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1.
以饱和度与有效应力为状态变量,通过引入描述不饱和与饱和土孔隙比差的状态变量,将Zhang等提出的饱和土体应力诱导各向异性动弹塑性本构模型推广到不饱和土体中,使其可描述不饱和土在动力循环荷载作用下的力学特性行为。通过对已有不饱和土体在完全不排水条件下的动三轴试验进行理论模拟,验证了所提出不饱和土本构模型的正确性。最后基于所提出本构模型,讨论了在不排水条件下初始饱和度对不饱和土动力特性研究。结果表明,不饱和土在动力荷载作用下,土体的孔隙比将减少,导致饱和度增加;当初始饱和度较高时,不饱和土会转化为饱和土,从而发生液化现象。该研究成果对研究不饱和土在地震等动力荷载作用下的力学特性行为具有重要意义。 相似文献
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The interparticle bonding effect due to water menisci plays an important role in the hydromechanical coupling properties of unsaturated soils. This paper presents an unsaturated hydromechanical coupling model that considers the influence of matric suction, degree of saturation, and microscopic pore structure on the interparticle bonding effect. The enhanced effective stress and bonding variable are selected as constitutive variables. The bonding variable is correlated with the ratio between unsaturated void ratio and saturated void ratio. The deformation characteristics of unsaturated soils are described based on the bounding surface plasticity theory. A soil–water characteristic model that considers deformation and hydraulic hysteresis is integrated into the constitutive model to achieve hydromechanical coupling. The proposed model can effectively describe the hydromechanical coupling characteristics and the meniscus bonding force of unsaturated bimodal structure soils; the model parameters can be easily obtained through routine experiments. The experimental results of unsaturated isotropic compression, the wetting/drying cycle, and unsaturated triaxial shear tests are used to validate the capability of the proposed model.
相似文献3.
An unsaturated soil is a three-phase material that is ubiquitous on the earth’s surface. The fully saturated and completely dry states are just two limiting conditions of an unsaturated soil. The state and properties of unsaturated soils can change significantly with external loads, weather conditions and groundwater level. Proper modelling of the state-dependent behaviour of unsaturated soils is crucial for analysing the performance of almost all civil engineering structures. So far, there are many unsaturated soil models and several relevant review papers in the literature. None of the existing review papers, however, focused on the state dependency of unsaturated soil behaviour. Moreover, some aspects of soil behaviour have not been reviewed, including small strain stiffness, dilatancy and stress-dependence of water retention curve. In the current review paper, the state dependency of unsaturated soil behaviour is reviewed, with a particular attention to the three missing parts. The review is carried out in a unified and relatively simple constitutive framework, which adopts a three-by-three compliance matrix to link incremental volumetric strain, deviator strain and degree of saturation to incremental mean net stress, deviator stress and suction. All of the nine variables in the proposed three-by-three compliance matrix have clear physical meanings and can be measured through compression, shearing and water retention tests. Theoretical models based on other constitutive stress variables can be also converted to this framework by matrix transformation.
相似文献4.
Xiong Yong-lin Ye Guan-lin Xie Yi Ye Bin Zhang Sheng Zhang Feng 《Acta Geotechnica》2019,14(2):313-328
This study presents a sophisticated elastoplastic constitutive model for unsaturated soil using Bishop-type skeleton stress and degree of saturation as state variables in the framework of critical state soil mechanism. The model is proposed in order to describe the coupled hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated soil irrespective of what kind of the loadings or the drainage conditions may be. At the same time, a water retention characteristic curve considering the influence of deformation on degree of saturation is also proposed. In the model, the superloading and subloading concepts are introduced to consider the influences of overconsolidation and structure on deformation and strength of soils. The proposed model only employs nine parameters, among which five parameters are the same as those used in Cam-Clay model. The other four parameters have the clear physical meanings and can be easily determined by conventional soil tests. The capability and accuracy of the proposed model have been validated carefully through a series of laboratory tests such as isotropic loading tests and triaxial monotonic and cyclic compression tests under different mechanical and hydraulic conditions.
相似文献5.
