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1.
A comprehensive understanding of the patterns that occur as human processes transform landscapes is necessary for sustainable development. We provide new evidence on how landscapes change by analysing the spatial patterns of human processes in three forest landscapes in southern Chile at different states of alteration (40%-90% of old-growth forest loss). Three phases of landscape alteration are distinguished. In Phase I (40%-65% of old-growth forest loss), deforestation rates are < 1% yr−1, forests are increasingly degraded, and clearance for pastureland is concentrated on deeper soils. In Phase II (65%-80%), deforestation reaches its maximum rate of 1-1.5% yr−1, with clearance for pastureland being the main human process, creating a landscape dominated by disturbed forest and shrubland. In this phase, clearance for pastureland is the primary driver of change, with pastures expanding onto poorer soils in more spatially aggregated patterns. In Phase III (80%-90%), deforestation rates are again relatively low (<1% yr−1) and forest regrowth is observed on marginal lands. During this phase, clearance is the dominant process and pastureland is the main land cover. As a forest landscape is transformed, the extent and intensity of human processes vary according to the existing state of landscape alteration, resulting in distinctive landscape patterns in each phase. A relationship between spatial patterns of land cover and human-related processes has been identified along the gradient of landscape alteration. This integrative framework can potentially provide insights into the patterns and processes of dynamic landscapes in other areas subjected to intensifying human use.  相似文献   

2.
Tropical forests play a major role in storing large carbon stocks and regulating energy, and water fluxes, but such forest cover is decreasing rapidly in spite of the policy attention on reducing deforestation. High-resolution spatiotemporal maps are unavailable for the forests in majority of the tropical regions in Asia because of the persistent cloud cover and haze cover. Recent advances in radar remote sensing have provided weather-independent data of earth surface, thus offering an opportunity to monitor tropical forest change processes with relatively high spatiotemporal resolutions. In this research, we aim to examine the tropical deforestation process and develop a spatial model to simulate future forest patterns under various scenarios. Riau Province from central Sumatra of Indonesia is selected as the study area; this province has received much attention worldwide because the highest CO2 emission resulting from tropical deforestation has been recorded. Annual time series PALSAR data from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed for forest mapping and detecting land cover changes. A spatial model was calibrated using the Bayesian method. Modeling parameters were customized for the local subregions that allocate deforestation on the basis of their empirical relationships to physical and socioeconomic drivers. The model generated landscape spatial patterns mirrored the possible locations and extent of deforested areas by 2030 and provided time-series crucial information on forest landscape under various scenarios for future landscape management projects. The results suggested that the current deforestation process is in a critical stage where some subregions may face unprecedented stress on primary forest costing rivers and forest ecosystems by the end of 2020. The perspective views of Riau Province generated by the model highlighted the need for forest/environmental planning controls for the conservation of environmentally sensitive areas.  相似文献   

3.
African dry forests provide non-timber forest products (NTFPs) of high commercial value, such as frankincense and gum arabic. Nonetheless, their deforestation and conversion to croplands is intensifying. Expected higher financial return from crop production is a main driver of conversion, but research supporting this underlying claim is scarce. We compared the financial returns for two crop production options (sesame and cotton) and forest use, in a dry forest area known for its frankincense production in northern Ethiopia. Net revenue was highest for sesame and lowest for cotton agricultural use. The forest based revenue was intermediate. The revenues from the crop production options were more sensitive to a range of uncertainties than the forest land use. Our results show that forest land use that includes commercial NTFPs is financially competitive to some commercial crop options and offers returns of better reliability. The hypothesis that forest based revenues are lower than crop based ones is not supported by our results. Therefore, the continued deforestation of dry forests cannot be explained by lower returns alone, but other factors such as awareness, market access, property right and institutional issues may also play a role to drive deforestation and conversion of dry forests to croplands.  相似文献   

