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1.
The Late Miocene to Pleistocene evolution of the northwestern Iblean plateau (Sicily) is marked by a complex interplay of subaerial and submarine volcanism, subsidence and uplift, eustatic sea-level changes, and shallow-water carbonate and clay sedimentation. Volcanic activity occurred in distinct phases, differing drastically in volume, chemical composition, eruptive and depositional sites, and eruptive mechanisms. Six of the newly defined formations in the northwestern Iblean plateau are either entirely volcanic or contain significant amounts of volcanics. The eastern part of a shallow marine basin was filled completely by Late Pliocene tholeiitic lava flows (Militello Formation) that had advanced subaerially from the south–southeast. Lava deltas advanced southwestward on top of earlier pillow breccia debris flow deposits intertongued with soft Trubi marls and chalks. True submarine eruptions (Monte Caliella Formation) simultaneously produced densely packed pillow piles up to 250?m thick. Inferred water depths based on volcanologic and paleoecologic criteria of interbedded and overlying calcarenites agree well. Subsequent alkalic, more explosive Pleistocene volcanic eruptions (Poggio Vina Formation) changed from initially submarine to late subaerial indicating growth of edifices above sea level, sea-level rise, or land Subsidence by ca. 50?m. They and the latest Militello volcanics are interlayed with minor shallow-water calcarenites. The Poggio Vina volcanics were submerged during a second sea-level rise amounting to up to 100?m. The sea was generally shallow, i.e., <100?m deep, throughout most of the Late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. The Poggio Vina volcanism took place prior to the Emilian transgression. The sea-level rise might represent a continuation of the subsidence trend that caused the Lower Pliocene Trubi marine basin. Subaerial conditions were reached twice in the approximate time interval 1.9–1.6?Ma during phases of voluminous volcanism that outpaced subsidence. Uplift of approximately 600?m (Palagonia) to 950?m (Monte Lauro) occurred subsequent to emplacement of the Pleistocene alkalic volcanics. Bioclastic carbonates deposited concurrently with uplift drape a major fault scarp east of Palagonia with uplift rates in excess of 0.5?mm/a, provided most uplift occurred during ca. 1?Ma. Basinning continued beneath the half graben of the present Piana di Catania where volcanics several hundreds of meters thick – at least some of them alkalic in composition – occur at a depth of approximately 500–1500?m below the present surface. Quaternary uplift of the northwestern Iblean plateau may have been due to a major phase of underplating or rise of partially melted mantle. Composition of the volcanic rocks, total volume, and mass eruptive rates are well-correlated. The volumetrically very minor highly mafic Messinian nephelinites may have formed in response to Messinian lithosphere unloading following draining of the Mediterranean resulting in very low-degree partial melting. The nephelinitic to basanitic Poggio Inzerillo and Poggio Pizzuto pillow lavas may herald a major mantle decompression event, possibly the rise of a mantle diapir. The remarkably homogeneous bronzite-bearing, relatively SiO2-rich Militello tholeiites, representing a very short-lived but voluminous eruptive phase, resemble E-MORB and reflect a major high-degree partial melting event. The Pleistocene Poggio Vina alkali basalts to nephelinites resemble the late-stage alkalic phase in intraplate magmatic systems. The Iblean cycle of a brief but intense phase of widespread tholeiites followed by alkali basaltic volcanism resembles that of Etna Volcano where widespread basal tholeiites erupted at approximately 0.5?Ma and were followed by (evolved) alkali basaltic lavas. The immediate cause-and-effect relationship between volcanism and tectonism remains speculative.  相似文献   

2.
An integrated magnetobiochronology of the Miyazaki Pliocene–Pleistocene succession in the Miyazaki area, southwest Japan, was established using planktic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy together with paleomagnetic data. The upper Miyazaki succession in the northern Miyazaki region can be divided into the Takanabe, Hisamine (redefined), and Higoyashiki (new) Formations, in ascending order. A depositional hiatus between the Hisamine Formation and the Takanabe and/or older formations was also identified based on integrated magnetobiostratigraphy from five sections including the Nagatani River (NGT) section through the uppermost Miyazaki succession. The hiatus, herein called the Hisamine unconformity, is equivalent to the Kurotaki unconformity between the Miura and Kazusa groups of the Boso Peninsula in central Japan. The depositional hiatus recognised in the lower Pleistocene of Pacific coastal areas in southwestern and central Japan may have resulted from tectonic activity associated with a change in the subduction direction of the Philippine Sea plate, which commenced prior to ca. 2.2 Ma. The youngest unit just below the hiatus is the upper part of the Takanabe Formation in the NGT section. The NGT section represents the continuous Late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene sequence including the Gauss/Matuyama boundary and is here proposed as the type section for the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary in Japan, which the IUGS ratified as the base of the Gelasian in 2009.  相似文献   

