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1.
Land use change has the potential to influence energy flows, standing crop and biomass turnover at a variety of scales. To understand and quantify the impact of land use change on natural systems, interdisciplinary approaches and concepts linking biophysical and socioeconomic factors are needed. One such approach for analysing the socioeconomic energy flows from land use changes is Human Appropriated Net Primary Production (HANPP). HANPP is defined as the difference between the net primary production of potential vegetation and the actual net primary production remaining in vegetation after harvest. In this study, we used HANPP to quantify the energy flows consequent upon land use/land cover change from 1961 to 1998 in India. Data from the Food and Agricultural Organization Statistics (FAOSTAT) covering land use/land cover estimates, crop production, harvest and fertilizer use data have been used to analyse the trends in HANPP. Land use changes between 1961 and 1998 indicate a small increase in agricultural areas from 58.2% to 60.8% and in forest and woodland areas from 19.0% to 23.2%. Actual above ground net primary production of vegetation increased from 1280.58 to 1818.23 Tg, an increase of approximately 1.4 times over 37 years. Although population increased exponentially, human appropriation of photosynthetic products did not rise as much due to increases in forest cover and agricultural production. Although the HANPP concept is a useful approach to analyse the trends in photosynthetic products brought about by land use changes and harvesting, more robust indicators are needed to understand the impacts associated with these changes. We discuss the relevance of the HANPP analysis results by focusing on land use/land cover change and exploring the inter-linkages between energy flows and environment. 相似文献
2.
Accurate and detailed accounting of energy-induced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is crucial to the evaluation of pressures on natural resources and the environment, as well as to the assignment of responsibility for emission reductions. However, previous emission inventories were usually production- or consumption-based accounting, and few studies have comprehensively documented the linkages among socio-economic activities and external transaction in urban areas. Therefore, we address this gap in proposing an analytical framework and accounting system with three dimensions of boundaries to comprehensively assess urban energy use and related CO2 emissions. The analytical framework depicted the input, transformation, transfer and discharge process of the carbon-based (fossil) energy flows through the complex urban ecosystems, and defined the accounting scopes and boundaries on the strength of ‘carbon footprint’ and ‘urban metabolism’. The accounting system highlighted the assessment for the transfer and discharge of socio-economic subsystems with different spatial boundaries. Three kinds methods applied to Beijing City explicitly exhibited the accounting characteristics. Our research firstly suggests that urban carbon-based energy metabolism can be used to analyze the process and structure of urban energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Secondly, three kinds of accounting methods use different benchmarks to estimate urban energy use and CO2 emissions with their distinct strength and weakness. Thirdly, the empirical analysis in Beijing City demonstrate that the three kinds of methods are complementary and give different insights to discuss urban energy-induced CO2 emissions reduction. We deduce a conclusion that carbon reductions responsibility can be assigned in the light of production, consumption and shared responsibility based principles. Overall, from perspective of the industrial and energy restructuring and the residential lifestyle changes, our results shed new light on the analysis on the evolutionary mechanism and pattern of urban energy-induced CO2 emissions with the combination of three kinds of methods. And the spatial structure adjustment and technical progress provides further elements for consideration about the scenarios of change in urban energy use and CO2 emissions. 相似文献
3.
净初级生产力的人类占用研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
人类活动对生态系统的影响和改变已达到前所未有的程度,如何量化人类活动对生态系统的影响成为了生态学和地理学研究中的热点问题。净初级生产力的人类占用(HANPP)是量化人类活动对生态系统能量流的影响程度的指标。目前HANPP研究开始从理论和方法的讨论及案例研究,转向作为指标应用到生态学和地理学研究的诸多领域,其重要性日益凸显。因此,论文详细介绍了HANPP的概念和估算方法;综述了其主要研究进展;讨论了HANPP的优劣及其适用范围,并着重展望了其与生态系统结构、功能、服务、生物多样性、可持续发展和人类福祉等方面有关的未来具体研究方向和科学问题,以及如何运用其探讨人类活动对生态系统的影响机制。期望启发更多与HANPP有关的研究,推动人类活动对生态系统的影响研究向定量化、系统化及多学科交叉的方向发展。 相似文献
4.
