共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Dara E. Seidl Piotr Jankowski Ming-Hsiang Tsou 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(4):785-800
Personal trajectory data are increasingly collected for a variety of academic and recreational pursuits. As access to location data widens and locations are linked to other information repositories, individuals become increasingly vulnerable to identification. The quality and precision of spatially linked attributes are essential to accurate analysis; yet, there is a trade-off between privacy and geographic data resolution. Obfuscation of point data, or masking, is a solution that aims to protect privacy and maximize preservation of spatial pattern. Trajectory data, with multiple locations recorded for an entity over time, is a strong personal identifier. This study explores the balance between privacy and spatial pattern resulting from two methods of obfuscation for personal GPS data: grid masking and random perturbation. These methods are applied to travel survey GPS data in the greater metropolitan regions of Chicago and Atlanta. The rate of pattern correlation between the original and masked data sets declines as the distance thresholds for masking increase. Grid masking at the 250-m threshold preserves route anonymity better than other methods and distance thresholds tested, but preserves spatial pattern least. This study also finds via linear regression that median trip speed and road density are significant predictors of trip anonymity. 相似文献
2.
The Myth of Location Privacy in the United States: Surveyed Attitude Versus Current Practices 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the United States, legal steps have been taken to protect personal privacy, which is viewed as an individual's fundamental right. Location privacy (i.e., protection of personal and location information), however, has not received equal attention in the legal system. Given the recent popularity of location-based services (e.g., cell phones), it is possible to obtain an individual's location information easily and precisely. An investigation of public perception of privacy in the United States indicated that survey responders (1) were unaware of legal implications of location privacy violation and (2) believed that there should be location privacy protection similar to that provided by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. 相似文献
3.
广州市过剩通勤的相关特征及其形成机制 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
在不改变目前城市结构的前提下, 通过模拟居民的居住与就业区位的最优组合获取理论上的最小通勤, 过剩通勤是实际通勤成本与最小通勤成本之间的差值, 它反映了城市通勤效率和潜力。利用线性规划函数, 以广州市为例, 利用2001 年和2005 年家庭调查问卷数据, 计算两年的过剩通勤分别为58.41%和44.74%, 这部分通勤是可通过优化居住与就业的区位组合而理论上可节约的。过剩通勤与家庭社会经济特征有关, 尤其与家庭收入、户籍类型、 住房产权和类型等密切相关, 家庭结构分化和收入分化是产生过剩通勤的重要原因。除受模型假设产生的误差影响外, 过剩通勤的产生还受社会经济体制改革、城市规划与建设及个人 的居住与就业偏好等因素的影响; 住房、国企和土地等相关制度的改革导致城市居住与就业空间重组、城市规划较少关注小区域范围内居住与就业的平衡、个人的择居和择业偏好的变化, 这些因素相互影响、相互作用, 共同对过剩通勤的产生和扩大产生重要影响。 相似文献
4.
居民家庭日常出行碳排放的发生机制与调控策略——以北京市为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据2007年北京市居民活动日志调查数据,利用Amos7.0软件建立单效标因素的路径分析模型,试图在"社区-家庭"层面上挖掘"空间利用-出行特征-碳排放"的内在发生机理,藉此寻找城市空间组织低碳化的调控路径。研究发现:影响居民家庭日常出行碳排放的主要因素是出行距离和出行方式。社区空间利用特征对家庭出行的距离总量有显著影响,对小汽车出行比率则没有明显作用效果;私家车的购置对居民家庭出行行为的高碳化具有不可逆的作用特点;在现有设施条件、空间环境和车辆使用政策下,公共交通对私人交通出行没有替代性。研究认为,城市空间组织和调控优化应通过土地混合利用、设施供给等物质空间组织与再组织手段,形成空间行为组织和行为规划策略,引导居民降低交通发生量,优化居民交通发生的时空结构,建构低碳的城市空间结构。 相似文献
5.
