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1.
Discrete element modeling of dynamic behaviors of railway ballast under cyclic loading with dilated polyhedra 
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下载免费PDF全文 The dynamic behaviors of railway ballast under cyclic loading are simulated with discrete element method (DEM). Dilated polyhedra are constructed based on the Minkowski sum operator in order to resemble the irregular shapes of ballast particles. The polyhedral particle generation, contact detection between particles and contact laws are presented. Ballast box tests with periodic lateral boundaries are conducted to simulate the dynamics of the sleeper and ballast particles. The settlement and effective stiffness of ballast bed are investigated under cyclic loadings with five distinct frequencies. The settlement of ballast bed is significant in the first several cycles and increases with the number of cycles gradually. The higher frequency loading generates larger displacement in the same simulation time. The effective stiffness of ballast bed increases gradually. To study the effect of particles' sharpness, dilated polyhedra with different dilating radii and spherical particles are also developed. Simulation results show the sharper the ballast particles are, the smaller the produced settlement. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Najaf-sea quarry is located in Najaf city about 160 km south west of Baghdad the capital of Iraq. It is the main source that supplies track ballast for maintenance of existing railway network and construction of new railway lines in the middle and southern parts of Iraq. Track ballast experience a complex combination of stresses during its service lifetime, primarily from repeated axial loads of the trains in addition to stresses generated from the environmental conditions. The ideal evaluation of suitability of track ballast must be carried out under real field loading conditions, however such field tests are usually costly and time consuming. On the other hand laboratory model tests simulating field loads under limited boundary conditions can provide satisfactory indication about the suitability of the material. The present paper investigates the deformation characteristics of Najaf-sea track ballast, under repeated loading using model tests simulating ballast conditions under a selected track section. A test setup was designed and manufactured capable of applying both monotonic as well as repeated loading on the track section under different conditions. The repeated model tests which simulate as close as possible the field conditions shed the light on the generated settlement, modulus of deformation and degradation of the ballast particles under different repeated loading levels. Statistical analysis in terms of breakage index and repeated applied load revealed satisfactory correlations that help in understanding the overall performance of the ballast material. The results also demonstrate that 4–5 tamping are capable of controlling both the settlement and modulus of deformation of the ballast material. 相似文献
3.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(3):175-181
Railway ballast particles undergo significant amount of breakage under repeated train load. Breakage of ballast particles, especially highly angular fresh ones, causes an increase in settlement, contributing to track degradation. The quantitative analysis of the influence of breakage on the stress-strain properties of ballast can be performed either experimentally or numerically. Numerical modeling has the advantage of simulating ballast breakage subject to various types of loading and different boundary conditions for a range of material properties. In this paper, ballast breakage under cyclic loading is simulated using a 2D discrete element method (DEM) utilizing the software PFC2D . A new subroutine is developed and incorporated in the PFC2D analysis to study ballast breakage and to quantify breakage in relation to particle size distribution. The influence of confining pressure on both breakage and permanent deformation is also studied and compared with laboratory observations. The findings of this paper provide an insight into the true ballast behavior under cyclic loading and are expected to assist railway practitioners in developing suitable design criteria for track stability. 相似文献
4.
Rail tracks undergo degradation owing to particle breakage and fouling of ballast by various fines including coal and subgrade soil. As the ballast becomes fouled, its strength and drainage capacity are compromised, sometimes resulting in differential settlement and reduced track stability. This paper demonstrates a continuum mechanics based framework to evaluate the detrimental effect of fines on the strength, deformation and degradation of coal-fouled ballast under monotonic loading. An elastoplastic constitutive model that considers the effect of fines content and energy consumption associated with particle breakage during shearing is presented. This multiphase constitutive model is developed within a critical state framework based on a kinematic-type yield locus and a modified stress-dilatancy approach. A general formulation for the rate of ballast breakage and coal particle breakage during triaxial shearing is presented and incorporated into the plastic flow rule to accurately predict the stress–strain response of coal-fouled ballast at various confining pressures. The behaviour of ballast at various levels of fouling is analysed and validated by experimental data. 相似文献
5.