3.
洞庭盆地两护村孔孢粉组合及其气候与地层意义   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文
两护村ZKC1孔位于洞庭盆地安乡凹陷的东南部,孔内第四系(底部跨上新世)厚达294 m,为河流和湖泊沉积,自下而上依次为上新世—早更新世华田组、早更新世汨罗组、中更新世洞庭湖组、晚更新世坡头组以及全新统等。对ZKC1孔第四系进行了详细的孢粉分析,自下而上划分出16个孢粉组合带。ESR年龄和孢粉组合及其反映的气候特征指示华田组下段形成于上新世末。根据孢粉组合特征,结合构造—沉积演化和区域气候背景,重塑洞庭盆地上新世末以来的气候演化过程:上新世末期由孢粉带Ⅰ和Ⅱ指示具暖干气候。早更新世经历了凉干(孢粉带Ⅲ、Ⅳ)→暖湿间凉干(孢粉带Ⅴ～Ⅶ)→冷干间温湿(孢粉带Ⅷ～Ⅹ)→暖较湿(孢粉带Ⅺ,Ⅻ)的气候演变过程。中更新世早期无孢粉样品(洞庭湖组下部砾石层),其沉积环境暗示冷干气候条件;中期由孢粉带ⅩⅢ反映出暖稍湿的气候特征;晚期因构造抬升缺失沉积,同期湿热化事件指示暖湿气候。晚更新世早期缺乏沉积,据区域对比应为寒冷气候;中期由孢粉带ⅩⅣ指示温较湿的气候特征;晚期缺失沉积,系寒冷气候下区域海平面下降所致。全新世经历了暖稍湿(孢粉带ⅩⅤ)→暖稍干(孢粉带ⅩⅥ)的演变。上述气候演变过程与ZKC1孔化学蚀变指数曲线反映的气候演变过程以及中国东部第四纪气候演化基本吻合。以孔深140 m为界,上部孢粉数量显著高于下部,种属也更为丰富。这一变化很可能对应于一次重要的地质事件,其成因有待今后深入研究。  相似文献   

4.
《Tectonophysics》2001,330(1-2):25-43
A detailed gravimetric study has been integrated with the most recent stratigraphic data in the area comprised between the Arno river and the foothills of the Northern Apennines, in northern Tuscany (central Italy). A Plio–Pleistocene basin lies in this area; its sedimentary succession can be subdivided from the bottom, in five allostratigraphic units: (1) Lower–Middle Pliocene shallow marine deposits; (2) Late Pliocene (?)–Early Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits; (3) late–Early Pleistocene–Middle Pleistocene alluvial to fluvial red conglomerates (Montecarlo Formation); (4) Middle Pleistocene alluvial to fluvial red conglomerates (Cerbaie and Casa Poggio ai Lecci Formations); (5) alluvial to fluvial deposits of Late Pleistocene age. The Bouguer anomaly map displays a strong minimum in the northeastern sector of the basin, and a gentle gradient from west to east. The map of the horizontal gradients permits to recognise three major fault zones, two of which along the southwestern and northeastern margins of the basin, and one along the southeastern edge of the Pisani Mountains. A 2.5D gravimetric modelling along a SW–NE section across the basin displays a thick wedge of sediments of density 2.25 g/cm3 (about 1700 m in the depocenter) overlying a layer of density 2.55 g/cm3, 1000 m thick, which rests on a basement of 2.72 g/cm3. The most of the sediment wedge is here referred to Upper Pliocene (?)–Lower Pleistocene, because borehole data show Pliocene marine deposits thinning northward close to the southern margin of the area. The layer below is referred to Ligurids and upper Tuscan Nappe units; the densest layer is interpreted as composed of Triassic evaporites, quartzites and Palaeozoic basement. According to Carmignani low-angle extensional tectonics began between Serravallian and early Messinian, thinning the Apennine nappe stack. At the end of Middle Pliocene, syn-rift deposition ceased in the Viareggio Basin (west of the investigated area) as demonstrated by Argnani and co-workers, and high-angle extensional tectonics migrated eastward up to the Monte Albano Ridge. A syn-rift continental sedimentary wedge developed in Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, until its hanging wall block was dismembered, during late Early Pleistocene, by NE-dipping faults, causing the uplift of its western portion (the Pisani Mountains). This breakup caused exhumation and erosion of Triassic units whose clastics where shed into the surrounding palaeo-Arno Valley in alluvial–fluvial deposits unconformably overlying the Lower Pleistocene syn-rift deposits. In the late Pleistocene SW–NE-trending fault systems created the steep southeastern edge of the Pisani Mountains and the resulting throw is recorded in Middle Pleistocene deposits across the present Arno Valley. This tectonic phase probably continues at present, offshore Livorno, as evidenced by the epicentres of earthquakes.  相似文献   