Derek T. Robinson Andrei M. Balulescu 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(6):1061-1086
Data and estimates on the spatial distribution of consumer spending form the foundation of retail location analysis and location-allocation spatial interaction models. The presented research presents and compares four methods to estimate consumer spending that combine different levels of detail in household spending data across multiple levels of household aggregation (i.e. census units). Results demonstrate that these methods, which use publicly available census data, can capture a substantial amount of reported sales. Furthermore, comparison of the best method with the de facto industry standard for business data in Canada shows a strong correlation (R2 > 0.85) across space and is within 10% of aggregate industry-derived spending estimate. Analysis of the spending data across space finds that the majority of spending occurs in census metropolitan areas with high spending clusters that offer unique opportunities for retail location. We interrogate the socio-demographic characteristics of the population in these high spending clusters and find that only a few variables are required to explain a large proportion of the variance in consumer spending. The overarching outcome of the presented research is that small-to-medium businesses, planners, and municipalities do not need expensive proprietary data to estimate and predict consumer spending and market demand. 相似文献
6.
城市家庭居住地选址的空间异质性分析——以美国佛罗里达州橙县为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
家庭选择居住地的行为天然具有空间性, 因而空间异质性效应是家庭居住地选址建模不可忽视的因素。传统的居住地选址模型基于空间一致性假设, 即假设影响因素对家庭的居住地选择行为的影响在空间上一致, 因而忽略了空间异质性效应。基于多项Logit 模型构建了居住地选址模型, 并在两个空间尺度和5 个子区域中分别应用该模型, 来反映影响因素的影响作用在空间上的变化。以美国佛罗里达州橙县家庭选址为例进行实证研究, 结果表明:家庭居住地选址行为的影响因素在不同的空间位置和空间尺度上具有不同的作用, 因而存在显著的空间异质性。尽管以美国地区为例, 但所得结论对国内案例区研究同样具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
7.
Simon Scheider Jiong Wang Maarten Mol Oliver Schmitz Derek Karssenberg 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(7):1398-1427
ABSTRACT Spatial point tracks are of concern for an increasing number of analysts studying spatial behaviour patterns and environmental effects. Take an epidemiologist studying the behaviour of cyclists and how their health is affected by the city’s air quality. The accuracy of such analyses critically depends on the positional accuracy of the tracked points. This poses a serious privacy risk. Tracks easily reveal a person’s identity since the places visited function as fingerprints. Current obfuscation-based privacy protection methods, however, mostly rely on point quality reduction, such as spatial cloaking, grid masking or random noise, and thus render an obfuscated track less useful for exposure assessment. We introduce simulated crowding as a point quality preserving obfuscation principle that is based on adding fake points. We suggest two crowding strategies based on extending and masking a track to defend against inference attacks. We test them across various attack strategies and compare them to state-of-the-art obfuscation techniques both in terms of information loss and attack resilience. Results indicate that simulated crowding provides high resilience against home attacks under constantly low information loss. 相似文献
8.
《Urban geography》2013,34(8):1039-1064
In recent years, there has been increasing awareness about the impact of urban time policies on the quality of people's everyday lives. However, within the urban planning field, evaluations of public service delivery have primarily focused on the spatial rather than the temporal organization of public service facilities. This study tries to fill this gap by using space-time accessibility analysis to explore the extent to which changes in open hours affect the social equity of service provision. To this end an accessibility model is implemented and employed in a case study of public service provision in the urban area of Ghent, Belgium. Our analysis not only demonstrates that access to public services exhibits substantial hour-to-hour and day-to-day variations, but it also shows that individuals with certain personal and household attributes are affected differently by changes to the temporal regime of public service facilities. 相似文献
9.