In order to reduce the maintenance costs of ballasted railway track and improve passenger comfort, the railway ballast particle breakage and its effect on track settlement need to be better understood. The failure process of individual railway ballast loaded between flat platens is simulated using the discrete element method, considering its irregular shape with the incorporation of parallel bonds. The tensile strength, the stress of a survival probability of 37% of samples, is obtained and compared with laboratory results from published literature for the verification of DEM simulations. The evolution to failure of the particle is understood from the stress-strain curve and progressive failure modes. The internal breakage mechanisms are analysed by tracking the accumulation of bond breakage number and the contact force distributions. 相似文献
6.
Breakage of particles will have greatly influence on mechanical behavior of granular material(GM)under external loads,such as ballast,rockfill and sand.The discrete element method(DEM)is one of the most popular methods for simulating GM as each particle is represented on its own.To study breakage mechanism of particle breakage,a cohesive contact mode is developed based on the GPU accelerated DEM code-Blaze-DEM.A database of the 3D geometry model of rock blocks is established based on the 3D scanning method.And an agglomerate describing the rock block with a series of non-overlapping spherical particles is used to build the DEM numerical model of a railway ballast sample,which is used to the DEM oedometric test to study the particles’breakage characteristics of the sample under external load.Furthermore,to obtain the meso-mechanical parameters used in DEM,a black-analysis method is used based on the laboratory tests of the rock sample.Based on the DEM numerical tests,the particle breakage process and mechanisms of the railway ballast are studied.All results show that the developed code can better used for large scale simulation of the particle breakage analysis of granular material. 相似文献
7.
Three‐dimensional modelling of differential railway track settlement using a cycle domain constitutive model 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 A method for simulation of differential (spatially varying) track settlement in a ballasted railway track is presented. It employs a cycle domain constitutive model to determine accumulated plastic (permanent) deformation of the granular layers supporting the track. The constitutive model is adopted for both the ballast and the sub‐ballast but with different parameter sets. The proposed framework can be used to predict differential track settlement accounting for heterogeneous (space‐variant) track characteristics and loading conditions. Here, it is demonstrated for three‐dimensional continuum modelling of a railway crossing panel subjected to a large number of axle passages. Because of the design of the crossing panel and the transient character of the impact loads on the crossing, the load transferred into the track bed is not uniform along the track, and the resulting differential settlement leads to vertical irregularities in track geometry. The spatial variation of track settlement is calculated both along the sleepers and along the rails. The influences of the number of adjacent sleepers accounted for in the model and the stiffness of the subgrade on the predicted settlement at the crossing are studied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
武广高速铁路路基振动现场测试与分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为研究武广高速铁路无砟轨道路基的振动特性,对武昌－咸宁综合试验段路基进行了现场实车测试。获得了各测点在不同列车荷载作用下的竖向振动加速度和动应力幅值,总结了试验段路基动力响应的分布规律,获得了试验段路基的固有频率,并结合小波分析方法对路基的振动特性进行了频域分析。结果表明,车速的提升加剧了基床表层顶面路基的振动,在260～320 km/h车速段尤为明显。经过2.7 m高路堤的衰减,路基的动力响应幅值和振动能量已基本不受车速影响。级配碎石层能有效抑制振动沿路基深度的传递。随着车速的提升,转向架固定轴距作用率、轨道不平顺成为引起路基振动的主要原因。轴重对动力响应幅值和振动能量的影响较车速更为显著,轴重的增加使得振动能量在频域内更为集中。 相似文献
9.
为了明确桩板结构桩-板-土体相互作用机制,基于推导的相似理论,制作了桩板结构在2种跨度、有无板下土体支承等不同条件下的竖向分级加载试验和水平加载试验,系统研究了桩板结构桩-板-土相互作用力学特性。初步得出以下结论：（1）板-土相互作用对桩板结构的受力影响明显。当不考虑板下土体支承作用时,板的位移、应力、桩的受力、板-土接触压力等都会明显增大,且跨度越大,影响越明显。表明目前在工程设计时不考虑板下土体的支承作用进行设计,偏于保守。因此,建议桩板结构在设计时应考虑板下路基土体的支承作用。（2）在横向荷载作用下,桩-土相互作用明显,其主要作用区域在桩的上部1/2范围内。同时试验表明,板的跨度对桩-土相互作用影响较小,但对板的横向位移影响较大,且桩板结构的跨度越大,在横向力作用下,板的弯拉应力也越大。因此,建议在进行桩板结构跨度设计时,应检算横向荷载作用下板的拉应力指标。 相似文献
10.