5.
In this paper we show that the development of the sediment architecture at the leeward toe-of-slope of Great Bahama Bank (Ocean Drilling Project Leg 166, Bahama Transect) during the last 6 Ma is not only a response to sea-level fluctuations, but also to major paleo-oceanographic and climatic changes. A major sequence boundary close to the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (dated at 5.6-5.4 Ma) is interpreted to reflect a major sea-level drop that was followed by a sea-level rise, which led to the re-flooding of the Mediterranean Sea at the end of the Messinian and increasing sea-surface temperatures at Great Bahama Bank. Distinct erosional horizons occurred during the Pliocene (dated at 4.6 and 3.3-3.6 Ma) related to sea-level change and the intensification of the Gulf Stream when the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama reached a critical threshold. The Gulf Stream brings warm, saline and nutrient-poor waters to the Bahamas. Starting at the Early-Late Pliocene boundary at 3.6 Ma this paleo-oceanographic reorganization in combination with enhanced sea-level fluctuations associated with the Late Pliocene main intensification in Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (since 3.2 Ma) led to (1) a gradual change from a ramp-type to a flat-topped type morphology, and (2) a change from a skeletal to a non-skeletal-dominated sedimentary system (mainly peloidal). Increased sea-level fluctuations during the second half of the Pleistocene led to an intensified high stand-shedding depositional pattern within the surrounding basins.  相似文献   

6.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(17-18):2067-2089
The continental vertebrate fauna of Cúllar Baza-1 (Granada, Spain) occur immediately above the Matuyama/Brunhes polarity boundary, and therefore represent an initial record for the Middle Pleistocene. All polarity zones for the Late Pliocene through Middle Pleistocene are found in an 80 m section, which includes this fossil quarry. The existing collection of abundant remains of micro-mammals, macro-mammals and lithic artifacts (indicating human activity) can now be assigned an earliest Middle Pleistocene age of 0.75 Ma. Another section, 25 km across the Neogene Baza Basin, also has the Matuyama/Brunhes polarity boundary. However, in this case the Huéscar-1 fossil quarry and the Puerto Lobo sites are both below the polarity boundary, thus representing a record of the late Early Pleistocene at ∼0.9 Ma. Differences in micro-mammal species across these Matuyama/Brunhes boundaries are significant and justify an approximately coincident biostratigraphic boundary between the Biharian and Toringian stages.  相似文献   

7.
The Ediacaran–Cambrian transition is a critical interval marking drastic biological, oceanic and geochemical co‐evolutions in geological history, but it is poorly constrained geochronologically in South China. We here present two new sets of SIMS U–Pb zircon ages from Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary strata (Dengying, Liuchapo and Niutitang formations) deposited in the slope–basin environments of carbonate platforms. Two weighted‐mean U–Pb ages of 542.1 ± 5.0 Ma and 542.6 ± 3.7 Ma in the basal and mid‐upper Liuchapo Formation, respectively, in slope and basinal settings provide the first direct age set for the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary in South China. Another two U–Pb ages of 524.2 ± 5.1 Ma and 522.3 ± 3.7 Ma from the base of the overlying Niutitang Formation indicate that this widespread unit in South China was deposited about 20 Ma after the onset of the Cambrian.  相似文献   