北京市外来人口集聚型城中村流动人口职住分离研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
居住和就业是居民日常生活的主要内容,随着中国城市化进程加快,城市中低收入群体的职住分离现象正得到越来越多的关注。本文采用人口集聚指数、GIS空间分析及Logit回归分析等方法,利用北京市“六普”及实地调研数据,来获取外来人口集聚型城中村流动人口通勤及职住特征,并对影响因素进行分析。结果表明：①北京流动人口集中于城市拓展区,呈“环状圈层”分布特征。②近郊城中村流动人口通勤距离普遍较长,职住分离较明显,相应通勤时间也较长;远郊城中村流动人口通勤距离较短,以就地工作为主,由于远离城市核心区,公共服务设施的可达性较差。③家庭就业人数、未成年及老人数、住京时长、收入、受教育程度、行业、交通工具选择等对其通勤距离具有显著影响。上述结论可为研究城市弱势群体工作居住空间结构、制定城市规划等提供参考。 相似文献
10.
广州市家庭收入与住房特征对应关系的区位差异性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以广州市中心区(天河区)和郊区(南沙区)为研究案例,依托2010年中国(广东)家庭动态跟踪调查数据,基于家庭户住房的邻里特征、建筑特征、区位特征、家庭收入等13个指标构建路径分析模型,研究广州市居民家庭收入与住房特征的映射关系和影响方向。在此基础上,采用多群组路径分析方法研究区位因素对“收入→住房特征”的影响程度及其差异性。最后利用方差方程和均值方程,分析不同区位条件下(中心区和郊区)的住房特征差异。结果表明：① 家庭收入更显著地决定住房特征,对邻里特征的影响并不显著;② 区位对“收入→住房邻里特征”的关系具有显著调节作用,而对“收入→住房建筑特征”的调节作用较弱;③ 在中心城区和郊区的内部,家庭收入更显著地影响住房建筑特征,而对邻里特征基本无显著影响;④ 郊区家庭收入对公共交通时间便利性、住房面积、厕所设施水平、拥有住房数量、住房综合条件等几个主要住房特征指标的影响程度大于中心城区;⑤ 中心城区住房的邻里特征明显优于郊区,但建筑特征明显差于郊区。显示出广州市住房邻里特征与建筑特征在不同区位条件下的“互换特征”。 相似文献
11.
CHRIS GIBSON 《The Australian geographer》2003,34(2):239-257
This paper examines social and spatial inequalities in personal usage of information technologies, drawing on data made available recently as part of Australia's national census, undertaken by the Bureau of Statistics in 2001. Data on both computer and Internet use are analysed in a number of ways: patterns of use and non-use of the technology are examined across New South Wales in relation to a number of variables, including age, place of birth, indigeneity, income and educational status. Selected results are mapped for State-wide trends and within Sydney, revealing spatial inequalities both across and among regions. Correlation and regression analysis are used to demonstrate the strength of association between computer and Internet use and other socio-economic variables. The results suggest that there is a strong class as well as spatial dimension to Australia's digital divides. Educational status and income mediate use of computers and Internet technologies, in addition to factors associated with location, indigeneity and birthplace. Such observations reinforce those made elsewhere regarding the uneven geometries of power apparent in information economies, and suggest interventions in public policy debates, particularly in the areas of telecommunications provision, resourcing of public schools, and regional economic development. 相似文献
12.
星级仓库区位认识对优化城市仓储空间和合理配置仓储用地资源有重要意义。以2008-2014年237个中国星级仓库为样本,综合运用区位关系识别、距离测度和典型案例分析等方法,揭示地域、行业、职能分异与星级仓库区位选择行为相互关系,阐明了不同等级城市的星级仓库区位统计规律,以及物流职能、交通圈层结构与星级仓库区位形成的内在作用机制。研究表明：①星级仓库分布于4个直辖市、22个副省级和省会城市、37个地级市、24个县/县级市,不同等级城市平均拥有星级仓库数分别为16.5、4.77、1.78和1.58个,呈“倒三角形”分布形态;行业分布呈现“通用和大宗仓储分散、专业性仓库集中”特征;办公和经营场所区位呈“共用和分离相对均衡”特征;②星级仓库区位受“供给+需求”共同驱动,省会及以上城市具有公共服务职能的星级仓库区位总体呈“近郊—远郊”布局模式,地级市以自营服务职能为主的星级仓库总体呈“中心—边缘”布局模式;③城市等级与星级仓库物流距离成正比且存在明显的类型分异,其中公私兼营和自营仓储型仓库受母公司区位影响,郊区化趋势滞后于提供公共服务的地产租赁和公共仓储型仓库。 相似文献
13.