The concept of‘Beautiful China'is a new goal of ecological construction in the new era of socialism and aims to meet the needs of people as they strive for a better life.National land spatial planning is one major component of the Chinese state's overall planning for various spatial types.The concept of‘Beautiful China'is thus a leading goal of Chinese development in the second centenary.The background of this concept aims for‘ecological beauty'as well as the combined beauty of‘economy-politics-culture-society-ecology.'The construction of‘Beautiful China'therefore necessitates a differentiated evaluation index system that is built on the basis of local conditions.This concept is intimately related to land spatial planning and the idea of Beautiful China guides an important direction for this planning which itself provides an important mechanism and spatial guarantee for construction.The establishment of land spatial planning nevertheless needs to strengthen further discussion of the regional system of human-land relationship,point axis system,main functional division,sustainable development,resources and environmental carrying capacity as well as new urbanization,and the rural multi-system.The aim of this paper is to summarize current thinking in land spatial planning,scientifically analyze the natural geographical conditions,the socioeconomic development,the interrelationship of the land space,plan the goal,vision and path of land space,encourage the public to participate in and carry out dynamic evaluation,build an intelligent system platform for land and spatial planning to realize the goal of‘Beautiful China'from a geographical perspective.And they can also present key ideas relating to the compilation and implementation of land spatial planning. 相似文献
5.
In-migration to popular ‘sea change’ and ‘tree change’ regions has produced conflicts between rural land users. In the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, new residential developments have been built on much of what was previously prime agricultural land, while farmers (in particular, those negatively affected by the deregulation of the dairy industry) have sought to secure retirement incomes by subdividing land for sale. Although developers, local councils and individual farmers sometimes see eye to eye on the mutual benefits of in-migration and population growth, land use has none the less become the subject of a hotly contested local political battle. Conflicts occur at the interface of growing urban developments and surrounding farmland, with new residents finding the sights, sounds and smells of rural production intrusive. More generally, there is considerable concern that the best farmland in the region may be lost to urbanisation and rural residential subdivision. This paper discusses the results of a survey that collected opinions from local residents about the pressures on the region's land uses by in-migration, the future role of farmland as both an economic and cultural landscape, and views on proposed measures to protect prime farmland in the region. Results highlighted a strong and consistent ‘pro-farmland’ and ‘pro-protection’ attitude throughout the region, and across social groups. Yet, variations emerged when respondents were asked about why they attribute value to agricultural landscapes. For some, ‘economic’ values dominated, while for others, value was attributed in ways that reflected an emerging ethos of ‘localism’ and village lifestyle. Although values differed, a clear message from this study is that the population of Australia's pre-eminent ‘sea change’ region strongly support measures to curb urban development and the more destructive consequences of a dynamic property market. 相似文献
6.
中国钢铁产品国际贸易流与碳排放跨境转移 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
控制温室气体排放最终要落实到不同国家、不同行业之间的利益分配和责任分担,尤其是通过国际商品贸易转移的碳排放是在国家间分配排放配额时必须考虑的指标。基于中国钢铁产品国际贸易流的分析表明,中国在国际钢铁产品贸易中处于垂直产业内贸易的低端,中国具有比较优势的钢铁产品多为加工程度低、技术含量低、能源消耗强度大的初级产品。由于我国进出口钢铁产品在附加价值和能源消耗强度方面存在明显的差异,随着中国钢铁产品国际贸易规模的扩大,使大量CO2排放责任向中国净转移。我国学者应以更加积极的姿态参与到国际谈判、国际规则的制订中,从产品生产者和消费者两个层面合理界定中国在全球温室气体减排中的责任,力争在气候变化国际谈判中确保中国的经济贸易利益。 相似文献
7.
With the continuous enhancement of regional connectivity, the indirect use of land resources through the pathways of trade in goods and services plays an increasingly important role in the overall utilization of land resources. Despite this, relevant research in this field is still in its infancy, and few papers have addressed this issue. This paper uses a multi-regional input-output model to calculate the embodied land in the 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and eight regions of China from the perspective of regional trade and further analyzes the spatial pattern of characteristics associated with embodied land flows. The results show that the amount of embodied land occupied by China’s inter-regional trade accounts for 21.39% of the country’s total land, and an average of 38.54% of China’s provincial land demand is met by land exports from other provinces. More than 80% of land consumed by Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai is from other provinces. The provinces of Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Hebei are the largest net exporters of cultivated land, forest and grazing and aquatic land, fishery land, and built-up land, respectively (the outflows account for 42.26%, 27.53%, 38.66%, and 35.28% of the corresponding land types in the province); and Guangdong, Shandong, and Zhejiang are the main net importers. The flow of agricultural land (cultivated land, forest land, grazing land, and aquatic land) generally shows a shift from west to east and from north to south. The regions in northeast and northwest China have the largest scale of agricultural land outflows, mainly into East and South China. In addition, 8.43% of cultivated land, 7.47% of forest land, 6.41% of grazing land, 6.88% of aquatic land, and 18.35% of built-up land in China are provided for foreign use through international trade. This paper provides feasible ideas and a theoretical basis for solving the contradiction between land use and ecological protection, which could potentially help to achieve sustainable land use in China. 相似文献
8.