8.
碳酸盐岩(台地)的消亡是沉积学研究的前沿和热点科学问题。南海东北部珠江口盆地东沙隆起所发育的下中新统珠江组碳酸盐岩是我国海相碳酸盐岩的最高层位,东沙台地珠江组碳酸盐岩的生长、繁盛和消亡过程提供了中国南海乃至世界范围内一个典型的受构造、海平面变化和物源共同控制的研究实例。依据采自钻井岩心钙质超微化石和浮游有孔虫化石带将珠江组的上界置于钙质超微化石带NN4与NN5的界线,即中、下中新统界线,下界置于浮游有孔虫N4的底部附近,即位于中新统与渐新统界线。有孔虫属为N4-N8带,钙质超微化石为NN2-NN4带,底界年龄为23.03Ma,顶界年龄为15.97Ma,地震反射上位于T40-T60之间。而其中碳酸盐岩地层最早于21Ma左右开始生长,最晚于16.5Ma被泥岩淹没。早期的东沙隆起北低南高,21Ma以后,东沙隆起沉降而丧失了向珠一凹陷提供物源的功能,沉降较快的东沙隆起北北部地区发育碳酸盐岩;初期为一套碳酸岩缓坡沉积,20Ma以后隆起整体被淹没,开始了大规模的碳酸盐岩建造,实现了由碳酸盐岩缓坡向台地的转变,随沉降向南推移,隆起逐渐转变为北高南低,整个碳酸盐岩台地持续向东南方向退缩,台地沉积逐渐萎缩为局部礁滩复合体,北部古地貌的高部位残存零星点礁;16.5Ma以后,沉降中心向珠二凹陷迁移,北部、北西部碎屑物质持续向东沙隆起前积导致台地消亡。结合珠江组沉积时期的地质事件的分析,本文认为早期碳酸盐岩的消亡是由于这一时期的全球海平面下降到最低位,引起区域上的物源供给加快,灰岩直接被北部沉积物退覆淹没所致;20±0.5Ma~18.3±0.5Ma的碳酸盐岩的消亡时间受制于沉降造成的相对海平面的变化,基底的火山作用及沉降中心的迁移等事件,最晚一期碳酸盐岩(流花地区碳酸盐岩)的消亡应该是构造反转后,北部物源对凹陷的持续填平补齐作用引起碳酸盐岩的生长环境变化所致。由此看,陆源碎屑的注入、沉降中心的迁移、相对海平面的升降及原始古地貌形态是碳酸盐岩生长发育及消亡的主要控制因素。  相似文献   

9.
The Uquía Formation crops out in the Quebrada de Humahuaca in Jujuy province, Eastern Cordillera, NW Argentina. This unit is composed of a sequence of fluviatile sediments and water-laid air-fall tuff beds; it is approximately 260 m thick and unconformably overlain by Pleistocene conglomerates and Quaternary alluvium. The sediments have been folded into a syncline and broken by several faults that generally trend northwest–southeast. Following Castellanos stratigraphy, we characterize three units (Lower, Middle, and Upper) of the Uquía Formation. Biochronologically, the Lower Unit is assigned to the late Chapadmalalan, the Middle Unit (“Uquian fauna”) to the late Vorohuean and Sanandresian, and the Upper Unit to the Ensenadan. Biostratigraphic evidence provides a calibration of important biochronologic events in the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), namely, the first appearances of Erethizon, Hippidion, and proboscideans at 2.5 Ma (late Pliocene) in South America. Geological and paleobiological evidence suggest that during the late Pliocene, the area could have been a wide intermountain valley at 1400–1700 m elevation, with a more humid environment than that of the present day and some wet–dry seasonality that permitted the coexistence of forest and open areas. Uquian mammals also indicate that northwestern Argentina and the Pampean region have represented distinct biogeographical areas since at least the late Pliocene.  相似文献   

10.
裂变径迹研究显示中新世早期(23±3Ma)现今吕梁山及周缘地区发生了一次整体性快速隆升。中新世晚期(约8Ma前),吕梁山前、鄂尔多斯盆地及东部宁武—沁水盆地结束了长期剥蚀历史,开始广泛接受新生代沉积。沉积物的垂向叠置关系及横向展布特征显示:8.35～6.7Ma为吕梁山快速差异隆升期,在山前(东西两侧)堆积了冲积扇相芦子沟组砾岩层,暗示了吕梁山已经地貌上成山;与此同时地势相对平坦且摆脱地表水流影响的鄂尔多斯盆地广泛堆积了风尘堆积—红黏土(保德组)。中新世晚期—早更新世早期(6.7～1.8Ma),吕梁山西部山前及鄂尔多斯地区整体缓慢隆升,堆积了新近纪保德组上部、静乐组红黏土及早更新世午城组黄土—古土壤序列。受西部六盘山快速抬升作用影响,鄂尔多斯西部抬升速率略高于东部,于早更新世中期(1.8～1.4Ma)形成现今西高东低的地势格局和南北向晋陕谷地,进而黄河及其支流顺流而下。中更新世以来,鄂尔多斯地区沉积与抬升并重,最终形成现今黄土高原。吕梁山以东的沁水盆地中新世演化史与西部相似,上新世起盆地开始断陷,汾河地堑开始形成。断陷一直持续到早更新世,自下而上依次沉积了下土河组、小白组、大沟组、木瓜组湖相地层,盆地边缘则持续抬升堆积了静乐组和午城组风成堆积。中更新世以来,断陷结束,盆地整体抬升。  相似文献   

