共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 37 毫秒
1.
PAUL J.GEMPERLINE 《地理学报(英文版)》1993,(2)
The direct trilinear decomposition method(DTDM)is an algorithm for performing quantitative curveresolution of three-dimensional data that follow the so-called trilinear model,e.g.chromatography-spectroscopy or emission-excitation fluorescence.Under certain conditions complexeigenvalues and eigenvectors emerge when the generalized eigenproblem is solved in DTDM.Previouspublications never treated those cases.In this paper we show how similarity transformations can be usedto eliminate the imaginary part of the complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors,thereby increasing theusefulness of DTDM in practical applications.The similarity transformation technique was first used byour laboratory to solve the similar problem in the generalized rank annihilation method(GRAM).Because unique elution profiles and spectra can be derived by using data matrices from three or moresamples simultaneously,DTDM with similarity transformations is more efficient than GRAM in the casewhere there are many samples to be investigated. 相似文献
2.
Based on the daily precipitation data of 27 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2009 in the Huaihe River Basin, spatio-temporal trend and statistical distribution of extreme precipitation events in this area are analyzed. Annual maximum series (AM) and peak over threshold series (POT) are selected to simulate the probability distribution of extreme precipitation. The results show that positive trend of annual maximum precipitation is detected at most of used stations, only a small number of stations are found to depict a negative trend during the past five decades, and none of the positive or negative trend is significant. The maximum precipitation event almost occurred in the flooding period during the 1960s and 1970s. By the L-moments method, the parameters of three extreme distributions, i.e., Generalized extreme value distribution (GEV), Generalized Pareto distribution (GP) and Gamma distribution are estimated. From the results of goodness of fit test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, AM series can be better fitted by GEV model and POT series can be better fitted by GP model. By the comparison of the precipitation amounts under different return levels, it can be found that the values obtained from POT series are a little larger than the values from AM series, and they can better simulate the observed values in the Huaihe River Basin. 相似文献
3.
遥感尺度转换研究进展 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
造成遥感问题复杂化的重要原因之一就是不同遥感测量方式获取的数据及地面测量数据在尺度上的不一致。在应用不同尺度的遥感数据时,尺度转换显得格外重要。该文阐述了遥感尺度转换所解决的问题,并针对国内外研究现状,分别论述基于像元和基于对象的遥感尺度转换的研究进展,对各种尺度转换方法的转换效果进行分析。最后对遥感尺度转换研究的发展趋势与前景进行展望。 相似文献
4.
沙漠与城市气溶胶散射系数变化比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站和中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所承担的乌鲁木齐大气成分观测站2010年1月1日至12月31日的单波段积分浊度计的观测资料,分析了沙漠（塔中）和城市（乌鲁木齐）两种不同下垫面地区的气溶胶散射系数的变化特征。（1）散射系数小时平均值：塔中地区变化范围在39.6～8 442.8 Mm-1,平均值318.4 Mm-1;乌鲁木齐变化范围在28.9～6 590.0 Mm-1,平均值451.5 Mm-1;乌鲁木齐小时平均值在1 000 Mm-1以上的高值区间大于塔中地区。（2）散射系数日变化：塔中呈现单峰变化,其中最大值387.0 Mm-1出现于凌晨02：00,最小值276.4 Mm-1出现于午后的17：00;乌鲁木齐呈现三锋变化,3个峰值分别出现于09：00、14：00、22：00,与塔中地区存在明显差异。（3）散射系数月均值变化：塔中的月平均值最大是4月,为500.2 Mm-1,最小是2月,为145.9 Mm-1;乌鲁木齐月均值最大在2月,为1 086.3 Mm-1,最小值在7月,为101.1 Mm-1,两地区月均值变化整体呈现相反的现象。（4）散射系数季节变化：塔中地区春季>夏季>秋季>冬季;乌鲁木齐冬季>秋季>春季>夏季。 相似文献
5.
