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Based on the daily precipitation data of 27 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2009 in the Huaihe River Basin, spatio-temporal trend and statistical distribution of extreme precipitation events in this area are analyzed. Annual maximum series (AM) and peak over threshold series (POT) are selected to simulate the probability distribution of extreme precipitation. The results show that positive trend of annual maximum precipitation is detected at most of used stations, only a small number of stations are found to depict a negative trend during the past five decades, and none of the positive or negative trend is significant. The maximum precipitation event almost occurred in the flooding period during the 1960s and 1970s. By the L-moments method, the parameters of three extreme distributions, i.e., Generalized extreme value distribution (GEV), Generalized Pareto distribution (GP) and Gamma distribution are estimated. From the results of goodness of fit test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, AM series can be better fitted by GEV model and POT series can be better fitted by GP model. By the comparison of the precipitation amounts under different return levels, it can be found that the values obtained from POT series are a little larger than the values from AM series, and they can better simulate the observed values in the Huaihe River Basin. 相似文献
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本文对海河流域水平衡和水资源短缺风险进行评价。文章采用研究时段为1994-2007年,作者首先研究了海河流域的水量平衡问题,并提出了流域非用水消耗量的概念和计算方法,经过分析,计算得出海河流域多年平均非用水消耗量为5.91×109m3。通过建立水资源短缺风险的评价方法,得出海河流域1994-2007年处于缺水量较多、缺水风险较高的时期,计算出缺水风险率、恢复性指标、稳定性指标和脆弱性指标分别为0.786、0、0.154和0.173。在考虑社会系统应对措施的条件下,水资源短缺风险将会显著下降。考虑南水北调工程对于该地区的影响,分别考虑在50%和75%两种来水水平年下,如果南水北调工程一期（2014年）的来水量为5×109m3,未来该地区的水资源短缺风险会从0.229-0.297下降到0.152-0.234。 相似文献
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三江源区径流演变及其对气候变化的响应(英文) 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Runoff at the three time scales(non-flooding season,flooding season and annual period) was simulated and tested from 1958 to 2005 at Tangnaihai(Yellow River Source Region:YeSR),Zhimenda(Yangtze River Source Region:YaSR) and Changdu(Lancang River Source Region:LcSR) by hydrological modeling,trend detection and comparative analysis.Also,future runoff variations from 2010 to 2039 at the three outlets were analyzed in A1B and B1 scenarios of CSIRO and NCAR climate model and the impact of climate change was tested.The results showed that the annual and non-flooding season runoff decreased significantly in YeSR,which decreased the water discharge to the midstream and downstream of the Yellow River,and intensified the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin,but the other two regions were not statistically significant in the last 48 years.Compared with the runoff in baseline(1990s),the runoff in YeSR would decrease in the following 30 years(2010-2039),especially in the non-flooding season.Thus the water shortage in the midstream and downstream of the Yellow River Basin would be serious continuously.The runoff in YaSR would increase,especially in the flooding season,thus the flood control situation would be severe.The runoff in LcSR would also be greater than the current runoff,and the annual and flooding season runoff would not change significantly,while the runoff variation in the non-flooding season is uncertain.It would increase significantly in the B1 scenario of CSIRO model but decrease significantly in B1 scenario of NCAR model.Furthermore,the most sensitive region to climate change is YaSR,followed by YeSR and LcSR. 相似文献
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淮河中上游浮游植物时空分布特征及关键环境影响因子识别 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