11.
基于TM遥感图像解译和野外调研，分析了攀西地区大渡河、安宁河深切河谷地貌特征和断裂带构造变形特征，建立了安宁河断裂带晚新生代5阶段变形历史。研究表明，中新世晚期—上新世早期，安宁河断裂以挤压走滑活动为主；上新世晚期至早更新世时期，断裂以斜张走滑活动为主，活动强度较弱；早中更新世之间发生的元谋运动使昔格达组湖相地层褶皱变形；中晚更新世时期发生断陷作用，形成安宁河两堑夹—垒的构造格局；晚更新世—全新世时期又以左旋走滑活动为主。综合安宁河、大渡河河谷地貌和晚新生代地层记录和变形特征，提出了攀西高原晚新生代4阶段隆升模式：中新世早中期(12Ma之前)以缓慢隆升与区域夷平化作用为主，中新世晚期—上新世早期(12～3．4Ma)是高原快速隆升与河流强烈下切的时期，上新世晚期—早更新世(3．4～1.1Ma)为昔格达湖盆发育时期，中晚更新世—全新世(1．1Ma以来)是高原快速隆升与河谷阶地发育时期。最后指出，至上新世晚期(3．4Ma以前)，攀西高原海拔高度可能超过了3000m。  相似文献   

12.
The Kenting Mélange on the Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan, formed through tectonic shearing of subduction complex lithologies, probably within the plate boundary subduction channel between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates, with further deformation and exhumation in the Pliocene–Pleistocene during arc–continent collision. Field relations reveal a structural gradation from normal stratified turbidite sequence (Mutan Formation) through broken formation to highly sheared Kenting Mélange containing allochthonous polygenic blocks. This gradation is consistent with an increase of average vitrinite reflection values from ~ 0.72% in the Mutan Formation through ~ 0.93% in the broken formation to ~ 0.99% in the mélange, suggesting temperatures of at least 140 °C during formation of the Kenting Mélange. Zircons from gabbro in the Kenting Mélange are dated as 25.46 ± 0.18 Ma, which together with geochemical data constrains the source to South China Sea oceanic lithosphere. In combination with the field relationships, vitrinite reflectance values, microfossil stratigraphy, and offshore geophysical data from S and SE Taiwan, we propose that the Kenting Mélange initially formed at the subduction plate boundary from off-scraped trench deposits. Minor Plio–Pleistocene microfossils (< 5%) occur within the mélange in proximity to slope basin of equivalent age and were likely sheared into the mélange during out-of-sequence thrusting associated with active arc–continent collision, which in the Hengchun Peninsula commenced after 6.5 Ma.  相似文献   

13.
Diverse and abundant Foraminifera and Ostracoda assemblages were recovered from a measured stratigraphic section at Punta Maldonado, Guerrero state, Mexico. The planktonic species indicate an early Pliocene age, between 5.3 and 3.6 Ma; an early late Pliocene (around 2.4 Ma) planktonic assemblage also was recorded from isolated deposits. These ages contradict the Cretaceous–Paleogene age previously assigned to the sedimentary succession at Punta Maldonado. All indicators—benthic assemblages, ichnofacies, lithology, grain size, primary structures, mineralogy, body rock geometry, and facies—suggest deposition in the foreshore and offshore transition zones of a storm-dominated shallow siliciclastic shelf. The Ostracoda and Foraminifera indicate deposition around the outer neritic/upper bathyal boundary, which suggests an uplift of 320–400 m in the area during the Pliocene. This study represents the first report of Pliocene marine rocks in the southwestern coast of Mexico; the data presented contribute to regional geotectonic models.  相似文献   

