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LIU Sheng-he 《地理学报(英文版)》1999,(4)
1IntroductionPeriodicinalketingreferstotilephenomenonthatpeoplewiililnacertainruralareaconvergeataphocularplacetobuyorsellconunodihesataspecmcregularinterval.suchasaweek,altmarhsun(9-10days)oranindependentduodenary.TheplaceswhereperiodicmarkehngislocatedarecalledperiodicmarketS,ormarket-towns.Inotherwords,market-townsaretheseatsofperiodicmarkehng.andperiodicinarkehngisoneoftheuniqueandmostimportantsocio--economicfunchonsofperiodicmarket-toWnS.Periodicmarkehngandperiodicmarketsaretvidespreadi… 相似文献
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SVEN ILLERIS M.Sc. 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(1):58-64
Sven Illeris: Location of Service Activities in Denmark, with Special Regard to Rural Areas. Geografisk Tidsskrift 75: 58–64. København, juni 1, 1976. The paper describes the purposes and methods of a study of the present and future location of service activities. Some of the most important findings are dealt with, e.g. estimates and plans for the 1988 distribution of service between size-classes of towns. 相似文献
4.
Diatom and chrysophyte cyst-based reconstructions of the dates of spring and autumn lake-mixing enabled us to estimate spring
(STanom) and autumn (ATanom) temperature anomalies as well as ice-cover of the last ca. 4,000 years in a lake sediment core (Oberer Landschitzsee, 2,076
m a.s.l.) from the southern slopes of the Austrian Central Alps. The two independently inferred temperature anomalies were
significantly correlated. On average, spring and autumn temperatures were lower during the two millennia B.C than during 0–1,300
A.D. Marked spring and autumn temperature minima occurred at about 1,300 and 600 B.C. At about 1,300 A.D, STanom declined again. Spring-temperature anomalies during Roman and Medieval times equaled or slightly exceeded the modern values
and paralleled tree-line and glacier fluctuations. The de-coupling of autumn and spring climates, which began during the Medieval
period, might indicate changes in major circulation modes. It was assumed that the North-Atlantic influence, triggering winter-rain
climate in the Northern Mediterranean, became weaker during Medieval times, resulting in a trend towards warmer autumns and
overall more continental climate conditions in the study area. Four pulses of land use, inferred from indicator pollen, occurred
during (1) the Early to Late Bronze, (2) the transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron Age (Hallstatt), (3) Late Iron Age
(La Tène, Celtic time) to Roman times, and (4) during high to late Medieval times. Climate seemed to be an important, though
complex, trigger of Alpine land use. 相似文献
5.
中世纪暖期气候研究综述 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
中世纪暖期是过去2 000 a以来最为重要的一个时期。该温暖事件是否具有全球性特征,其变化是否具有同步性,温度和降水变化的幅度如何?依据大量的研究成果,虽然对中世纪暖期的气候变化不甚清楚,我们仍然认为这一事件很可能是全球性的,而非区域性的。各种证据表明该时期的温暖程度不及20世纪,而且中世纪暖期表现出不连续的特征,降水也存在区域差异,这主要是因为降水和温度有着不同的响应自然驱动的物理特性。大量重建和模拟显示,诸如太阳辐射和火山作用的自然因素可以解释这一时期的大部分气候变化特征,但气候系统内部的相互作用是不能被忽视的。因此,将内部因素和外部因素联合起来揭示气候变化的机制就显得非常重要。 相似文献
6.
Blas L. Valero-Garcés Penélope González-Sampériz Ana Navas Javier Machín Pilar Mata Antonio Delgado-Huertas Roberto Bao Ana Moreno José S. Carrión Antje Schwalb Antonio González-Barrios 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(3):441-465
The multidisciplinary study of sediment cores from Laguna Zoñar (37°29′00′′ N, 4°41′22′′ W, 300 m a.s.l., Andalucía, Spain) provides a detailed record of environmental, climatic and anthropogenic changes in a Mediterranean watershed since Medieval times, and an opportunity to evaluate the lake restoration policies during the last decades. The paleohydrological reconstructions show fluctuating lake levels since the end of the Medieval Warm Period (ca. AD 1300) till the late 19th century and a more acute dry period during the late 19th century – early 20th century, after the end of the Little Ice Age. Human activities have played a significant role in Laguna Zoñar hydrological changes since the late 19th century, when the outlet was drained, and particularly in the mid-20th century (till 1982) when the spring waters feeding the lake were diverted for human use. Two main periods of increased human activities in the watershed are recorded in the sediments. The first started with the Christian conquest and colonization of the Guadalquivir River Valley (13th century) particularly after the fall of the Granada Kingdom (15th century). The second one corresponds to the late 19th century when more land was dedicated to olive cultivation. Intensification of soil erosion occurred in the mid-20th century, after the introduction of farm machinery. The lake was declared a protected area in the early 1980s, when some agricultural practices were restricted, and conservation measures implemented. As a consequence, the lake level increased, and some littoral zones were submerged. Pollen indicators reflect this limnological change during the last few decades. Geochemical indicators show a relative decrease in soil erosion, but not changes in the amount of chemical fertilizers reaching the lake. This study provides an opportunity to evaluate the relative significance of human vs. climatic factors in lake hydrology and watershed changes during historical times. Paleolimnological reconstructions should be taken into account by natural resources agencies to better define lake management policies, and to assess the results of restoration policies. 相似文献
7.