With the intensive research into global coupling relationships, ecological carrying capacity (ECC), seen as the crucial link between natural ecosystems and human systems, has gradually become an important tool for interdisciplinary research in ecology, resources science and environmental science, as well as for research on regional sustainable development. However, ECC research remains immature and lacks a complete theoretical system, as a result of many limiting factors and different space-time conditions. At present, Chinese and foreign studies focus on methods to evaluate ECC while neglecting to identify the internal driving mechanisms of ECC. In this article, based on the development and conceptualization of ECC, we introduce three evaluation methods for ECC: ecological footprint (EF), human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) and ecosystem services consumption (ESC). Furthermore, we illuminate research focuses and developmental directions for ECC with respect to driving mechanisms, threshold, comprehensive evaluation systems and coupling dynamic model of multi ecological factors, in order to provide a reference for future ECC research. 相似文献
9.
With intense urbanization and sustained population growth, securing food production with limited land sources has increasingly become a pressing issue. Based on an analysis of international cereal (i.e., barley, buckwheat, maize, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, and wheat) trade and differences in yields of the cereal between export and import countries over the period of 2007 to 2011, we explore the great potential of land saving through the international cereal trade. By ‘land saving’, we refer to the reduced global total of lands required to produce a necessary amount of cereal when cereal is exported from a country with relatively large yield of the cereal to a country with relatively small yield of the cereal. Our scenario analysis suggests that international cereal trade would help mitigate the shortage of domestic arable land for many island countries (e.g., Japan) and countries in the arid Middle East and North Africa (e.g., Syria and Morocco). Furthermore, international cereal trade has the potential to generate ‘land saving’ of 50,092,284 ha of land per year, which is roughly the size of Spain. Drawing upon the definition of a similar concept — virtual water (Hoekstra and Hung 2002), we define virtual land as the area of land resources used for the production of goods. Through introducing the concept of virtual land, we believe land resources that are traditionally considered as stationary resources can flow with anthropogenic socioeconomic activities. The largest virtual-land flows (> 3,000,000 ha/year) exist between the United States (US) to China, Brazil to China, the US to Japan, the US to Mexico, and Argentina to China. However, not all virtual-land flows necessarily result in land saving. Thus, more endeavors are needed to plan the virtual-land flows for a larger land saving at the global scale. 相似文献
10.
GRANT HUNTER 《New Zealand geographer》2000,56(2):47-51
There are opportunities for more effectively integrating resource‐based recreation and tourism with goals for primary production and nature conservation across a range of landscapes and land tenure types. ‘Naturalness’ sought for recreation and tourism, like biodiversity, is not confined to the conservation estate, and the ‘recreation estate’ extends into private land. Although it may be argued that ongoing privatisation of land ownership reduces public opportunities for recreation, diversity in ownership, at least at the regional level, enhances the overall spectrum of recreational opportunities. Diversification into recreation and tourism on private land may also help protect biodiversity through such processes as ‘sympathetic management’, as well as by making production land‐use systems more economically robust. 相似文献
11.
区域碳排放转移的演变特征与结构分解及减排对策分析——以河南省为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过耦合投入产出分析方法和结构分解模型,探讨2002~2010年区域碳排放转移的演变特征、驱动因素及其地理源特征。研究发现：2002~2010年流出和流入河南省的贸易隐含碳排放均处于不断增加的趋势,其中流出贸易隐含碳排放主要是受外部最终需求的影响,且主要集中在中国的中部和东南部地区,而流入贸易隐含碳排放则主要是受本地最终需求和本地最终产品结构的影响最为显著,且主要来源于中国的东部、东北部和中部地区。研究还发现,为减轻贸易对区域碳排放及其减排责任的影响,开展区域合作来共同减排比单个地区独自应对更为有利,但在区域合作中各地区的获益程度可能会有所差别。 相似文献
12.