通过颗粒流模拟,建立了沉管复合地基水平受荷时的离散元模型,对桩在水平荷载作用下的受力性状进行了研究.分析了土体位移场变化规律和应力变化等宏观因素,以及土颗粒力链、配位数和孔隙率等细观参数.由模拟结果可知：竖向荷载作用下沉管在水平方向移动时,垫层颗粒受到扰动,当增加竖向荷载,沉管底部土体受扰动范围变小,可知增加竖向荷载使桩间土的挤密作更显著,对降低土体扰动有较明显的效果;通过对桩顶土颗粒中强力链在沉管水平位移影响下的发展趋势研究知道,土体颗粒体系内力链并不是不变的,强弱力链之间可以相互转换. 相似文献
11.
自钻式原位剪切旁压试验(self-boring in-situ shear pressure-meter)以其独特的多级加载方式, 能够直接测出土体的强度和变形参数, 然而, 目前对探头周围土体变形机理研究较少.为揭示自钻式原位剪切旁压仪试验过程中测定器周围土颗粒变形机理, 应用PFC3D(particle flow code in three dimensions)颗粒流程序对自钻式原位剪切旁压试验进行了仿真数值模拟, 对多级加载过程中探头周围土体的位移场和应力场发展变化以及数值试样各阶段变形模量和土颗粒运动轨迹进行了分析研究.试验结果表明: 随着剪应力的逐级施加, 中间区域颗粒的位移量不断增大, 且位移矢量方向性更加显著.径向应力在探头附近两侧形成近似呈对称分布的数个"应力核"; 竖向应力在探头两侧形成扁平状应力带, 且在肩部形成应力集中区.中部区域球颗粒的运动轨迹成台阶状, 且随距探头距离的增大由近到远可分为3个特征区域; 球颗粒的Z向和XY向位移量亦随之呈负指数形式衰减, Z向位移量衰减速率更快. 相似文献
12.
地震作用下边坡动力响应的数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
汶川地震中在硬岩、次硬岩区域出现的一些大规模斜坡破坏现象超出了以往对地震作用下边坡稳定性问题的认识。本文使用FEPG有限元程序分析了水平和垂直2种不同加载方式作用下,经过不同的震动持续时间,不含裂隙岩质坡体内部的应力场和位移场的变化规律。得出的结论认为,在输入震动振幅为0.1m的加载作用下,岩质边坡内部的应力和位移均出现极值:在边坡的顶部及坡面上最大拉伸应力值大于100MPa,超过了花岗岩、灰岩等硬岩、次硬岩的抗拉强度,可能使岩体产生破裂发生崩塌、滑坡灾害。研究结果还表明,与水平方向振动加载相比,垂直方向振动加载产生的响应结果要大,边坡顶端一点的在垂直方向位移的峰值达到0.43m,远远超过了输入的震动振幅,垂直方向的震动是引起边坡的不稳定的主要因素。此外,震动持续时间越长,造成的变形和破坏就越大。 相似文献
13.