4.
基于RS和GIS的西双版纳土地覆被动态变化   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
人口增加、经济发展导致滇南热带地区西双版纳土地利用/土地覆被发生显著变化,这些变化对该区的生态环境及生物多样性保护有着重要影响。基于RS和GIS方法,通过对1976、1988和2003年三个时期遥感影像解译分析,试图了解西双版纳近27 a间土地利用/土地覆被时空变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,近27 a间有林地在西双版纳分布最广、占绝对优势,其中以亚热带常绿阔叶林面积最大;但在研究时段内,有林地面积不断减少、呈现破碎化,尤其是热带季节雨林、山地雨林面积减少最为明显和破碎化最为严重。相应,橡胶园、灌木林面积不断扩大并聚集成片,其中橡胶园在1988~2003年间是面积增长最快、最多的地类,其面积扩张主要来源于对热带季节雨林的砍伐。轮歇地面积在1976~1988年是所有地类中增长最快、最多的,在1988~2003年由于向橡胶园转变而大幅度减小。粗放式的刀耕火种和橡胶种植园的不断扩大是主导本区土地利用/土地覆被变化的主要因素,土地利用变化导致了本区生态环境的退化和生物多样性的丢失。  相似文献   

5.
近30年土地利用变化对新疆森林生态系统碳库的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
陈耀亮  罗格平  叶辉 《地理研究》2013,32(11):1987-1999
土地利用及其变化是导致森林生态系统碳库变化最重要的因素。以植树造林面积、森林产品收获产量及林地转移面积为基础数据,采用《LULUCF指南》中数据分层的碳源汇计量方法,分析了1975-2005 年期间三种土地利用方式对新疆森林碳库的影响。1975 年新疆森林总碳库估算值为720.02 Tg,其中土壤碳库为528.82 Tg。近30 年土地利用变化对其碳库的影响总体表现为碳汇,固碳量为48.15 Tg,与1975 年碳库相比,森林碳储量增长了6.69%。植树造林表现出强烈的碳汇功能,总固碳量为54.24 Tg。森林采伐是最主要的碳释放来源,共释放碳5.42 Tg。林地转移呈现微弱的碳释放特征,共排放为0.66 Tg。研究结果表明,土地利用变化对该区域森林碳库具有明显的增汇效应。本研究将有利于进一步深化人类活动对区域碳平衡影响的认识。  相似文献   

6.
Spatial patterns of deforested areas and secondary forest are analyzed in terms of the spatial variation in location factors at different spatial extents. The spatial extents considered are old and new agrarian colonization projects and the administrative units of two different municipalities in Rondonia: Vale do Anari and Machadinho d'Oeste. A grid database was constructed including land cover and potential location factors based on biophysical, accessibility, socioeconomic and policy data. Results of the spatial analyses confirmed the hypothesis that different extents yield different relationships between land use/cover patterns and their location factors, particularly between old and new agrarian colonization projects. It emphasizes that current patterns of forest, secondary forest and pasture/agriculture can only be understood with a combination of policy, accessibility, biophysical and socioeconomic factors while accounting for the historical pathways of change. Because we are dealing with different trajectories of land use/cover change, static analysis of the spatial pattern without acknowledging these trajectories will lead to erroneous interpretations of the current and future land use/cover dynamics.  相似文献   

7.
The planned construction of hundreds of hydroelectric dams in the Amazon basin has the potential to provide invaluable ‘clean’ energy resources for aiding in securing future regional energy needs and continued economic growth. These mega-structures, however, directly and indirectly interfere with natural ecosystem dynamics, and can cause noticeable tree loss. To improve our understanding of how hydroelectric dams affect the surrounding spatiotemporal patterns of forest disturbances, this case study integrated remote sensing spectral mixture analysis, GIS proximity analysis and statistical hypothesis testing to extract and evaluate spatially-explicit patterns of deforestation (clearing of entire forest patch) and forest degradation (reduced tree density) in the 80,000 km2 neighborhoods of the Brazil's Tucuruí Dam, the first large-scale hydroelectric project in the Amazon region, over a period of 25 years from 1988 to 2013. Results show that the average rates of deforestation were consistent during the first three time periods 1988–1995 (620 km2 per year), 1995–2001 (591 km2 per year), and 2001–2008 (660 km2 per year). However, such rate dramatically fell to half of historical levels after 2008, possibly reflecting the 2008 global economic crisis and enforcement of the Brazilian Law of Environmental Crimes. The rate of forest degradation was relatively stable from 1988 to 2013 and, on average, was 17.8% of the rate of deforestation. Deforestation and forest degradation were found to follow similar spatial patterns across the dam neighborhoods, upstream reaches or downstream reaches at the distances of 5 km–80 km, suggesting that small and large-scale forest disturbances may have been influencing each other in the vicinity of the dam. We further found that the neighborhoods of the Tucuruí Dam and the upstream region experienced similar degrees of canopy loss. Such loss was mainly attributed to the fast expansion of the Tucuruí town, and the intensive logging activities alongside major roads in the upstream reservoir region. In contrast, a significantly lower level of forest disturbance was discovered in the downstream region.  相似文献   