14.
Samples were collected for magnetostratigraphic analysis from the Upper Cretaceous Straight Cliffs and Wahweap formations within Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah, in an attempt to locate the C34n–C33r and C33r–C33n boundaries; the former approximates the Santonian–Campanian Stage boundary. Locating both of these horizons within the Monument provides for refined temporal resolution of the many new fossil localities discovered in these units, while also adding to our understanding of the overall Straight Cliffs–Wahweap sequence stratigraphic architecture. Results indicate that the John Henry and Drip Tank members of the Straight Cliffs Formation are of normal polarity, and represent the later part of C34n, the Cretaceous Normal Polarity Super-Chron. The C34n–C33r boundary apparently resides in a significant hiatus determined to occur between the Drip Tank Member of the Straight Cliffs Formation and the lower part of the overlying Wahweap Formation. In stratigraphically ascending order, the informally named lower, middle, and most of the upper members of the Wahweap Formation are of reversed polarity. The C33r–C33n polarity change occurs in the upper part of the upper member, and C33n continues stratigraphically upward through the capping sand member of the Wahweap Formation and into the overlying Kaiparowits Formation. The presence of over 200 m of reversely magnetized strata above a level in the lower part of the middle member dated to 79.9 ± 0.3 Ma, which coincides with the GTS2012 date for the C33r–C33n boundary of 79.9 Ma, suggests that the published age of that boundary may be in error. A new date of approximately 78.91 Ma is proposed, in turn allowing for the thick sequence of reversely magnetized strata above the 79.9 Ma level. Age revision of the Kaiparowits Basin's Late Cretaceous record demonstrates that during late Santonian through early middle Campanian time, except in central Utah, a close correlation in time and facies successions with other successions throughout the Western Interior Basin suggests a eustatic influence on the depositional patterns. Starting in the late middle Campanian, the Kaiparowits record, along with those both to the north and south, appear to diverge in style and facies successions. We consider this to have resulted from a fundamental change in depositional controls triggered by the Laramide Orogeny. The anomalous central Utah record appears to have been profoundly influenced by a massive salient (Nebo-Charleston thrust system) in the Sevier Fold and Thrust belt that was active for much of the Late Cretaceous.  相似文献   

15.
Coral reef growth and development depend on several environmental factors, including tectonic and climatic parameters and local ecological drivers. Reef growth is especially sensitive to sea-level variations. Paleo-water depth reconstructions are essential tools used to determine reef growth patterns during different periods of reef growth. Assemblages of corals and/or coralline algae have been commonly used in such paleodepth reconstructions. This study shows that using microendolith ichnocoenoses can sometimes provide better accuracy than traditional coralgal analyses, particularly in the depth-range 0–10 m where coralgal assemblages usually show broad distribution ranges. Holocene and Pleistocene cores from two barrier reef sites on the west coast of Grande Terre in New Caledonia are examined here. Holocene reef development at these sites feature examples of microendolith ichnocoenoses that document rapid environmental changes and small sea-level variations of about 2–5 m in amplitude, and record these changes with more accuracy than coral and coralline algae assemblages which are highly dependant on the hydrodynamic energy of the setting. During the Pleistocene, which was less chronologically constrained, the microendolith ichnocoenoses also reflect paleo-water depths and reef-growth patterns at different periods of reef history.  相似文献   

16.
作者用磁性地层学方法研究了塔里木盆地周缘吉迪克组、康村组、库车组、西域组及上覆黄土．结果表明：以细颗粒碎属为特征的吉迪克组、康村组为中新世沉积，年龄约２４．４０—５．３０ＭａＢ．Ｐ，以砾岩为特征的库车组、下西域组为上新世沉积，年龄约５．３０—２．５０ＭａＢ．Ｐ．。而上西域砾岩为早更新世早期沉积物，年龄约２．５０—１．５０ＭａＢ．Ｐ。作者认为，由于印度板块向欧亚板块的俯冲造成塔里木盆地周缘山系的迅速抬升形成高大山系的时代为上新世初期，大约５．３０ＭａＢ．Ｐ。  相似文献   