新一代VIIRS/DNB(Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day/Night Band)夜间灯光数据因其具备更精细的时空分辨率、数据不存在饱和现象、不同年份数据可比性强等优点而迅速代替DMSP/OLS(Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System)夜间灯光数据成为新的研究热点。但由于杂散光的污染,VIIRS/DNB夏季数据数值缺失严重,致使数据在空间和时间上不连续,因此,插补缺失数据成为后续应用的前提。鉴于此,论文从插补结果异常值、与参照值对比、计算性能三个方面,系统比较了三次样条插值(样条)、三次Hermite插值(Hermite)、灰色预测模型(GM)、三次指数平滑法(指数)4种插补方法的适用性,以期为插补VIIRS/DNB夜间灯光数据提供方法选择的依据。研究结果表明：①异常值比较方面,Hermite法未出现异常值,另外3种算法仅出现少量异常值(0.02%~1.34%);②与参照值的对比方面,Hermite法与参考值接近程度最高,GM接近程度最低,样条法和指数法介于两者中间;③算法性能比较方面,4种方法都具备计算简单、容易编程的特点,但指数法的算法时长是另外3种方法的10倍以上。因此,综合多方表现,当插补月份前后两侧均有足够长的原始数据时,插补效果好、计算速度快、不会出现过冲现象的Hermite法最适宜,样条法次之;当插补月份仅单侧有足够长的数据时,适宜采用指数法(插补效果好、计算速度较慢)或GM(插补效果偏低、计算速度快)进行插补。 相似文献
6.
Anna Brooks Rehema M. White David C. Paton 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1995,4(2):133-163
The hypermarine southern Coorong is threatened by proposals to drain relatively fresh surface water and groundwater from adjacent agricultural areas into the Coorong. These influent waters carry moderate loads of heavy metals. Acute toxicity of heavy metals toDiacypris compacta, an abundant ostracod in the Coorong, was measured in the laboratory at 18°C in a static system using Coorong water (pH 7.8 salinity 50 ppt). At 4 days (96 h) the mean values of LC50 for copper, zinc, lead and, cadmium respectively were 0.8, 2.1, 3.1 and 4.3 mg L–1, and at 8 days the respective mean LC50
s were 0.4, 0.7, 2.2 and 1.1 mgL–1. The effect of two or three metals on mortality was additive in some cases and synergistic in other cases, but generally less than additive. However, in all cases mortality was greater in the presence of two or three metals than in the presence of a single metal. According to ANZECC (1992) guidelines, maximum acceptable concentrations of heavy metals should be no higher than 0.01 x the lowest LC50 value. Using the lowest LC50 values forDiacypris compacta obtained at 8 days, maximum acceptable concentrations in the Coorong would be 4, 5, 9 and 22 gL–1 for copper, zinc, cadmium and lead respectively, the values for zinc and copper failling below those recommended by ANZECC (1992) for marine waters. Reported concentrations of copper and zinc in surface water and groundwater in areas adjacent to the Coorong sometimes exceed these values, hence drainage of these waters into the Coorong represents a significant hazard to the Coorong biota. 相似文献
7.
《地理学报(英文版)》1991,(3)
An additive model is used to express the observed value of a sample characteristic as the sum of the truesample characteristic and a value of the data collection error,commonly known as experimental error.The data uncertainty of the experimental results(or of a survey data set)is defined as the expectedsquared error.The expected squared error may change with the sample characteristic,e.g.the errormoment could be concentration-dependent.The relationship between the error variance and the analyteconcentration may not be very distinct.In such a case the data transformation to stabilize the errormoments may not be appropriate.A step function is proposed as an alternative way to represent thesecond moment of the error.The data uncertainty is defined as the weighted average of the step valuesof the second raw moment of the error,using the appropriate proportions of the routine samples asweights.The data uncertainties associated with the different data collection stages were evaluated by usingregional soil survey data. 相似文献
8.
泥石流易损度评价 总被引：24，自引：1，他引：24
泥石流易损度是指在一定区域和给定时段内 ,由于泥石流灾害而可能导致的该区域内所存在的一切人、财、物的潜在最大损失。易损度评价因子主要分为财产指标和人口指标两大类。财产指标包括建筑资产、交通设施资产、生命线工程资产、个人财产和土地资源 ;人口指标包括人口年龄、受教育程度、富裕状况、人口自然增长率和人口密度。财产指标和人口指标具有不同的计量单位因而不能直接相加。本文提出的“转换赋值函数”解决了人、财、物统一标度和综合表达的难题 ,使泥石流易损度定量表达为财产指标转换函数赋值与人口指标转换函数赋值之和的二分之一的平方根。易损度取值范围介于 0～ 1或 0 %～ 10 0 %之间 相似文献
9.