基于POI数据的上海市餐饮业空间分布特征及影响因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以上海市为研究对象，基于兴趣点（POI）数据，运用核密度分析刻画餐饮业空间格局，并构建OLS模型、空间滞后模型、空间误差模型探究餐饮业空间分布的影响因素。结果发现，餐饮业空间分布呈块状聚集、多中心发展的格局。其中，西餐业高度集中于内环线以内，呈东西向延伸；快餐业在中心城区和高校集聚的城郊结合部大规模集聚。空间计量回归结果表明，餐饮业分布受到人口、经济、交通、空间4类要素的影响：区域经济发展水平高、人口规模大、交通优越、相关业态丰富会促进集聚，而周边业态的混合度过高则会抑制集聚，城市空间结构也会影响餐饮业分布，商圈、中心城区的餐饮业密度更高；中餐、西餐、正餐、快餐4类餐饮业分布的影响因素存在差异性，西餐企业倾向于分布在地价较高的地区，中餐企业对交通可达性有更高的需求，正餐企业的分布与当地区域经济发展水平显著相关，快餐企业的分布与各类文娱公共设施的分布有密切联系。 相似文献
14.
长春市公共服务设施空间与居住空间格局特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于长春市790个居住小区、178所小学、301家社区医院、1681个公交站点等空间数据,引用核密度估计、Riley's K函数、同位区位商等分析方法,对公共服务设施空间与居住空间的形态格局、集聚特性、“临近性”关系等进行了定量分析。研究发现：首先,公共服务设施空间与居住空间分布的形态格局差异显著,同时也表现出较高的相关性,“核心—外围”网点数量的分布特征趋同性与分异性并存;其次,公共服务设施空间与居住空间均呈现出显著的集聚特征,但集聚的规模与强度差异明显,二者空间分布的协调性程度仍需提高;第三,从分布的空间关系来看,居住小区具有较为明显的“临近”公共服务设施布局的倾向,但反之不明显,整体呈现出空间格局的“非对称性”特征。 相似文献
15.
竞争型公共设施区位决策——概念、选址原则及模型构建 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
竞争型公共设施竞争性、公益性并存,其区位决策相对更加复杂。首先提出了“竞争型公共设施”的概念,指出“兼顾效率与公平的空间均衡”是其选址的基本原则,并概括出具体选址要求：遵循供需双方的空间相互作用模式、限制至邻近设施的最大出行成本、追求总出行成本最小化、约束设施规模门槛、与低层级设施在出行成本上相区分等。其次构建了基于概率分配规则的重力P中值模型,通过纳入设施规模因子实现区位和规模同步求解,并对邻近设施最大出行成本和设施最小规模进行约束,以实现空间公平-效率、服务质量公平与规模效率等多重目标。最后经过实证检验,优化后的设施布局更为均衡合理。 相似文献
16.
职住空间关系是洞悉城市功能空间结构并揭示城市成长与演化规律的重要研究视域。本文构建了生活实践及其感知视角下的居民职住空间关系生成路径分析框架和结构变量作用路径假设模型,基于居民职住空间关系感知调查数据,借助结构方程模型方法,从影响因素和驱动机制两个方面剖析了北京居民职住空间关系的生成机理。研究表明：① 房价和住房支付能力在居民职住区位决策中起决定性作用;相比物质性居住环境条件,政策与制度、邻里状况以及居民的观念和发展期望等非物质性因素对职住空间关系形成的影响更为显著。② 政府行为下的土地供给和户籍制度、城市演化中的圈层蔓延式扩张和产业空间转移、市场机制下的就业分布和房产溢价以及居民的经济状况和价值取向是职住空间关系形成的微观主导性驱动因素。③ 在居民职住关系的生成过程中,政府发挥了主导性作用,城市空间重构是政府向市场传导信息的中介,市场起了助推器的作用,居民则基于自身的住房支付能力对职住区位进行主动调整或胁迫适应,并通过职住空间诉求进行职住关系状态和信息的反馈。研究结论丰富了中国大城市职住空间关系形成的规律性认识,对北京市住房、交通、公共服务供给以及城市规划建设具有参考价值。 相似文献
17.