浮游植物是水生态系统的初级生产者,直接影响着水生态系统的结构、功能与稳定性。基于2012-2014年淮河流域沙颍河—淮干中游浮游植物和水质4次汛期和非汛期采集数据,利用物种优势度和多样性指数对浮游植物的时空分布进行表征,并利用冗余度分析、偏相关性分析等方法探索了淮河中上游流域的多种水环境因子对浮游植物时空分布的影响。结果表明,从时间变化上看,2012-2014年浮游植物密度呈现逐年递减趋势;从空间变化上看,物种丰度呈现从上游至下游逐渐减少趋势。从时空变化的影响因素上看,非汛期总磷和电导率影响最大,其解释度分别为：10.96%和8.36%;汛期总磷、总氮和氨氮影响最大,其解释度分别为9.47%、8.08%和6.96%。 相似文献
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河西走廊57年来气温和降水时空变化特征 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
采用滑动平均、线性回归等趋势分析方法以及Mann-Kendall、Pettitt 和累积距平三种突变检验方法对河西走廊地区1955-2011 年的气温和降水两个指标进行研究, 从而揭示该地区气候变化的事实及趋势。研究显示河西走廊地区的气温在过去57 年呈显著上升趋势, 升温率是IPCC第四次报告中近50 年变暖率的两倍, 达0.27℃/10a, 并且在1986 年发生增温突变;四季气温中, 冬季气温升高对年气温上升贡献最大。河西走廊年降水量在研究时段内呈显著增加趋势, 降水增率为3.95 mm/10a, 但各个流域增加趋势并不显著;雨季降水量呈不显著的增加趋势, 其年际变化与年降水量一致, 雨季降水增量对年降水量增加贡献率大;河西走廊年降水量未发生突变, 雨季降水量在1968 年发生增加突变。河西走廊温度升高, 降水量增加, 总体向暖湿化发展, 这种变化对该地区水资源脆弱性的影响需要进一步研究。 相似文献
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如何正确处理流域开发与生态环境保护的关系,客观评价闸坝对生态环境的影响,是我国流域管理中亟待解决的科学问题之一。本文从河流的自然特性入手,剖析了闸坝修建和调控引起的水文水环境效应,探讨了闸坝对河流水量水质影响评价的理论基础、关键内容和技术手段等,提出了基于流域水循环过程认识和模拟的闸坝效应量化体系和分析方法;并以我国水利工程最密集、污染最严重的淮河流域为例,初步探索了流域闸坝的水文水环境效应。研究可为多闸坝调控流域水资源开发利用和水污染治理提供理论支持,为实现流域综合管理及社会经济可持续发展作出贡献。 相似文献
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长江流域土地利用时空变化特征及其径流效应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
土地利用变化的径流效应是水循环研究中的重点内容之一。长江流域是中国最大的流域,土地利用变化及其径流效应分析是研究该流域径流演变、水旱灾害的基础。本文利用1980、1990、1995、2000、2005年五期土地利用数据,采用土地利用转移矩阵计算土地利用动态度、交换变量等指标,评价了长江流域土地利用的时空变化特征,识别关键变化区域及其变化原因。在此基础上,利用SCS模型的降水—径流方程,分析了土地利用变化的径流效应。研究结果表明：1980-2005年时期,长江流域土地转移活跃程度在第一(1980-1990年)和第四(2001-2005年)时期内明显高于1991-1995年和1996-2000年,中上游四川及其北部地区的活跃程度最大。1980-2005年期间水田、旱地、林地和草地面积变化幅度都在8%以内。但受不同时期环境保护和经济发展因素影响,耕地(水田和旱地)和林地、草地呈现相反的变化,而水域、未利用地和城镇用地相对变化较大;其中快速的城镇化导致城镇用地增幅最高,可达196.58%。土地利用变化直接导致流域的平均径流系数变大,变幅从-0.67%到0.80%,平均增幅0.05%,变化最显著的地区在城市化水平较高的长三角一带。径流系数的增加导致洪水发生的可能性增大。 相似文献
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This study is focused on the northwestern part of Gansu Province, namely the Hexi Corridor. The aim is to address the question of whether any trend in the annual and monthly series of temperature and precipitation during the period 1955-2011 appears at the scale of this region. The temperature and precipitation variation and abrupt change were examined by means of linear regression, five-year moving average, non-parameter Mann-Kendall test, accumulated variance analysis and Pettitt test method. Conclusions provide evidence of warming and wetting across the Hexi Corridor. The mean annual temperature in Hexi Corridor increased significantly in recent 57 years, and the increasing rate was 0.27℃/10a. The abrupt change phenomenon of the annual temperature was detected mainly in 1986. The seasonal average temperature in this region exhibited an evident upward trend and the uptrend rate for the standard value of winter temperature indicated the largerst of four seasons. The annual precipitation in the Hexi Corridor area displayed an obviously increasing trend and the uptrend rate was 3.95 mm/10a. However, the annual precipitation in each basin of the Hexi Corridor area did not passed the significance test. The rainy season precipitation fluctuating as same as the annual one presented insignificant uptrend. No consistent abrupt change was detected in precipitation in this study area, but the rainy season precipitation abrupt change was mainly observed in 1968. 相似文献
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区域水资源承载力理论与方法探讨 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：18
在总结区域水资源承载力的研究基础上, 以城市化地区为重点从水循环过程出发, 探讨 高强度人类活动影响下水资源的形成和转化规律, 分析水资源承载力的内涵, 探讨城市化地区水 资源承载力的理论研究基础, 即: 变化环境下的水循环理论、城市化与“社会经济—水资源—生态 与环境”系统交互胁迫理论和可持续发展理论。并在可持续发展原则指导下, 提出城市化地区水 资源承载力量化研究的理论框架和方法, 将城市化地区水资源承载力的研究纳入到区域“社会经 济—水资源—生态与环境”复合系统中, 从水循环动力过程出发, 揭示水资源承载力的本质。研究 成果可为城市化地区节水战略的实施、水资源合理配置和社会经济的可持续发展提供理论支撑。 相似文献