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Constitutive models for unsaturated soils are most commonly based on conventional critical state type models for saturated soils. The ellipse of the modified Cam-clay model is usually adopted for the formulation of the yield and the plastic potential surfaces in the mean stress – deviatoric stress plane. Despite the wide use of this ellipse it has long been shown that the peak deviatoric stress observed for highly overconsolidated states may be largely overestimated. For fully saturated conditions, a planar surface, termed the Hvorslev surface, has been employed in the literature in order to overcome this shortcoming on the dry side of the critical state. In addition, by employing a no-tension cut-off, stress states are restricted within the compressive region. In unsaturated conditions and due to the effect of suction the soil may be subjected to tensile total stresses which should not, however, exceed a model dependent limit. Nonetheless, adopting a planar surface and in the absence of any provision, illegal tensile stresses may be obtainable. For this reason, a new expression for the Hvorslev surface, which restricts the stress state within acceptable boundaries, is proposed, based on a small number of model parameters. The new surface is curved rather than planar and can also be used in combination with critical state type constitutive models developed for saturated conditions. The new surface is calibrated based on fully saturated undrained triaxial compression and extension tests and on unsaturated drained triaxial tests. The superiority of the new surface in comparison with commonly adopted shapes for the yield and the plastic potential functions – such as the ellipse and the bullet shape of the modified and the original Cam clay models – is demonstrated through numerical analyses of the unsaturated drained triaxial laboratory tests. 相似文献
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The paper presents a physically-based constitutive model for unsaturated soils that considers the bonding effect of water menisci at inter-particle contacts. A bonding factor has been used to represent the magnitude of the equivalent bonding stress, defined as the bonding force per unit cross-sectional area. The average skeleton stress is employed to represent the effect of average fluid pressures within soil pores. Based on an empirical relationship between the bonding factor ζ and the ratio e/es (where e and es are void ratios at unsaturated and saturated states, respectively, at the same average skeleton stress), we propose an elasto-plastic constitutive model for isotropic stress states, and then extend this model to triaxial stress states within the framework of critical state soil mechanics. Because only one yield surface is needed in the proposed model, a relatively small number of parameters are required. Comparisons between experimental data and model results show that, in most cases, the proposed model can reasonably capture the important features of unsaturated soil behavior. 相似文献
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大量的非饱和土干湿循环试验表明,当土体处于吸湿过程直至吸力降低为0 kPa时,土体并不能达到完全饱和状态,还存在一定的残余气体。在高饱和度时,由于残余气体以封闭气泡的形式分布在土体中,土体呈现较大的压缩性,使其与饱和土的性质不同。在这种状态下,现有的非饱和土本构模型预测到的土饱和度为100%,与试验结果存在一定的偏差。为了使本构模型在高饱和度状态时具有较高的精度,对非饱和土的毛细滞回和塑性变形耦合本构模型进行了修正,使其能够考虑残余含气量的影响。通过预测与实测结果比较,证明了新模型能够有效地模拟残余含气量对非饱和土力学特性的影响。 相似文献
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Limitations of suction‐controlled triaxial tests in the characterization of unsaturated soils 
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下载免费PDF全文 X. Zhang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(2):269-296
Behavior of unsaturated soils is influenced by many factors, and the influences of these factors are usually coupled together. Suction‐controlled triaxial (SCTX) tests are considered to allow researchers to investigate influences of individual variables on unsaturated soils under specified stress path with controls of stresses, pore water, and air pressures. In the past 50 years, SCTX testing method has been established as a standard approach to characterize constitutive behavior of unsaturated soils. Most important concepts for modern unsaturated soil mechanics were developed upon results from the SCTX tests. Among these, one of the most important contributions in the constitutive modeling of elasto‐plastic behavior for unsaturated soils is the Barcelona basic model (BBM) proposed by Alonso et al. in 1990. The BBM successfully explained many features of unsaturated soils and received extensive acceptance. However, the SCTX tests are designed based upon the divide‐and‐conquer approach in which an implicit assumption is used: soil behavior is stress‐path independent. However, it is well‐established that unsaturated soil behavior is elasto‐plastic and stress‐path dependent. It is found that the SCTX tests in fact cannot control the stress path of an unsaturated soil during loading. This incapability, in combination with complicated loading/collapse behavior of unsaturated soils, makes the SCTX tests for characterizing unsaturated soil questionable. This paper discusses the limitations of the SCTX tests in the characterization of unsaturated soils. A possible solution to the problem was proposed based on a newly developed modified state surface approach. The discussions are limited for isotropic conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The effective stress principle has been efficiently applied to saturated soils in the soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering practice; however, its applicability to unsaturated soils is still under debate. The appropriate selection of stress state variables is essential for the construction of constitutive models for unsaturated soils. Owing to the complexity of unsaturated soils, it is difficult to determine the deformation and strength behaviors of unsaturated soils uniquely with the previous single‐effective‐stress variable theory and two‐effective‐stress‐variable