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1.
IINTRODUCTIONTheinterrillerosiononafieldplotisaffectedbythekineticenergyoftherainfall,wind,topographyfactors,propertiesofsoilandthecanopy.Theinterrillerosionoccursasthefirstdropimpactsthehillslopes.Theinterrillerosionoccursinallkindsofrainfallandtheamountofthesplasherosion,whichisthemainpartofinterrillerosion,canaccountforagreatpanofthetotalerosionamountinaheavystorm(Baner1990,Glymph1957,QianandWan1986,Zhou1981).Therefore,itisveryimportanttorevealthemechanismtoestimatetheamountofinterri…  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Sheet sediment transport was modelled by artificial neural networks (ANNs). A three-layer feed-forward artificial neural network structure was constructed and a back-propagation algorithm was used for the training of ANNs. Event-based, runoff-driven experimental sediment data were used for the training and testing of the ANNs. In training, data on slope and rainfall intensity were fed into the network as inputs and data on sediment discharge were used as target outputs. The performance of the ANNs was tested against that of the most commonly used physically-based models, whose transport capacity was based on one of the dominant variables—flow velocity (V), shear stress (SS), stream power (SP), and unit stream power (USP). The comparison results revealed that the ANNs performed as well as the physically-based models for simulating nonsteady-state sediment loads from different slopes. The performances of the ANNs and the physically-based models were also quantitatively investigated to estimate mean sediment discharges from experimental runs. The investigation results indicated that better estimations were obtained for V over mild and steep slopes, under low rainfall intensity; for USP over mild and steep slopes, under high rainfall intensity; for SP and SS over very steep slopes, under high rainfall intensity; and for ANNs over steep and very steep slopes, under very high rainfall intensities.  相似文献   

3.
A macroscopic model of seismic sources provides a scaling relationship for the apparent stress, treated as a function of three independent parameters: seismic moment, rupture area size, and average slip acceleration. These parameters represent three different factors: kinematic, geometric and material. This relationship allows us to distinguish and explain the following statistical characteristics of the log apparent stress versus log seismic moment plot. The regional trends, represented by a series of 1/2 slope lines, are related to the averaged shape of slip velocity pulses, so they reflect kinematic characteristics of the rupture process. The global trend, represented by the 1/6 slope line, is expected to characterize sets of events of wide range of rupture area sizes and assumes dependence of rupture area size on total slip, so it is related to the rupture initiation, propagation and arrest conditions; therefore, it reflects earthquake rupture dynamics. Additional shiftings among the trend lines obtained for the smallest induced tremors, larger tectonic earthquakes, and slow tsunami earthquakes, reflect differences between the intact rock failure and the frictional slip failure, that is, between fracture energies of these different earthquake classes.  相似文献   

4.
We described the February 1, 2011 (Mw = 4.7) Zagan earthquake occurred in the area of the Zagan range. This event is one of the most significant in western Transbaikalia. Macroseismic effects of this seismic event were felt over a wide territory: the intensity of II was observed at the distance of more than 300 km. Earthquake focal parameters (hypocentral depth, seismic moment, moment magnitude and focal mechanism) calculated from the data on surface wave amplitude spectra correspond to the structural position of the origin connected with a zone of plastic flow (slip) bordering the northwest slope of the Zagan range (similar complex of the metamorphic core). The results obtained prove the existence of the continental extension processes in this area.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The use of a physically-based hydrological model for streamflow forecasting is limited by the complexity in the model structure and the data requirements for model calibration. The calibration of such models is a difficult task, and running a complex model for a single simulation can take up to several days, depending on the simulation period and model complexity. The information contained in a time series is not uniformly distributed. Therefore, if we can find the critical events that are important for identification of model parameters, we can facilitate the calibration process. The aim of this study is to test the applicability of the Identification of Critical Events (ICE) algorithm for physically-based models and to test whether ICE algorithm-based calibration depends on any optimization algorithm. The ICE algorithm, which uses the data depth function, was used herein to identify the critical events from a time series. Low depth in multivariate data is an unusual combination and this concept was used to identify the critical events on which the model was then calibrated. The concept is demonstrated by applying the physically-based hydrological model WaSiM-ETH on the Rems catchment, Germany. The model was calibrated on the whole available data, and on critical events selected by the ICE algorithm. In both calibration cases, three different optimization algorithms, shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA), parameter estimation (PEST) and robust parameter estimation (ROPE), were used. It was found that, for all the optimization algorithms, calibration using only critical events gave very similar performance to that using the whole time series. Hence, the ICE algorithm-based calibration is suitable for physically-based models; it does not depend much on the kind of optimization algorithm. These findings may be useful for calibrating physically-based models on much fewer data.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Montanari