A. Laissaoui M. Benmansour N. Ziad M. Ibn Majah J. M. Abril S. Mulsow 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(3):823-833
Global fallout is the main source of anthropogenic radionuclides in the Mediterranean Sea. This work presents 137Cs, 239+240Pu and 241Am concentrations in the water column in the southwest Alboran Sea, which was sampled in December 1999. A sediment core was
taken at 800 m depth in the area (35°47′ N, 04°48′ W). 210Pb, 226Ra, 137Cs and 239+240Pu specific activities were measured at multiple depths in the core for dating purposes. 137Cs and 239+240Pu profiles did not show defined peaks that could be used as time markers, and they extended up to depths for which the 210Pb-based constant rate of supply (CRS) dating model provided inconsistent dates. These profiles can be useful to test dating
models, understood as particular solutions of a general advection–diffusion problem, if the time series of radionuclide inputs
into the sediment is provided. Thus, historical records of depth-averaged 137Cs and 239+240Pu concentrations in water, and their corresponding fluxes into the sediment, were reconstructed. A simple water-column model
was used for this purpose, involving atmospheric fallout, measured distribution coefficient (k
d) values, and a first-estimate of sedimentation rates. A dating model of constant mixing with constant sedimentation rate
was applied successfully to three independent records (unsupported 210Pb, 137Cs and 239+240Pu), and provided the objective determination of mixing parameters and mass sedimentation rate. These results provide some
insight into the fate of atmospheric inputs to this marine environment and, particularly, into the contribution from the Chernobyl
accident. 相似文献
10.
甘肃敦煌雅丹地质公园区风蚀气候侵蚀力特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
风蚀气候侵蚀力是潜在风力侵蚀强度的重要表征。基于2013年和2014年风速、降水和空气温度、湿度等气象要素的实地观测数据,对甘肃敦煌雅丹地质公园区的风蚀气候因子指数进行了逐月的计算和分析。结果表明：（1）研究区风蚀气候因子指数为151.98±0.13,是全国的三大极大值区之一;（2）研究区风蚀气候因子指数不同于全国干旱半干旱区基本季节变化特征,夏季最大,春夏季明显高于秋冬季,与新疆和田地区的季节变化特征相似;（3）研究区风蚀气候因子指数具有4—8月持续高值、9月至翌年3月持续低值的月变化特征;（4）风蚀气候因子指数的决定性气象因子是风速,而降水的减弱作用甚微;（5）一般来说,雅丹地貌分布区风蚀气候因子指数≥150。 相似文献
11.
C. H. Grohmann S. S. Steiner 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):895-906
The shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM), was flow on the space shuttle Endeavour in February 2000, with the objective of acquiring a digital elevation model of all land between 60° north latitude and 56° south latitude, using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques. The SRTM data are distributed at horizontal resolution of 1 arc‐second (～30 m) for areas within the USA and at 3 arc‐second (～90 m) resolution for the rest of the world. A resolution of 90 m can be considered suitable for the small or medium‐scale analysis, but it is too coarse for more detailed purposes. One alternative is to interpolate the SRTM data at a finer resolution; it will not increase the level of detail of the original digital elevation model (DEM), but it will lead to a surface where there is the coherence of angular properties (i.e. slope, aspect) between neighbouring pixels, which is an important characteristic when dealing with terrain analysis. This work intents to show how the proper adjustment of variogram and kriging parameters, namely the nugget effect and the maximum distance within which values are used in interpolation, can be set to achieve quality results on resampling SRTM data from 3” to 1”. We present for a test area in western USA, which includes different adjustment schemes (changes in nugget effect value and in the interpolation radius) and comparisons with the original 1” model of the area, with the national elevation dataset (NED) DEMs, and with other interpolation methods (splines and inverse distance weighted (IDW)). The basic concepts for using kriging to resample terrain data are: (i) working only with the immediate neighbourhood of the predicted point, due to the high spatial correlation of the topographic surface and omnidirectional behaviour of variogram in short distances; (ii) adding a very small random variation to the coordinates of the points prior to interpolation, to avoid punctual artifacts generated by predicted points with the same location than original data points and; (iii) using a small value of nugget effect, to avoid smoothing that can obliterate terrain features. Drainages derived from the surfaces interpolated by kriging and by splines have a good agreement with streams derived from the 1” NED, with correct identification of watersheds, even though a few differences occur in the positions of some rivers in flat areas. Although the 1” surfaces resampled by kriging and splines are very similar, we consider the results produced by kriging as superior, since the spline‐interpolated surface still presented some noise and linear artifacts, which were removed by kriging. 相似文献
12.