Christopher S. Moses William T. Anderson Colin Saunders Fred Sklar 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2013,49(1):5-14
Precipitation and temperature in Florida responds to climate teleconnections from both the Pacific and Atlantic regions. In this region south of Lake Okeechobee, encompassing NWS Climate Divisions 5, 6, and 7, modern movement of surface waters are managed by the South Florida Water Management District and the US Army Corps of Engineers for flood control, water supply, and Everglades restoration within the constraints of the climatic variability of precipitation and evaporation. Despite relatively narrow, low-relief, but multi-purposed land separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico, South Florida has patterns of precipitation and temperature that vary substantially on spatial scales of 101–102 km. Here we explore statistically significant linkages to precipitation and temperature that vary seasonally and over small spatial scales with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Over the period from 1952 to 2005, ENSO teleconnections exhibited the strongest influence on seasonal precipitation. The Multivariate ENSO Index was positively correlated with winter (dry season) precipitation and explained up to 34 % of dry season precipitation variability along the southwest Florida coast. The AMO was the most influential of these teleconnections during the summer (wet season), with significant positive correlations to South Florida precipitation. These relationships with modern climate parameters have implications for paleoclimatological and paleoecological reconstructions, and future climate predictions from the Greater Everglades system. 相似文献
13.
The ideal of the intensification of agriculture has vanished in developed market economies as the outcomes of conventional production have caused growing environmental problems, in particular in areas with a high concentration of livestock. There is also a growing concern notable about animal welfare issues, accompanied by the belief that agricultural production needs to move away from an conventional agriculture towards one that is loosely defined as ‘alternative’. This paper uses the concept of multifunctionality as a lens for describing and explaining the nature of rural change in Germany. I argue that the case study example of the Oldenburger Münsterland illustrates that multifunctionality rates weakly as agricultural practice in production systems dominated by a conventional food regime and – hence – a transition towards diversity and resilience has to occur within conventional agriculture. In spite of the popularity of the idea that areas of intensive livestock farming might have been gradually transformed into emerging alternative economic spaces, the principle of coexistence between ‘productivist’ and ‘non-productivist’ practices poses major challenges. In particular the scarcity of agricultural land hinders the transition into ‘alternative’ food futures in the Oldenburger Münsterland, while the doubts about conventional agriculture and the industrialized food industry rise in an unprecedented way in German society. 相似文献
14.
山区气候的立体性与农林牧的分层模式* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对华北山区年平均温度和年降水推算的基础上,计算山区自然植被净第一性生产力的垂直分布,结合山区开发对象或作物的生物学指标,建立单因子和综合因子分层开发模式。华北山区分层种植模式一般分3～4层:1～2层(下中层)为农粮层,3～4层(中上层)为经济林和用材林层。山区综合开发利用方向是巩固下层,保护上层,重点开发利用中层的立体化模式。 相似文献
15.
中国住宅出让地价发育特征及其影响因素分析 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
基于中国土地市场网2009~2013年招、拍、挂出让的住宅用地数据,以县级行政区域作为研究单元,建立区域住宅地价综合模型,选取地价水平、地价增长率和交易宗数作为评价指标,采用Ward系统聚类法,综合分析了中国住宅出让地价的发育特征,利用多分类Logistic回归模型探索了各类地价发育形态的潜在影响因素。结果表明：① 研究期内中国住宅出让地价总体呈现东高西低、沿海高于内陆、城市群带动周边区域发展、城市群内部围绕中心城市增长等空间格局特征;中西部地价高增长的单元多于东部,西北、东北中南部、四川盆地、河西走廊以及长江中下游地区是地价高增长的聚集区;住宅市场活跃度呈阶梯状变化,活跃度较高的地区主要分布在山东半岛、长三角、长江中游、辽宁中部、哈尔滨、成渝、滇中、呼包鄂等城市群。② 根据综合特征,中国住宅出让地价空间发育可分为成熟稳健型、发展完善型、成长发展型、萌芽起步型和成长受阻型5类,相邻发育形态在空间关系上表现出互为邻里的特征。③ 各类发育区的主要影响因素差异显著。区位条件、居民收入和财政收入是地价发育成熟度的主要影响因素;人均GDP、国土开发度提升将促进地价形态发育程度;而人口吸引力不足、基础设施建设相对滞后等将导致地价形态发育受阻。 相似文献
16.
Eric F. Lambin Sarah Ann Lise D’haen Ole Mertz Jonas Østergaard Nielsen Kjeld Rasmussen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2014,114(1):76-83
In an attempt to anticipate possible futures of drylands of West Africa in the face of rapid socio-economic and environmental changes, we developed four scenarios based on recent survey data, the literature and our knowledge of the region. The four scenarios are inspired by those developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: (1) ‘downward spiral’ characterized by rapid climate change, expansion of agriculture and chaotic urban growth; (2) ‘integrated economy’ with integrated land management, food production for local markets and rural–urban exchanges; (3) ‘open doors’ characterized by large-scale out-migrations, land grabbing by foreign companies and development aid and (4) ‘climate change mitigation’ with an increase in biofuel crops, land management for carbon capture and development of off-farm activities. We conclude that the Sahel region is most likely moving away from being a highly climate-dependent region based on agriculture towards a more open and diversified economy. West African countries have to find a balance between the new opportunities and risks created by economic globalization. 相似文献
17.