Citation Singh, S.K., Liang, J.Y., and Bárdossy, A., 2012. Improving calibration strategy of physically-based model WaSiM-ETH using critical events. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (8), 1487–1505.  相似文献   

6.
Methods for estimating the magnitude of extreme floods are reviewed. A method which combines a probabilistic storm transposition technique with a physically-based distributed rainfallrunoff model is described. Synthetic storms with detailed spatial and temporal distributions are generated and applied to the calibrated model of the Brue river basin, U.K. (area 135 km2). The variability of catchment response due to storm characteristics (storm area, storm duration, storm movement, storm shape and within storm variation) and initial catchment wetness conditions is investigated. A probabilistic approach to estimating the return periods of extreme catchment responses is suggested.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this work is to compare three remote sensing based models: two contextual and one physically-based single-pixel model for the estimation of daytime integrated latent heat flux without the use of any ground measurements over Indian ecosystems. Satellite datasets from the MODIS sensors aboard the Terra and the Aqua satellites were used. The latent heat flux estimated from the remote sensing models was compared with that estimated from Bowen ratio energy balance towers at five sites in India. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the latent heat flux estimated from the contextual and the physically-based models was found to be in the order of 40 and 70 W m?2, respectively. The relatively inferior performance of the more complex physically-based model in comparison with the contextual models was found to be largely due to inaccurate parameterizations estimated only from remote sensing datasets without any ground data.  相似文献   

8.
The paper presents a 0-D model of an alluvial watercourse schematized in two connected reaches, evolving at the long time-scale and under the hypothesis of Local Uniform Flow. Each reach is defined by its geometry (constant length and width, time-changing slope) and grain-size composition of the bed, while the sediment transport is computed using a sediment rating curve. The slope evolution is provided by a 0-D mass balance and the evolution of the bed composition is computed by a 0-D Hirano equation. A system of differential equations, solved with a predictor-corrector scheme, is derived and applied to the schematic watercourse to simulate the morphological response to changing initial conditions, and the evolution towards long-term equilibrium conditions. Differently from a single-reach 0-D schematization with uniform grain-size, besides the simplifications adopted, the model proposed here simulates the behaviour of alluvial rivers in a physically-based way, showing a grain-size fining in the downstream direction accompanied by milder slopes, and a tendency to develop concave longitudinal profiles.  相似文献   

9.
The ability of the physically-based Soil Water-Atmosphere-Plants model, describing the processes of heat and water exchange between the land surface and the near-surface atmosphere, to reproduce hydrographs of daily river runoff is examined and compared with the Sacramento conceptual hydrological model, which has demonstrated the best performance in the International Model Parameter Estimation Experiment. Model simulations were carried out for 12 river basins with the area of ～103 km2 in the southeastern USA for the period of 1960–1998, of which the first 20 years were used to calibrate both models, while the last 19 years were used to validate them. The daily runoff hydrographs reproduced by the Soil Water-Atmosphere-Plants model, calibrated using different methods with the aim to maximize its accuracy, were compared with observational data and the results from the Sacramento model.  相似文献   