8.
豫西黄河流域土地利用空间格局地形梯度特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
豫西黄河流域土地利用空间格局在水平和垂直方向上都具有明显区域特征。利用DEM数据对研究区土地利用空间格局地形梯度规律进行了分析,结果表明:(1)各土地利用类型的空间分布规律随高程和坡度的变化具有显著的特点:受人类活动干扰影响较大的各类农业用地、建筑用地、果园、水域和湿地主要分布在海拔相对较低和坡度相对较小的区域;而受人类活动干扰影响较小的各类林地(除果园外)、草地和未利用地则比较均匀地分布在海拔相对较高和坡度较大的区域。(2)不同的海拔段和坡度段内各土地类型的分布也存在一定的分布规律:农业用地类型和林地类型在各个地形梯度内都占有较大的面积比重,这是由于其基数较大,在区域内占据优势地位决定的;在低海拔小坡度地段内农业用地具有相对的面积优势;有林地随着海拔升高和坡度增大,面积比例不断增大,其主导地位随之增强。  相似文献   

9.
常疆  王良健 《热带地理》1999,19(3):219-224
从分析梧州市土地利用现状入手, 总结其土地利用的现状特征, 而后在引入多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数和破碎度指数的基础上, 对梧州市土地利用／ 覆盖的空间格局进行了定量分析。最后, 根据计算结果得出有关结论。  相似文献   

10.
西双版纳林地景观演变过程及其驱动力分析   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
利用西双版纳州1980年、1995年和2000年三期TM影像解译土地利用数据,使用GIS分析工具,得出近20年来,各土地覆被类型的动态变化信息,借助景观格局变化分析软件Fragstats进一步研究了西双版纳州林地的景观格局特征。结合云南省1985—2003年分县社会经济调查统计数据,使用SPSS进行主成分分析,对林地景观变化的主驱动力进行了详细分析。研究表明1980～2000年西双版纳州各土地利用类型及景观格局指数均发生了重要变化。有林地和疏林地大幅度减少,同时各林地景观组分表现均匀化和破碎化的趋势,这些变化都将对西双版纳州的生态稳定性产生显著影响。从西双版纳州20年的短时间尺度来看,经济发展与城市化进程的加快和人口增长导致的粮食需求量增大是导致本区土地利用／土地覆被变化的最主要驱动因子。  相似文献   

11.
This study explores the main direct and underlying causes of deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon region by considering spatial differences. The computation of localized parameters is based on geographically weighted regression (GWR). The novelty of this paper lies in its incorporation of economic, rather than Euclidean, distances into the GWR. Economic distances are measured by travel time, sourced from Google Inc. A global approach revealed several important factors that affect deforestation, including: rural population, GDP (suggesting a U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve), forest stock, cattle ranching, timber value, and road networks (both official and unofficial). Local analysis uncovered patterns not seen under global models, especially in the state of Pará. Most notably, crop cultivation was found to accelerate deforestation in southeastern Pará and northeastern Mato Grosso, while in some regions (especially in the northeastern corner of Pará), the area covered by crop plantations was negatively associated with deforestation. For Pará, rural credit constraints, larger territories designated as sustainable use areas and indigenous lands, and higher levels of precipitation inhibit deforestation. Further, rural population has a very heterogeneous impact on deforestation across Legal Amazon: it is not a significant factor of deforestation in northern Pará and Amapá, but it has a relatively strong effect in the western parts of Mato Grosso and Rondônia. Also, official and illegal roads create significantly more pressure on forests in remote regions compared to developed areas. Finally, the use of economic distances, as opposed to Euclidean distances, leads to notably different GWR results.  相似文献   