基于POI数据的长春市商业空间格局及行业分布 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
商业网点的空间集聚与分散是零售商业活动的重要表现,其合理化布局对发展城市经济、满足居民消费需求发挥着重要作用。基于核密度估计、区位熵指数及Ripley's K函数分析法,以长春市中心城区商业类城市兴趣点（POI）数据为基础,在分析城市商业空间格局特征的基础上,进一步从行业空间分异的视角,研究城市商业空间的行业分布及集聚特征。结果表明：① 长春市商业网点空间分布的集聚特征显著,并呈现多中心的分布形态,基于道路格网单元的商业网点热点区分布与识别的商业密度中心分布总体一致;② 不同商业中心表现出不同的等级规模差异,整体等级规模结构较为合理;③ 零售行业视角下的城市商业空间“中心—外围”分异明显,且不同行业表现出了不同的空间集聚模式;④ 各行业多尺度的空间集聚表现不同,综合零售、家用电器等行业区位选择的空间尺度范围较大,纺织服装、文化体育等行业区位选择的尺度范围较小;⑤ 行业视角的专业化功能区块差异显著,成熟区块呈现多功能要素、多优势行业集聚特征,发展中区块功能较为单一。 相似文献
18.
THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL HETEROGENEITY WITHIN URBAN TRAVEL CORRIDORS ON THE TRAVEL BEHAVIOR OF RESIDENTS
Ronald L. Mitchelson 《The Professional geographer》1982,34(2):185-196
Results from behavioral investigations of urban travel indicate the importance of privacy as a personal construct that significantly affects the manner in which individuals traverse North American urban transportation networks. With an expectation of encountering social heterogeneity in travel, the privacy aspect becomes all the more important to the traveling public. It is hypothesized in this paper that social heterogeneity within urban travel corridors significantly reduces patronage of public transportation by residents of these corridors. A causal analysis of bus patronage in travel corridors of Columbus, Ohio, Louisville, Kentucky, Syracuse, New York, and Hartford, Connecticut results in the acceptance of the hypothesized relationship, and it points out a critical question that must be addressed if public transportation is to meet the desires of consumers of travel services. 相似文献
19.
以杭州市西湖区为实证,采用高德地图POI数据,通过DBSCAN聚类识别459个社区中心,从空间布局、组织形式、空间关联3方面入手刻画其空间特征,在此基础上通过Logistic回归判断中心数量、能级的影响因素,研究表明:① 社区中心分布呈现空间集聚性和“一区多片”的整体结构,具有圈层分布和道路亲缘性特征。② 社区中心存在“强-弱”的中心网络结构,在小尺度上则由强弱中心互补形成团簇,并在社区层面形成功能较为完整的网络结构。③ 社区中心内公共服务有引领性作用,能促进社区中心形成,且中心内设施具有同类集聚的特征。④ 常住人口总量是最主要的影响要素,道路分割、户籍比、平均高程、社区组织类型对中心的形成有显著意义,人口密度、公司企业数等对中心数量与能级有重要影响。 相似文献
20.
Accessibility and land-use patterns at the forest fringe in the northeastern part of the Philippines 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Accessibility is considered to be one of the most important determinants of use and land-cover change. In rural land-use change studies, the accessibility situation is often described by simple measures of the distance to a location of interest. In this paper, different measures of access are tested for a rural area at the forest fringe in the northeastern Philippines. The accessibility measures addressed range from simple distance measures to land-use type specific transport costs and a population potential measure. The different measures are tested based on their capacity to explain the spatial pattern of different land-use types. A comparison of the findings based on a spatial analysis and an analysis of household level data is made. It is concluded that the relation between land use and accessibility is dependent on the specific characteristics of the different land-use types. The (dis-)advantages of the use of the different accessibility measures are discussed. 相似文献