17.
The Waratah Fault is a northeast trending, high angle, reverse fault in the Late Paleozoic Lachlan Fold Belt at Cape Liptrap on the Southeastern Australian Coast. It is susceptible to reactivation in the modern intraplate stress field in Southeast Australia and exhibits Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene reactivation. Radiocarbon, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) dating of marine terraces on Cape Liptrap are used to constrain rates of displacement across the reactivated Waratah Fault. Six marine terraces, numbered Qt6–Tt1 (youngest to oldest), are well developed at Cape Liptrap with altitudes ranging from ～1.5 m to ～170 m amsl, respectively. On the lowest terrace, Qt6, barnacles in wave-cut notches ～1.5 m amsl, yielded a radiocarbon age of 6090–5880 Cal BP, and reflect the local mid-Holocene sea level highstand. Qt5 yielded four OSL ages from scattered locations around the cape ranging from ～80 ka to ～130 ka. It formed during the Last Interglacial sea level highstand (MIS 5e) at ～125 ka. Inner edge elevations (approximate paleo high tide line) for Qt5 occur at distinctly different elevations on opposite sides of the Waratah Fault. Offsets of the inner edges across the fault range from 1.3 m to 5.1 m with displacement rates ranging from 0.01 mm/a to 0.04 mm/a. The most extensive terrace, Tt4, yielded four Early Pleistocene cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) ages: two apparent burial ages of 0.858 Ma ± 0.16 Ma and 1.25 Ma ± 0.265 Ma, and two apparent exposure ages of 1.071 Ma ± 0.071 Ma (10Be) and 0.798 Ma ± 0.066 Ma (26Al). Allowing for muonic production effects from insufficient burial depths, the depth corrected CRN burial ages are 1.8 Ma ± 0.56 Ma and 2.52 Ma ± 0.88 Ma, or Late Pliocene. A Late Pliocene age is our preferred age. Offsets of Tt4 across the Waratah Fault range from a minimum of ～20 m for terrace surface treads to a maximum of ～70 m for terrace bedrock straths. Calculated displacement rates for Tt4 range from 0.01 mm/a to 0.04 mm/a (using a Late Pliocene age, ～2 Ma), identical to the rates calculated for the Last Interglacial terrace, Qt5. This indicates that deformation at Cape Liptrap has been ongoing at similar time-averaged rates at least since the Late Pliocene. The upper terraces in the sequence, Tt3 (～110 m amsl), Tt2 (～140 m) and Tt1 (～180 m) are undated, but most likely correlate to sea level highstands in the Neogene. Terraces Tt1–Tt4 show an increasing northward tilt with age.The Waratah Fault forms a prominent structural boundary in the Lachlan Fold Belt discernible from airborne magnetic and bouger gravity anomalies. Seismicity and deformation are episodic. Episodic movement on the Waratah Fault may be coincident with sea level highstands since the Late Pliocene, possibly from increased loading and elevated pore pressure within the fault zone. This suggests that intervals between major seismic events could be on the order of 100 ka.  相似文献   

18.
The Sebahat (Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene) and Ganduman (Early Pliocene to Late Pliocene) Formations comprise part of the Dent Group. The onshore Sebahat and Ganduman Formations form part of the sedimentary sequence within the Sandakan sub-basin which continues offshore in the southern portion of the Sulu Sea off Eastern Sabah. The Ganduman Formation lies conformably on the Sebahat Formation. The shaly Sebahat Formation represents a distal holomarine facies while the sandy Ganduman Formation represents the proximal unit of a fluvial–deltaic system.Based on organic geochemical and petrological analyses, both formations posses very variable TOC content in the range of 0.7–48 wt% for Sebahat Formation and 1–57 wt% for Ganduman Formation. Both formations are dominated by Type III kerogen, and are thus considered to be gas-prone based on HI vs. Tmax plots. Although the HI–Tmax diagram indicates a Type III kerogen, petrographic observations indicate a significant amount of oil-prone liptinite macerals. Petrographically, it was observed that significant amounts (1–17% by volume) of liptinite macerals are present in the Ganduman Formation with lesser amounts in the Sebahat Formation.Both formations are thermally immature with vitrinite reflectance values in the range of 0.20–0.35%Ro for Ganduman Formation and 0.25–0.44%Ro for Sebahat Formation. Although these onshore sediments are thermally immature for petroleum generation, the stratigraphic equivalent of these sediments offshore are known to have been buried to deeper depth and could therefore act as potential source rocks for gas with minor amounts of oil.  相似文献   