12.
赣南生态屏障区林地时空变化分情景模拟   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
杨丽  傅春 《地理科学》2018,38(3):457-463
基于2000年和2010年土地利用遥感数据,从自然、区位、交通、人口和经济4个角度选取驱动因子,利用Logistic-CA-Markov土地利用综合模型预测赣南森林有林地、灌木林、疏林地和其它林地4种林地类型在当前模式、规划模式和保护模式3种情景下的空间演变格局。结果表明：① 到2020年,在当前模式和规划模式,林地总面积将减少,在保护模式则出现增加,3种情景都体现出有林地和其它林地增加、疏林地和灌木林缩减的趋势,只是增减幅度不同,但不论何种情形林地的组成结构都将发生较大程度的变化;② 3种情景都是以疏林地→有林地、有林地→其它林地和灌木林→有林地这3种类型的转化为主,向有林地的转化分布都比较分散,而向其它林地的转化却集中在安远、信丰、于都、赣县四县交界处;③ 相较于当前模式,在规划模式下集中在安远县及其周边的有林地向其它林地的转化出现大量缩减,在保护模式下这种缩减更加明显。  相似文献   

13.
In spite of widely documented studies of deforestation rates and land use/cover changes in tropical dry forests in Mexico, relatively little is known about fragmentation patterns in such forests. This study defines the spatial distribution of landforms and land use/cover types the lower Papagayo River basin and examines their influence on fragmentation patterns and biological diversity in a tropical dry forest in that southern Pacific region. The land use/cover map was constructed from aerial photographs, Landsat TM imagery (2000) and fieldwork. Landform units were defined based on altitude, slope, lithology and morphology. Landscape fragmentation parameters were obtained using FRAGSTATS (version 3.3) considering the numbers of patches, mean, minimum and maximum patch size, edge density, total edge and connectivity. Results show tropical dry forest to be remnant vegetation (~11 per cent), characterized by isolation and low connectivity. Land use/cover types have different effects on fragmentation patterns. Agriculture and cattle raising produce similar numbers of patches, but with a different mean size; and human settlements have a scattered distribution pattern. The abandonment of rural agricultural livelihoods has favoured the expansion of secondary tropical dry forest characterized by continuity and high connectivity, which suggests a high regeneration potential from land abandonment. It can be concluded that tropical dry forest fragmentation and recovery at regional scales depend on such landscape attributes as lithology, slope, geomorphology and management.  相似文献   

14.
藏北那曲地区草地和未利用土地动态变化及原因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
张佳华  郑凌云 《山地学报》2005,23(6):672-677
根据1990年和2000年2期那曲土地利用馒盖分类图,运用GIS的空间分析和数理统计功能,分析那曲地区草地退化和未利用土地的增加情况,并结合气象资料和人口资料分析这些变化的原因。结果表明：10a间,那曲地区未利用地增加;草地减少,突出表现为草地向未利用地转化。草地向林地和耕地转化,导致这种结果的主要原因是由于人类的社会经济活动造成的,人类社会经济活动引起这一地区土地利用变化的强度已经超过自然因子所能达到的强度,起到了绝对的主导作用。  相似文献   