10.
Artificial open channels being costlier infrastructure, their design should ensure reliability along with optimality in project cost. This paper presents reliability analysis of composite channels, considering uncertainty associated with various design parameters such as friction factors, longitudinal slope, channel width, side slope, and flow depth. This study also considers uncertainties of watershed characteristics, rainfall intensity and drainage area to quantify the uncertainty of runoff. For uncertainty modeling, the advanced first order second moment method and Monte Carlo simulation are used and it is found that the results by both approaches show good agreement. Then, a reliability index that can be used to design a composite channel to convey design discharge for a specified risk or probability of failure is presented, and its sensitivity with different channel design parameters are analyzed. To validate the effectiveness of the present approach, the reliability values and safety factors for variable system loading scenario are obtained under static and dynamic environment. The sensitivity analysis shows that flow depth and bed width are the most influencing parameters that affect the safety factor and reliability.  相似文献   

11.
The effects of grid-size modification on the derived topographic attributes are analysed and a procedure for scaling model parameters and similarity assessment between flow variables is proposed. Hydrological simulations are performed with a physically-based and spatially-distributed quasi-2D mathematical model. The scaled model parameters are the effective roughness coefficient associated with overland flow (nov) and the transverse slope in the cell (TSC). To scale the selected parameters, the criterion of equilibrium storage conservation between the different grid sizes is applied. Three basins of the central-east region of Argentina are modelled. The spatial variability of basin geomorphology is quantified using the entropy concept. The simulation results show that when grid size is increased, to obtain similar hydrological responses it is necessary to increase the nov or to reduce the TSC. In terms of similarity, the best results are achieved when TSC is scaled, particularly when water depths are considered.  相似文献   

12.
为研究强震作用下坡顶建筑荷载对边坡稳定性的影响,结合黄土地区典型建筑的临坡分布特点,在利用模型试验探讨黄土边坡破坏特点的基础上,结合有限元模拟软件建立不同临坡距离建筑荷载下的三维边坡模型。通过分析边坡总位移云图、水平向位移云图及最大剪应变云图,判断坡体潜在危险区域的变化规律。研究结果表明,随着坡顶建筑临坡距离的增加,顶部荷载变形区域与边坡潜在滑动面的重合区域递减,在距坡顶20 m外不再受到来自边坡潜在风险滑动面的影响。  相似文献   

13.
目前国内外广泛采用的坡度-等效剪切波速关系模型中,坡度主要基于30″分辨率数字高程数据的提取。DEM分辨率对坡度的提取具有重要影响,且对于不同地区、地貌单元的影响不同。本文以我国东北地区1″、3″、30″分辨率DEM为基础,分别提取研究区域内公里网格点的百分比坡度,分析不同分辨率下提取坡度差异的原因。区分平原、丘陵和山地统计分析坡度随分辨率变化特征,通过比较多种拟合模型的拟合优度和坡度分级平均相对差值,给出不同分辨率下的最佳坡度转换关系。研究结果表明,坡度体现计算面积的平均特性,随着分辨率的增大,栅格计算面积减小,导致坡度有所差异,区域坡度变化越大差异越大;在我国东北地区,随着DEM分辨率的降低,坡度-频率分布曲线向低坡度段移动,且均值、方差及值域变小,不同地貌的坡度-频率分布曲线向低坡度方向移动,且峰值区域变窄,其中平原地貌变化趋势性显著,丘陵次之,山地最小;平原及山地地貌最佳坡度拟合为线性拟合,丘陵地貌下1″、3″与30″分辨率下最佳坡度拟合分别为线性拟合和多项式拟合。  相似文献   

14.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):1176-1193
Abstract

Flat areas are a critical issue for the characterization of drainage patterns using digital elevation models (DEM). In this work, flat area removal and flow direction algorithms are implemented, and also a physically-based DEM correction model is introduced, for investigating their influence on the topological properties of the channel network, the Hortonian parameters and the hillslope width function. Differences of results, as compared to the standard procedures implemented in widely-used GIS-based hydrological packages, show the importance for hydrogeomorphic modellers to consider the use of more detailed approaches.  相似文献   