19.
This study focuses on the detailed provenance evolution of young, syn- to post-orogenic extensional grabens in orogens like the Himalaya to trace the tectonic history of such late-stage basins, using the Neogene Thakkhola-Mustang Graben as a case study. The graben is situated within the Tibetan-Tethys zone and is filled with > 870 m of continental deposits of Miocene to Holocene age-. Based on logged sections within the predominantly alluvial to coarse-grained fluvial fill of the graben we investigated paleocurrent data and the petrology of sandstones and conglomerates including heavy minerals studies to interpret provenance and source areas in detail. Significant changes are recorded by slight differences in heavy mineral and pebble compositions.The sandstones can be classified as lithic greywackes, lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites. Sandstone, mudstone, quartzite and some granite clasts are dominant in conglomerates of the central part of the graben. Tetang Formation conglomerates of Miocene age comprise mostly clasts of Mesozoic rocks with an eastern provenance, consistent with measured paleocurrent directions. All paleocurrent data and compositional analyses of imbricated conglomerates of the Miocene–Pliocene Thakkhola Formation in the northeast of the graben suggest that clasts were derived from eastern source areas comprising mainly Mesozoic rocks whereas Paleozoic clasts of a western to northern source area predominate in the centre of the graben.Heavy mineral analysis indicates that tourmaline, staurolite, zircon, garnet and apatite constitute a significant proportion of the assemblages of all formations through time whereas epidote, andalusite, kyanite, chloritoid, hornblende, chrome-spinel, rutile and amphiboles are less common. These assemblages reflect in general stable minerals and low to high-grade metamorphic source rocks, and are principally controlled by reworking of older, passive margin sediments of the Tibetan-Tethys zone as indicated by provenance discrimination diagrams.Three successive stages in provenance evolution were recognized: (1) The Miocene Tetang Formation, characterized by higher kyanite values, corresponding to the Himalayan foreland evolution; (2) the Thakkhola Formation, characterized by granite clasts and significantly higher amounts of andalusite, indicating source area expansion and erosion of the Mustang-Mugu granites to the northwest; (3) the Upper Pleistocene/Holocene Kaligandaki Formation, bearing higher amounts of epidote/klinozoisite and ophiolite and high-pressure/low temperature detritus as indicated by chrome spinel and blue amphiboles, derived from the north-lying Indus-Tsangpo suture zone. The change in source areas from the Miocene/Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene/Holocene is interpreted as a result of the evolution from an initial stage of high-angle normal faulting and collapse basin formation to a low-angle extensional detachment basin system.  相似文献   

20.
A geochronological framework based on amino acid racemisation (AAR) and constrained by previously reported optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages is presented for the evolution and paleosea-level record of the Pleistocene Bridgewater Formation of the Mount Gambier region, of southern Australia. Within the study area, the Bridgewater Formation is represented by late early Pleistocene [Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 23 at 933 ka] to Holocene barrier shoreline successions deposited during sea-level highstands. Regional monotonic uplift (0.13 mm yr–1) and pervasive calcrete development during the Pleistocene have preserved the sequence of calcarenite (mixed quartz-skeletal carbonate sand) shoreline complexes from denudation. AAR analyses confirm that the barriers generally increase in age landwards and correlate with sea-level highstands associated with interglacials as defined by the marine oxygen isotope record. AAR analyses on the benthic foraminifer Elphidium crispum have proved more reliable than the whole-rock method in extending the age range of AAR dating of these relict shoreline successions. Paleosea-levels from the coastal plain are as follows: MIS 7, –9 ± 2 m; MIS 9, 4 ± 1 m; and a minimum sea-level of 2 ± 2 m is derived for MIS 11. Paleosea-level could not be determined for MIS 15, 19 or 23 as diagnostic sea-level indicators were not identified within these sedimentary successions. Dismal Range, dated at 933 ± 145 ka (MIS 23), represents a correlative feature to the East Naracoorte Range but is some 25 km seaward of the Kanawinka Fault compared with the same barrier at Naracoorte. Mingbool Range (788 ± 18 ka) is of similar age to the West Naracoorte Range (MIS 19) and formed as an arcuate shoreline complex that became attached to the higher relief of the area represented by the Mount Burr Volcanic Province. The higher topographical relief resulted from crustal doming of the Oligo-Miocene Gambier Limestone caused by the intrusion of magma associated with the volcanic province. The AAR age of 788 ± 118 ka for Mingbool Range indicates that the Mount Burr volcanics predate the deposition of this shoreline complex.  相似文献   

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