半干旱区沙尘天气近地层湍流通量及起沙研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
利用2005年春季朱日和气象站20 m气象塔的观测资料,结合同期的PM10质量浓度资料,分析了半干旱地区不同沙尘天气下近地层湍流通量的变化特征以及PM10质量浓度与起沙之间的关系。结果表明,动量通量在15:00左右达到极大值;感热通量在白天为正值,中午12:00左右达到峰值,而晚上变为负值,并在凌晨达到谷值;由于3月份下垫面湿度大,导致潜热通量经常全天为正值,并在16:00左右达到峰值;PM10质量浓度与摩擦速度的二次方呈正比,临界起沙风速和临界摩擦速度分别为7 m·s－1和0.7 m·s－1。 相似文献
13.
14.
The methods PARAFAC and three-way PLS are compared with respect to their ability to predictreversed-phase retention values.Special attention is paid to simple validatory tools,the meaning and useof which are explained.The simple validatory tools consist of percentages of explained variation in the training set and thosethat can be calculated with the use of markers.These markers are special(reference)solutes,the retentionvalues of which are used to gain information about a new object for which predictions are wanted.Different validatory tools can be calculated with the use of these marker retention values:percentagesof used variation and mean sum of squared residuals after applying the model to these marker retentionvalues.The validatory tools are evaluated on their power to estimate their test set counterparts:thepercentages of explained variation in the test set and mean sum of squared prediction errors in the test set.Two different data sets from reversed-phase chromatography are used to evaluate the validatory tools.The first data set has a high signal-to-noise ratio and is measured under the same measurementconditions.The second data set has a low signal-to-noise ratio and is measured under differentmeasurement conditions.Some of the simple validatory tools seem to have relevance to their test setcounterparts,even in the case of the second data set. 相似文献
15.
《Polar Science》2014,8(1):10-23
This study compares the common harmonic constants of the O1, K1, P1, Q1, M2, S2, N2, and K2 tidal constituents from eight global and four regional tide models with harmonic constants from satellite altimeter and tide gauge data for the northern region of the Antarctic Peninsula (58°S–66°S, 53°W–66°W). To obtain a more representative comparison, the study area was divided into three zones with different physical characteristics but similar maximum tidal amplitude variations: Zone I (north of 62°S), Zone II (south of 62°S and west of the Antarctic Peninsula), and Zone III (between 62°S and 64.3°S, and east of 58.5°W). Root sum square (RSS) values are less than or equal to 3.0, 4.2, and 8.4 cm for zones I, II, and III, respectively. No single model shows superior performance in all zones. Because there are insufficient satellite altimetry observations in the vicinity of Matienzo Base (64.9761°S, 60.0683°W), this station was analyzed separately and presents the greatest values of both root mean square misfit and RSS. The maximum, minimum, and average amplitude values of the constituents that follow in importance after the eight common tidal constituents, and which have amplitudes greater than 1 cm, are also analyzed. 相似文献
16.
黄河流域河型转化现象初探 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
黄河以其高含沙水流以及下游河道的高沉积速率而著称于世。迄今的研究, 主要针对黄河中下游流域的 侵蚀、水文泥沙和河床演变方面的研究, 而对黄河流域主支流发生河型转化的现象关注不够。在黄河的不同河段, 河型的变化频繁, 类型多样, 现象复杂, 是研究者不可回避的科学问题。本文选取黄河上游第一弯的玛曲河段、黄河 上游末段托克托附近河段及黄河下游高村上下河段来研究河型转化的形式及影响因素。玛曲河段沿流向发生网状 河型→弯曲河型→辫状河型的转化现象, 该系列转化呈现出由极稳定河型向极不稳定河型的转化, 这与世界上通 常可以观察到的沿流向不稳定河型向稳定河型转化的情况完全相反。这主要受到地壳的抬升、上下峡谷卡口、水动 力特征、边界沉积物特征及植被的区域分布等因素的控制。托克托附近沿流向发生了弯曲河型→顺直河型转化的 现象, 这是较稳定河型向极稳定河型的转化, 主要受到边界沉积物、水动力等因素的控制。高村上下河段沿流向发 生的辫状河型→弯曲河型转化的现象, 是由极不稳定河型向较稳定河型转化的现象, 河道边界沉积物及水动力是 其主要控制因素, 人工大堤只是限制了河道摆动的最大幅度, 对河型的性质影响不大, 但其上游河段修筑的水库导 致下泻的水流在辫状河段的侵蚀能力增强而使其边界沉积物粗化, 并将泥质物大量沉积在弯曲河段, 客观上促进 了河型的转化。 相似文献
17.