15.
Salinization of land and water is a significant challenge in most continents and particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The need to accurately forecast surface and groundwater interactions has promoted the use of physically-based numerical modelling approaches in many studies. In this regard, two issues can be considered as the main research challenges. First, in contrast with surface water, there is generally less observed level and salinity data available for groundwater systems. These data are critical in the validation and verification of numerical models. The second challenge is to develop an integrated surface-groundwater numerical model that is capable of salt mobilization modelling but which can be validated and verified against accurate observed data. This paper reviews the current state of understanding of groundwater and surface water interactions with particular respect to the numerical modelling of salt mobilization. 3D physically-based fully coupled surface-subsurface numerical model with the capability of modelling density-dependent, saturated-unsaturated solute transport is an ideal tool for groundwater-surface water interaction studies. It is concluded that there is a clear need to develop modelling capabilities for the movement of salt to, from, and within wetlands to provide temporal predictions of wetland salinity which can be used to assess ecosystem outcomes.  相似文献   

16.
The automated spatial estimation of the hillslope runoff dynamics is used as a valuable tool for the estimation of the travel time distribution (flow time), a major factor for the hydrologic prediction in ungauged basins. In fact, while the flow time function is usually obtained by rescaling the flow paths with constant channel and hillslope velocities, in this work a spatially distributed kinematic component, as a function of terrain features and in particular slope and land use, is implemented and its influence on the hydrologic response is tested by means of the Width Function Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (WFIUH) framework. Hillslope surface flow velocities are evaluated by applying different uniform flow formulas within an automated DEM-based (terrain analysis) algorithm. A comparison test of the performances of the Manning, Darcy, Maidment and Soil Conservation Service uniform flow equations is performed for several case studies in Italy pertaining to different climatic and geomorphic conditions. Results provide new insights for a better understanding of the flow time function also introducing a more parsimonious and physically-based calibration scheme of the WFIUH.  相似文献   

17.
根据瑞典条分法忽略条间力的假设,建立3类边坡破坏模式的计算模型,以水平土条划分为依据得到积分形式下的边坡稳定性解析式。与5个算例对比表明,水平条分的积分解形式简单,计算的稳定性系数偏小,与Bishop法最大偏差不超过13%,说明水平条分可获得较为安全的稳定性系数。水平条分法结果偏小主要原因在于没有考虑条间力,土条只满足力矩的平衡,而不能保证力的平衡。水平土条周身力与竖直土条不同,重力产生的下滑力与抗力到圆心的距离不同,因此在不满足力平衡的基础上会放大下滑力矩,导致整体稳定性系数偏小,由此可知水平条分法是稳定性系数的下限解。水平条分法的优势在于计算区间少,对竖向划分层次多的土体适用,因此在评价边坡稳定性方面仍具有实用价值。  相似文献   

18.
李艳娥  陈学忠 《地震》2007,27(4):59-67
根据Andrews谱积分的方法, 采用近震源Brune圆盘模型, 测定了1999年11月29日辽宁岫岩MS5.4地震序列的震源参数。 结果表明, 得到辐射能量与震级的关系, 与古登堡-里克特给出的关系基本一致; 地震矩与震级的关系中斜率和截距都小于陈培善等给出的全球结果; 视应力与震级呈半对数线性关系; 在双对数坐标下视应力随地震矩的增加而增加; 地震矩随拐角频率的7次方衰减, 在地震序列的不同阶段各参数的拟合关系斜率也不完全相同。  相似文献   

19.
Water Resources - The potentialities of the physically-based model ECOMAG-HM for the study of zinc content formation regularities in the Nizhnekamskoe Reservoir basin have been demonstrated. The...  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The physically-based flood frequency models use readily available rainfall data and catchment characteristics to derive the flood frequency distribution. In the present study, a new physically-based flood frequency distribution has been developed. This model uses bivariate exponential distribution for rainfall intensity and duration, and the Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method for deriving the probability density function (pdf) of effective rainfall. The effective rainfall-runoff model is based on kinematic-wave theory. The results of application of this derived model to three Indian basins indicate that the model is a useful alternative for estimating flood flow quantiles at ungauged sites.  相似文献   

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