Sharif Ahmed John Harkness Louis Le Pen William Powrie Antonis Zervos 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(5):713-737
The paper describes the development of a technique to simulate triaxial tests on specimens of railway ballast numerically at the particle scale and its validation with reference to physical test data. The ballast particles were modelled using potential particles and the well‐known discrete element method. The shapes of these elemental particles, the particle size distribution and the number of particles (N = 2800) in each numerical triaxial specimen all matched closely to the real ballast material being modelled. Confining pressures were applied to the specimen via a dynamic triangulation of the outer particle centroids. A parametric study was carried out to investigate the effects on the simulation of timestep, strain rate, damping, contact stiffness and inter‐particle friction. Finally, a set of parameters was selected that provided the best fit to experimental triaxial data, with very close agreement of mobilized friction and volumetric strain behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
P. Seethalakshmi 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2020,15(2):123-139
ABSTRACTMicaceous soil is believed to be detrimental for civil engineering constructions due to the effect of high compressibility, low compacted density and low shear strength. Individual mica particle has numerous intact mica flakes foliated over each other making it flexible upon loading and rebound upon unloading due to its low hardness and resilient nature. Hence, micaceous soils with mica content more than 10% are considered undesirable for highway pavements, embankments and railway track constructions. When platy mica particles are sufficiently numerous to interact with spherical sand particles, bridging and ordering phenomena are augmented within the soil mass creating unique sand-mica particle orientation (MS microstructure) unlike sand-sand particle orientation (PS microstructure). The current experimental research was conducted to evaluate the variation in stress–strain, pore pressure and effective stress path response of Sabarmati sand under the influence of mica (sand with 30% mica and pure sand) with MS and PS microstructure respectively. Effect of particle crushing on stress–strain and pore pressure response was also studied on Sabarmati sand with MS and PS microstructure. Distinctive macroscopic response was observed in Sabarmati sand with MS microstructure under the influence of mica as well as mica particle crushing. 相似文献
15.
The study of particle migration in porous media under cyclic loading is the key to understand the mechanism of mud pumping hazard in railway embankments. This paper presents a series of particle migration tests, in which soil particles migrate into an overlying gravel layer under cyclic loading. The results show that the increase in loading frequency and load magnitude leads to more particle migration upwards at a greater rate, implying that the train speed and axle loads affect the extent of mud pumping. The slurry turbidity in the gravel layer increases to a steady state value with time. Soil particles smaller than 5 μm have the potential to diffuse into the entire gravel layer, and larger particles tend to aggregate in the bottom layer of the gravel. The backward erosion gradually develops deeper into the soil layer, and there is a maximum erosion depth associated with each load frequency and load magnitude. As for the mechanism, the pore water pressure oscillates because of liquid sloshing. Its amplitude is much larger in the gravel layer than that in the soil layer due to their difference in permeability. The axial hydraulic gradient acts as a pumping effect to stimulate the migration of soil particles. Increasing load frequency is conducive to the generation of a stronger pumping effect at the gravel–soil interface. Increasing load magnitude does impact not only the extent of pumping effect, but also the development of an interlayer which plays an important role in promoting particle migration.
相似文献16.
软土预压工程中,初始和诱发各向异性对软土力学性质的影响十分显著,而现有研究缺乏对初始和诱发各向异性的统一研究方法。采用离散单元法,以颗粒长宽比作为定量评价指标,构建真实形态的颗粒模型,生成5组不同沉积角的初始各向异性试样,并进行竖直和水平两方向加载的双轴模拟实验,研究了初始各向异性和诱发各向异性对软土力学特性影响;在细观层面,以颗粒为对象研究了颗粒接触形式和转动角度的变化规律,以接触为对象研究了配位数和接触法向各向异性的发展趋势,在此基础上探究抗剪强度指标与各向异性关系。结果表明:初始和诱发各向异性共同影响试样力学性质,当加载方向和软土沉积方向垂直时,土体有最大的峰值强度。颗粒接触形式中面面接触的比例随加载的进行逐渐增大,并影响着试样初始模量和抗剪强度,配位数和接触法向各向异性受颗粒接触形式的影响有不同的演化规律,并在加载后期趋于稳定;同时,初始各向异性试样相较各向同性试样有更大的黏聚力,诱发各向异性主要影响试样内摩擦角,进而影响试样抗剪强度。 相似文献
17.