theory in all the situations. In this paper, based on the porous media theory, the specific expression of work is proposed, and the effective stress of unsaturated soils conjugated with the displacement of the soil skeleton is further derived. In the derived work and energy balance equations, the energy dissipation in unsaturated soils is taken into account. According to the derived work and energy balance equations, all of the three generalized stresses and the conjugated strains have effects on the deformation of unsaturated soils. For considering these effects, a principle of generalized effective stress to describe the behaviors of unsaturated soils is proposed. The proposed principle of generalized effective stress may reduce to the previous effective stress theory of single‐stress variable or the two‐stress variables under certain conditions. This principle provides a helpful reference for the development of constitutive models for unsaturated soils. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The paper describes and evaluates an incremental plasticity constitutive model for unsaturated, anisotropic, nonexpansive soils (CMUA). It is based on the modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model for saturated soils and enhances it by introducing anisotropy (via rotation of the MCC yield surface) and an unsaturated compressibility framework describing a double dependence of compressibility on suction and on the degree of saturation of macroporosity. As the anisotropic and unsaturated features can be activated independently, the model is downwards compatible with the MCC model. The CMUA model can simulate effectively: the dependence of compressibility on the level of developed anisotropy, uniqueness of critical state independent of the initial anisotropy, an evolving compressibility during constant suction compression, and a maximum of collapse. The model uses Bishop's average skeleton stress as its first constitutive variable, favouring its numerical implementation in commercial numerical analysis codes (eg, finite element codes) and a unified treatment of saturated and unsaturated material states. 相似文献
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利用WF非饱和应力路径三轴仪进行了壤土、砂壤土的土水特征曲线试验,结果表明: 2种土体的土水特征曲线差别较大,基质吸力随含水量的变化呈现不一致性。根据室内非饱和土的土水特征曲线试验结果,针对广阳水库蓄水后地下水抬升引起的地基土体由自然状态到非饱和状态到饱和状态这一变化过程,采用非饱和非稳定渗流有限单元法系统地分析了这一变化过程对库区周边环境工程地质条件的影响,并基于此分析论证了截渗沟这一渗控措施的对库区渗控效果的有效性。分析表明,设置截渗沟不但降低了地下水水位,而且也降低了地下水位以上土体内的含水量,这对减小浸没和次生盐碱化有实际的工程意义。 相似文献
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Several researchers have reported that the mean effective stress of unsaturated soils having a relatively high degree of saturation gradually decreases under fully undrained cyclic loading conditions, and such soils can be finally liquefied like saturated soils. This paper describes a series of simulations of fully undrained cyclic loading on unsaturated soils, conducted using an elastoplastic model for unsaturated soils. This model is a critical state soil model formulated using effective stress tensor for unsaturated soils, which incorporates the following concepts: (a) the volumetric movement of the state boundary surface containing the critical state line owing to the variation in the degree of saturation; (b) the soil water characteristic curve considering the effects of specific volume and hydraulic hysteresis; and (c) the subloading surface concept for considering the effect of density. Void air is assumed to be an ideal gas obeying Boyle's law. The proposed model is validated through comparisons with past results. The simulation results show that the proposed model properly describes the fully undrained cyclic behavior of unsaturated soils, such as liquefaction, compression, and an increase in the degree of saturation. Finally, the effects of the degree of saturation, void ratio, and confining pressure on the cyclic strength of unsaturated soils are described by the simulation results. The liquefaction resistance of unsaturated soils increases as the degree of saturation and the void ratio decrease, and as the confining pressure increases. Furthermore, the degree of saturation has a greater effect on the liquefaction resistance than the confining pressure and void ratio. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A hierarchical thermo‐hydro‐plastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils and its numerical implementation 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(15):1785-1805
Unsaturated soils are highly heterogeneous 3‐phase porous media. Variations of temperature, the degree of saturation, and density have dramatic impacts on the hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. To model all these features, we present a thermo‐hydro‐plastic model in which the hydro‐mechanical hardening and thermal softening are incorporated in a hierarchical fashion for unsaturated soils. This novel constitutive model can capture heterogeneities in density, suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature. Specifically, this constitutive model has 2 ingredients: (1) it has a “mesoscale” mechanical state variable—porosity and 3 environmental state variables—suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature; (2) both temperature and mechanical effects on water retention properties are taken into account. The return mapping algorithm is applied to implement this model at Gauss point assuming an infinitesimal strain. At each time step, the return mapping is conducted only in principal elastic strain space, assuming no return mapping in suction and temperature. The numerical results obtained by this constitutive model are compared with the experimental results. It shows that the proposed model can simulate the thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils with satisfaction. We also conduct shear band analysis of an unsaturated soil specimen under plane strain condition to demonstrate the impact of temperature variation on shear banding triggered by initial material heterogeneities. 相似文献
16.