以1987年、2000年和2010年石羊河流域遥感影像数据为基础,对生态系统单位面积服务价值当量因子进行修正,结合生态经济协调度（EEH）评估模型对石羊河流域生态服务价值和经济发展与生态环境的协调发展水平进行了评估。结果表明：（1）研究区生态系统服务价值呈下降趋势,其损失主要集中在2000-2010年间;（2）生态系统服务价值增长的县（区）分布在流域中上游,降低的县（区）中,民勤县的损失量和下降幅度最大;（3）研究区的EEH值为-0.0174,生态经济发展总体上已处于低度冲突水平,在空间上,低度协调的县（区）主要分布在流域的上游和中游,而低度冲突的县（区）主要分布在流域的中下游;（4）各县（区）在协调发展水平上呈现出低度冲突-低度冲突、低度协调-低度协调、低度冲突-低度协调、低度协调-低度冲突、低度协调-中度冲突5种形式。 相似文献
18.
用小时降雨资料估算降雨侵蚀力的方法 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
降雨侵蚀力是进行土壤流失量预报的基本因子,EI30是迄今得到广泛应用的定量指标,但它的计算需要降雨过程资料,使其推广应用受到很大限制。用自动气象观测提供的高精度等间隔降雨资料,代替降雨过程资料,是估算降雨侵蚀力指标的首选。国际上对此已有研究,发现有很大的地区差异性。为此,本文在水蚀严重的中国东部季风区选择5个代表站点,共456次降雨过程资料,建立了用60 min等间隔雨量资料估算次降雨侵蚀力的计算方法。研究结果表明:直接用60 min等间隔资料计算的降雨侵蚀力指标值,与用降雨过程资料计算的结果相比,降雨动能E差异较小,主要差异体现在最大30 min雨强I30上,由此导致降雨侵蚀力指标EI30的差异也十分明显。利用自动气象观测小时雨量资料计算降雨侵蚀力指标值,通过公式(EI30)bp=1.730(EI30)60转换,可以较精确地估算全国降雨侵蚀力,与用日、月和年降雨量资料的估算值相比,能够提高土壤侵蚀预报精度。 相似文献
19.
Mapping land degradation by comparison of vegetation production to spatially derived estimates of potential production 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
There is an urgent need for quantitative methods by which actual, as opposed to potential degradation can be mapped using spatially consistent criteria for large regions. This study tested the Local NPP Scaling (LNS) method, where the growth season sum NDVI (∑NDVI), a surrogate for productivity, of each pixel was expressed relative to the highest values (90th percentile) of ∑NDVI observed in all pixels falling within the same land capability unit (LCU). The objective of this study was to determine if the LNS approach can be used to map degraded areas: (i) by determining if areas with low LNS values co-occur with degraded areas mapped with Landsat TM and (ii) testing the persistence of these areas over multiple years. Most of the areas with low LNS values did coincide with degraded areas, with the exception of four LCUs, which either contained steep precipitation gradients or landscape variability, which probably obscured the human impacts. The performance of the LNS method is therefore largely determined by the level of detail of the stratification data (e.g. LCUs) used. The conclusion is that the LNS method is a valuable tool for mapping land degradation at a regional scale. 相似文献
20.
空间尺度上推方法的精度评价——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土地利用数据为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
不同的空间尺度上推方法会导致不同程度的信息丢失、信息歪曲等后果;但目前少有研究在较长的尺度序列上、对不同尺度上推方法所得成果开展精度分析。本研究首先提出尺度上推方法精度评价的三个准则,即:保持土地类型构成特征、保持土地面积精度、保持土地空间分布格局和斑块形态;继而使用格点中心值、最大面积斑块、最大聚合面积斑块等3种尺度上推方法,配合100 m～50 km土地利用数据开展尺度转化实验;最后基于上述评价准则和尺度上推实验所得的系列输出结果,分析了不同尺度上推方法的精度。研究表明:(1)格点中心值上推方法能更好地保留区域土地类型构成、土地面积精度等特征;(2)锡林郭勒盟地区土地研究的适宜尺度应小于10 km,最大不应超过30 km;(3)在尺度上推过程中,土地斑块的平均面积、形态以及空间分布格局对尺度上推成果精度有着重要影响。 相似文献