15.
基于遥感和GIS的中国20世纪90年代毁林开荒状况分析   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
毁林开荒过程是一种林地变为耕地的土地利用变化过程,可以通过遥感和GIS技术对这一过程进行监测。本文通过覆盖全国的TM影像数据,对20世纪90年代林地转为耕地的面积及其空间分布进行分析,从而对全国毁林开荒过程进行遥感监测。结果表明,该时期有17630km2的林地被开垦为耕地。不同面积等级的开垦过程在不同流域分布也不同:面积小于10hm2和介于10～100hm2的被开垦林地较广泛地分布于各大流域;而面积介于100～1000hm2的被开垦林地主要分布于松辽流域、黑龙江流域和东北东部流域、长江流域、珠江流域和云南省所在流域;大于1000hm2的被开垦林地则几乎全部分布于松辽流域、黑龙江流域和东北东部流域。坡度大于3°的毁林开荒地面积占总面积的295%;对土壤侵蚀背景的分析表明,土壤侵蚀强度以微度和轻度为主  相似文献   

16.
邵景安  张仕超  魏朝富 《地理研究》2013,32(12):2189-2203
使用5 期TM/ETM数据,借助动态度、综合指数和程度变化指标,旨在对比理解不同建设阶段三峡库区土地利用变化的特征与轨迹。结果表明：① 耕地与林草地间的转换、耕地和林地被建设占用、林草地互换和耕地、林地与草地被水体淹没是三峡工程整个建设20 年来土地利用转换的主要方式;② 不同建设阶段因驱动者出现的时序不同和作用程度的差异,土地利用及其驱动者在总体格局框架下体现出显著的细部轨迹;③ 整个工程建设的20 年土地利用程度综合指数相对平稳,处于中等以上水平,而利用程度的变化总体呈降低趋势,带有正“W”型的动态格局;④ 主要土地利用转换方式在空间上的分布广度和集聚度具有较大差异,主体性工程对主要土地利用转换方式的影响呈现强异质性。研究结论有助于丰富对水利工程胁迫下土地利用的理解,为未来适应性土地利用调控政策的制定提供科学依据。  相似文献   

17.
As part of a 1987 program to develop land use management plans and activities that meet local needs while complying with the objectives of national resource management, this study traces migration and settlement patterns in the Thai village of Huai Muang, which was created by squatters in part of the Dong Lan Reserved Forest on land which had been reserved since 1964. In addition, the effect of the settlement patterns on land use and the willingness of settlers to accept social forestry activities are explored. Data were collected through observation and interviews with key informants from the 347-household village. Migration occurred in four phases. Group 1 migrants came from nearby villages starting in 1959 and claimed large plots of land. When ordered to leave in 1964, no one complied. In 1968, 6 more households joined the village. No one had legal title to any land. In 1975, 17 households of Group 2 migrants followed a logging road to join the settlement. During the next two years, 10-20 additional households joined the group from other provinces in the northeast. Members of this group bought land from Group 1 migrants, and they also cleared more of the forest. The third and largest group arrived in 1978-81, claimed the least desirable land, and swelled the settlement size to 150 households. This group also purchased land but do not have enough to support their families and must work as laborers. The last group of less than 30 households arrived after 1981 and were unable to acquire much land. By this time, further clearing was prevented. In 1989, the settlement received official recognition as a village. Group 1 originally lived near the forest, collecting forest products, hunting, and grazing livestock. All of these settlers have left the village. Group 2 and 3 migrants farm maize, rice, and soybeans. The only dependence on forest products remains in the landless Group 4, but many of their activities, such as making charcoal, are illegal. The social forestry intervention consists of promotion of silkworm cultivation, the development of household nurseries of fruit trees, planting trees in a local temple area, and demonstrating nursery techniques. Participation in this project was limited because the activities were unsuitable for those without land (who were most in need) and because of a lack of community cohesion. Many questions remain about equitable land reallocation and policies to reduce deforestation.  相似文献   