An unsaturated soil is a state of the soil. All soils can be partially saturated with water. Therefore, constitutive models for soils should ideally represent the soil behaviour over entire ranges of possible pore pressure and stress values and allow arbitrary stress and hydraulic paths within these ranges. The last two decades or so have seen significant advances in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour. This paper presents a review of constitutive models for unsaturated soils. In particular, it focuses on the fundamental principles that govern the volume change, shear strength, yield stress, water retention and hydro-mechanical coupling. Alternative forms of these principles are critically examined in terms of their predictive capacity for experimental data, the consistency between these principles and the continuity between saturated and unsaturated states. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents an advanced constitutive model for unsaturated soils, using Bishop’s effective stress (σ′) and the effective degree of saturation (Se) as two fundamental constitutive variables in the proposed constitutive model. A sub-loading surface and a unified hardening parameter (H) are introduced into the σ′–Se modelling framework to interpret the effects of initial density on coupled hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted soils. Compared with existing models in the literature, the main advantage of the proposed model that it is capable of modelling hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils compacted to different initial densities, such as the dependence of loading–collapse volume on initial void ratio and density effect on the shearing-induced saturation change. The proposed model requires 13 material parameters, all of which can be calibrated through conventional laboratory tests. Numerical studies are conducted to assess the performance of the model for a hypothetical soil under two typical hydro-mechanical loading scenarios. The proposed advanced unsaturated soil model is then validated against a number of experimental results for both isotropic and triaxial conditions reported in the literature. 相似文献
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A thermodynamically consistent extension of the constitutive equations of saturated soils to unsaturated conditions is often worked out through the use of a unique ‘effective’ interstitial pressure, accounting equivalently for the pressures of the saturating fluids acting separately on the internal solid walls of the pore network. The natural candidate for this effective interstitial pressure is the space averaged interstitial pressure. In contrast experimental observations have revealed that, at least, a pair of stress state variables was needed for a suitable framework to describe stress–strain–strength behaviour of unsaturated soils. The thermodynamics analysis presented here shows that the most general approach to the behaviour of unsaturated soils actually requires three stress state variables: the suction, which is required to describe the invasion of the soil by the liquid water phase through the retention curve; two effective stresses, which are required to describe the soil deformation at water saturation held constant. However a simple assumption related to the plastic flow rule leads to the final need of only a Bishop-like effective stress to formulate the stress–strain constitutive equation describing the soil deformation, while the retention properties still involve the suction and possibly the deformation. Commonly accepted models for unsaturated soils, that is the Barcelona Basic Model and any approach based on the use of an effective averaged interstitial pressure, appear as special extreme cases of the thermodynamic formulation proposed here. 相似文献
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由于黏性土表面带有丰富的负电荷,孔隙水溶液化学状态的变化对黏性土的物理力学特性存在明显影响。随着化学-力学耦合的相关岩土工程问题日益突出,进行有效的化学-力学耦合行为的数值分析评价显得尤为重要。因此,建立一个简单有效的考虑化学-力学耦合的本构模型是非常关键的。基于传统的修正剑桥模型,提出了一个简单的化学-力学耦合模型。该模型采用渗透吸力π描述孔隙水的化学状态,建立了前期屈服应力,临界状态线斜率M和弹性刚度与渗透吸力π之间的关系式,从而实现了模型对盐溶液饱和黏性土的变形和强度特性的有效模拟。通过与试验数据的对比和分析,说明该模型能有效地模拟孔隙盐溶液饱和黏性土的等向压缩行为、 状态下压缩行为以及 状态下化学-力学循环加载行为。此外,通过对黏性土三轴压缩试验的模拟,说明该模型能反映黏性土三轴应力状态下的基本力学特征。 相似文献