed in the high Rayleigh number convection field over heated horizontal surfaces and that these plumes become unsteady and turbulent when the Rayleigh number is higher than about 20 times its critical value R
c. Based on these results, we conclude that the dissipation of kinetic energy takes place mainly in the surface boundary layer in high Rayleigh number laminar convection and mainly in the vertical plumes in turbulent convection, while the conversion of eddy potential energy into kinetic energy is accomplished mainly in the well-mixed main body of the fluid. On making use of these rather general conclusions concerning the kinetic energy generation and dissipation processes in the energy integrals, we are able to derive the well known 5/4 and 4/3 power laws of upward heat transfer by laminar and turbulent convections theoretically. 相似文献
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Microstructure and hydrological profiles were collected along two cross-shelf sections from the deep slope to the shallow water in the north of Taiwan Island in the summer of 2006. While the tidal currents on the shelf were dominated by the barotropic tide with the current ellipse stretched across the shelf, significant internal tides were observed on the slope. The depth-mean turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) dissipation rate on the shelf was 10~(-6)W kg-1, corresponding to a diapycnal diffusivity of 10~(-2)m~2s~(-1). The depth-mean TKE dissipation rate on the slope was 1 × 10~(-7)W kg-1, with diapycnal diffusivity of 3.4 × 10~(-4)m~2s~(-1). The shear instability associated with internal tides largely contributed to the TKE dissipation rate on the slope from the surface to 150 m, while the enhanced turbulence on the shelf was dominated by tidal or residual current dissipations caused by friction in the thick bottom boundary layer(BBL). In the BBL, the Ekman currents associated with the northeastward Taiwan Warm Current were identified, showing a near-bottom velocity spiral, which agreed well with the analytical bottom Ekman solution. 相似文献