18.
深圳快速城市化地区公路沿线土地利用空间集聚   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
以2005 年深圳市主要公路沿线6 类城市建设用地为研究对象, 基于景观格局指数和空间数据挖掘(SDM) 中的空间关联规则, 研究不同缓冲带内其建设用地单一类型、相邻类型及组合类型的空间聚集特征。结果表明: 主要公路两侧以工业用地为主, “三来一补”、“三 资”企业为主体的外向型乡镇企业加快了特区外的农村城市化进程; 城市公共设施、教育和医疗卫生用地缺乏, 一定程度上妨碍了城市经济功能的协调; 单一类型建设用地景观分异特征趋向于距公路越远, 出现频率越小, 且随着逐渐远离公路线出现了若干次级集中区, 距公路500-1000 m 可作为识别该次级中心的特征带; 两类建设用地之间的空间邻近分布特征表 明, 以各类建设用地为中心与其他类建设用地在公路线附近均表现邻近, 沿线附近和较远距离上随工业用地出现峰值, 同时出现其周围住宅用地的聚集, 特区外该类现象尤为明显; 土地利用组合特征表明各类建设用地均呈很强的空间自相关性, 其中以各类建设用地与工业用 地的组合尤为普遍, 体现了研究区尤其是特区外主要工业承载区中经济活动空间以工业区为 中心的集群效应。  相似文献   

19.
中蒙俄经济走廊战略地位显著,研究其土地利用格局变化与机理,对亚欧大陆复杂巨系统的生态环境保护和社会经济可持续发展意义重大。本文基于全球土地覆盖遥感数据和实地考察,对自苏联解体及蒙古私有化以来的1992—2019年,中蒙俄经济走廊土地利用格局及其驱动因素和时空变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：①1992—2019年,中蒙俄经济走廊土地利用变化活跃,土地转换面积为361954 km2,主要表现为林地持续下降,建设用地、耕地面积迅速扩张。② 中国部分的林地呈现先减后增的趋势,2000年后东北平原北部林地增加显著,灌丛与草地、裸地分别净减少13325 km2、16632km2;蒙古国部分的林地、灌丛与草地均呈现先减后增的趋势,而裸地面积先增后减,苏赫巴托尔省、肯特省、东戈壁省和戈壁苏木贝尔省四省交界地带裸地增加明显;俄罗斯部分的林地持续下降,共减少46742 km2,耕地面积增加8478 km2,贝加尔湖周边裸地增加41417 km2;俄蒙边境、色楞格河流域以及中蒙俄铁路沿线地区存在沙漠化风险。③ 人口、经济、产业结构以及政策等是中蒙俄经济走廊土地利用变化的主要因素。2010—2018年,人口密度对转为林地的土地影响最大,其解释力q值为0.2597,GDP总量对转为建设用地、裸地、耕地的影响最大,其解释力q值分别为0.9094、0.2234、0.5518。就三国而言,中国部分主要受人口和经济因素以及退耕还林政策的影响,而蒙古国部分则受私有化后超载过牧及开垦耕地的影响,俄罗斯部分主要是砍伐林地和开垦耕地的影响。本研究结果旨在为中蒙俄经济走廊土地资源可持续利用和管理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

20.
The potential impact of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon on greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere calls for policies that take account of changes in forest cover. Although much research has focused on the location and effects of deforestation, little is known about the distribution and reasons for the agricultural uses that replace forest cover. We used Landsat TM-based deforestation and agricultural census data to generate maps of the distribution and proportion of four major agricultural land uses throughout the Brazilian Amazon in 1997 and 2007. We built linear and spatial regression models to assess the determinant factors of deforestation and those major agricultural land uses - pasture, temporary agriculture and permanent agriculture - for the states of Pará, Rondônia, and Mato Grosso. The data include 30 determinant factors that were grouped into two years (1996 and 2006) and in four categories: accessibility to markets, public policies, agrarian structure, and environment. We found an overall expansion of the total agricultural area between 1997 and 2007, and notable differences between the states of Pará, Rondônia, and Mato Grosso in land use changes during this period. Regression models for deforestation and pasture indicated that determinant factors such as distance to roads were more influential in 1997 than in 2007. The number of settled families played an important role in the deforestation and pasture, the effect was stronger in 2007 than 1997. Indigenous lands were significant in preventing deforestation in high-pressure areas in 2007. For temporary and permanent agricultures, our results show that in 1997 the effect of small farms was stronger than in 2007. The mapped land use time series and the models explain empirically the effects of land use changes across the region over one decade.  相似文献   

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