中国区域间隐含污染转移研究 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
随着世界经济一体化程度不断加深,国际贸易中的隐含资源和隐含污染受到广泛关注,但目前对中国区域间隐含污染转移的研究较为欠缺。本文首先从理论层面对隐含污染转移现象进行剖析,从地理学角度探讨了污染转移的模式;然后,基于区域间投入产出表,构建区域间隐含污染转移的评估模型;选取SO2、COD、固体废弃物及重金属四种典型工业污染物,评估2007 年中国各区域本地最终使用中的隐含污染,及区域间隐含污染转移量,揭示我国隐含污染转移的空间特征。研究发现中国整体上是隐含污染的输出地区,国内隐含污染转移主要是从经济欠发达的中西部地区流向城市化率较高、经济发达的东部沿海地区,实际上是东部地区通过区域间贸易将自身的污染排放负担转移到中西部地区。最后基于隐含污染转移格局,对区域污染物减排政策的制定提出了一系列建议。 相似文献
18.
基于能源消费的江苏省土地利用碳排放与碳足迹 总被引：30，自引：5，他引：30
采用2003~2007年江苏省能源消费和土地利用等数据,通过构建能源消费的碳排放模型,对江苏省5年来能源消费碳排放进行了核算,并通过土地利用类型和碳排放项目的对应,对不同土地利用方式的碳排放及碳足迹进行了定量分析。结论如下:(1)江苏省能源消费碳排放总量从2003年的8794.24万t上升到2007年的16329.85万t,涨幅达86%。其中,终端能源消费碳排放占53.6%。(2)江苏全省土地单位面积碳排放从2003年8.24t/hm2上升到2007年15.53 t/hm2,增幅为88.5%。其中,居民点及工矿用地单位面积碳排放最大,为95.62 t/hm2。(3)江苏全省能源消费碳足迹大于生产性土地的实际面积,由此造成的生态赤字达1351.285万hm2。(4)不同土地利用类型的碳足迹大小顺序为:居民点及工矿用地＞交通用地＞未利用地及特殊用地＞农用地和水利用地,其中居民点及工矿用地的碳足迹高达10.89 hm2/ hm2。(5)江苏全省单位面积碳足迹也呈明显的扩大趋势,从2003年的0.938 hm2/ hm2上升到2007年的1.769 hm2/ hm2。 相似文献
19.
沙漠化过程中生物量损失的初步评估——以内蒙古科尔沁地区为例 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
内蒙古科尔沁地区近50a来沙漠化土地经历了发展-再发展-逆转的过程,到2000年,该地区的不同类型和程度的沙漠化土地总计达50200km2,态势依然严峻。研究表明,沙漠化过程中生物量的损失主要体现在生态系统的退化中,其基本特征是伴随着生态系统的结构功能逐渐受到破坏,植被沙生化和土壤沙质化,最终导致低级的沙漠(地)生态系统的形成,生物生产量的降低。2000年度科尔沁地区旱作农田由于沙漠化过程所造成的地上生物量损失约为68.6万t,放牧草地的地上生物量损失量约为1008.2万t,总的损失量为1076.8万t。而在可以进行计算和评估的41a间,该地区由于沙漠化过程所造成的地上生物量损失量约为44148.8万t。 相似文献
20.
Anette Reenberg Peter Oksen Jannick Svendsen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):57-69
The paper deals with land use changes in semi arid Burkina Faso, specifically the issue of field encroachment on extensively used land. Some theoretical perspectives of field expansions in agricultural production systems characterised by crop-livestock interaction are discussed with reference to Boserup's theories on intensification. The empirical part provides documentation for the land use patterns and practices, based on aerial photos from 1978 and 1994 and village surveys. Answers are sought to some of the key questions presented by the ‘land use land cover change community’, i.e.: how has ‘land cover been changed by human land use?’—how do immediate human and biophysical dynamics affect the sustainability of specific types of land uses?—and how do land uses and land covers affect the vulnerability of land users in the face of change? Based on the findings, the paper proposes the notion of the expansion dilemma which questions the theory that agricultural expansion should always be perceived as a forerunner of intensification. 相似文献