Cheng‐Der Wang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2005,29(14):1341-1361
This study derives analytical solutions for estimating the lateral stress caused by horizontal and vertical surcharge strip loads resting on a cross‐anisotropic backfill. The following loading types are employed in this work: point load, line load, uniform strip load, upward linear‐varying strip load, upward nonlinear‐varying strip load, downward linear‐varying strip load and downward nonlinear‐varying strip load. The cross‐anisotropic planes are assumed to be parallel to the horizontal surface of the backfill. The solutions proposed herein have never been mentioned in previous literature, but can be derived by integrating the point load solution in a Cartesian co‐ordinate system for a cross‐anisotropic medium. The calculations by the presented solutions are quick and accurate since they are concise and systematized. Additionally, the proposed calculations demonstrate that the type and degree of material anisotropy and the horizontal/vertical loading types decisively influence the lateral stress. This investigation presents examples of the proposed horizontal and vertical strip loads acting on the surface of the isotropic and cross‐anisotropic backfills to elucidate their effects on the stress. The analytical results reveal that the stress distributions accounting for soil anisotropy and loading types are quite different from those computed from the available isotropic solutions. Restated, the derived solutions, as well as realistically simulating the actual surcharge loading circumstances, provide a good reference for the design of retaining structures for the backfill materials are cross‐anisotropic. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
Ciantia Matteo O. Arroyo Marcos O’Sullivan Catherine Gens Antonio 《Acta Geotechnica》2019,14(5):1337-1356
In granular soils grain crushing reduces dilatancy and stress obliquity enhances crushability. These are well-supported specimen-scale experimental observations. In principle, those observations should reflect some peculiar micromechanism associated with crushing, but which is it? To answer that question the nature of crushing-induced particle-scale interactions is here investigated using an efficient DEM model of crushable soil. Microstructural measures such as the mechanical coordination number and fabric are examined while performing systematic stress probing on the triaxial plane. Numerical techniques such as parallel and the newly introduced sequential probing enable clear separation of the micromechanical mechanisms associated with crushing. Particle crushing is shown to reduce fabric anisotropy during incremental loading and to slow fabric change during continuous shearing. On the other hand, increased fabric anisotropy does take more particles closer to breakage. Shear-enhanced breakage appears then to be a natural consequence of shear-enhanced fabric anisotropy. The particle crushing model employed here makes crushing dependent only on particle and contact properties, without any pre-established influence of particle connectivity. That influence does not emerge, and it is shown how particle connectivity, per se, is not a good indicator of crushing likelihood.
相似文献19.
由于基桩纵向截面形式的差异,竖向荷载作用下桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力发挥存在明显的差异,尽管纵向截面异形桩在工程中得到了一定的应用,然而针对极限荷载下桩端和桩侧土体破坏形式的研究却相对较少。基于透明土材料和粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry）技术,针对等体积的扩底楔形桩、楔形桩和等截面桩的承载特性及破坏形式进行对比模型试验,测得桩顶荷载-沉降曲线,研究了各级荷载下桩端和桩侧土体位移场的变化规律以及极限荷载下桩端和桩侧土体的破坏形式;同时分析了不同桩长情况下各类型桩的承载力特性。研究结果表明,在此试验条件下,扩底楔形桩的极限承载力约为常规楔形桩的3.5倍和等截面桩的2.5倍;极限荷载作用下各类型纵向截面异形桩桩端的破坏形式规律基本一致。 相似文献
20.
颗粒物质是具有复杂力链网络的常见体系,其平衡和稳定性取决于内部力链骨架的几何结构和力学性能。为恰当刻画颗粒体系的微细观力学行为,从颗粒局部排列形态、颗粒间接触力和颗粒及外荷载的物理参数出发,展开基于二维数字图像相关技术（2D-DIC）的集中力作用下颗粒体系变形的试验。通过结合DIC的试验方法,应用牛顿力学理论及颗粒线性动量平衡获得颗粒间接触力的大小和方向,确定力链的动力学规律;得到颗粒间接触力大小分布变化并提取颗粒体系力链;提出颗粒排布的两种状态：横向传力和纵向传力状态;分析颗粒接触面法线与水平轴的夹角?、传力角?,讨论了?、? 对力链断裂破坏的影响;分析颗粒直径d与外荷载压条直径D的比值R以及压条下表面能直接接触的最大颗粒数N等参数,为描述力链的演化和破坏重构机制提供参考基础;简单阐述了力链网络在外荷载下的微细观统计效应对体系宏观力学性质的影响规律。 相似文献