气候变化研究中若干不确定性的认识问题 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
气候变化研究已取得重要进展,但很多研究结果存在不确定性。本文选择对气候变化研究有重要意义但已有的研究结果存在不确定性的几个方面进行综述,包括过去两千年气候变化的状况(中世纪暖期和小冰期是否存在、20世纪温暖程度是否为过去千年最大、20世纪增温趋势是否停止)、温室效应(对温室效应机理的不同认识、温室气体排放与气温变化的关系、水汽对温室效应及增温的贡献)、气候模式模拟(模拟与实测结果的比较、模式本身的缺陷)以及2℃阈值(来源及其物理意义、对2℃阈值的不同认识)等问题。气候系统变化的复杂性决定了人类对气候变化问题的认识产生分歧和争议在所难免,当前人类对气候变化的诸多研究结论并非是最终定论,很多问题有待进一步研究;进而对未来一段时期深入开展气候变化研究需要重点关注的5个领域及其主要科学问题进行了探讨。 相似文献
8.
过去2000年冷暖变化的基本特征与主要暖期 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据近年国内外相关研究结果,分析了北半球与中国过去2000 年冷暖变化的阶段性,辨识了百年尺度暖期的起讫年代及其与20 世纪温暖程度的差别。结果表明:(1) 最近新建的多数北半球温度变化序列显示公元1-270 年温暖;271-840 年冷暖相间,但总体偏冷;841-1290年温暖;1291-1910 年寒冷;1911 年以后再次转为温暖;这些冷暖阶段虽分别与Lamb 指出的罗马暖期(约公元前1 世纪-4 世纪中期)、黑暗时代冷期(约4 世纪末-10 世纪前期)、中世纪暖期(约10 世纪中期-13 世纪末)、小冰期(约15-19 世纪) 以及20 世纪增暖大致对应,但各阶段的起讫时间与Lamb确定的时段存在一定差别。(2) 尽管过去2000 年冷暖变化过程及其变幅大小在中国境内各个区域间并不完全一致,但从全国平均看,中国与北半球百年尺度的冷暖波动阶段基本一致,仅起讫年代存在一定差异;其中公元1-200 年、551-760 年、941-1300 年及20世纪气候相对温暖,其他时段则相对寒冷。(3) 多数序列显示中世纪期间北半球的温暖程度至少与20 世纪相当。中国941-1300 年间的最暖百年和最暖30 年(暖峰) 的温度也略高于20 世纪,551-760 年间的最暖百年与20 世纪基本相当,但1-200 年间最暖百年的温暖程度则较20 世纪略低。 相似文献
9.
BY FREDRIK CHARPENTIER LJUNGQVIST 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2009,91(1):11-29
Proxy data are our only source of knowledge of temperature variability in the period prior to instrumental temperature measurements. Until recently, very few quantitative palaeotemperature records extended back a millennium or more, but the number is now increasing. Here, the first systematic survey is presented, with graphic representations, of most quantitative temperature proxy data records covering the last two millennia that have been published in the peer-reviewed literature. In total, 71 series are presented together with basic essential information on each record. This overview will hopefully assist future palaeoclimatic research by facilitating an orientation among available palaeotemperature records and thus reduce the risk of missing less well-known proxy series. The records show an amplitude between maximum and minimum temperatures during the past two millennia on centennial timescales ranging from c. 0.5 to 4°C and averaging c. 1.5–2°C for both high and low latitudes, although these variations are not always occurring synchronous. Both the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age and the 20th century warming are clearly visible in most records, whereas the Roman Warm Period and the Dark Age Cold Period are less clearly discernible. 相似文献
10.
近2000年都兰树轮10年尺度的气候变化及其与中国其它地区温度代用资料的比较 总被引：29，自引：6，他引：23
据高分辨率的青海都兰树轮年表 ,将过去 2 0 0 0年的气候变化划分为 2 30’S以前的高温期 ,2 40’S～ 80 0’S冷暖波动强烈的低温期 ,810’S～ 10 70’S显著高温期 ,即中世纪暖期 ,10 80’S～ 1880’S的低温期 ,其中包括 142 0’S～1870’S的小冰期 ,以及 1890’S后的升温期。统计发现 11次极端高温或低温事件 ,以及几次大的突变事件全部出现于中世纪之前 ,指示 15 0’S～ 110 0’S期间气候运行的高度不稳定性。和中国东部、古里雅冰芯和青藏高原南部温度代用资料比较后发现 ,公元初至 3世纪前期的东汉暖期 ,3世纪后期至 7世纪初的魏晋南北朝冷期 (期间约380’S～ 46 0’S暖 ) ,中世纪暖期以及小冰期等几次重大的气候事件在中国东部、都兰和青藏高原南部序列中均存在。古里雅冰芯仅记录了前两次重要事件 ,中世纪暖期以及小冰期在该序列中表现微弱。 2 0世纪的升温在古里雅冰芯最显著 ,都兰、中国东部次之 ,而高原南部似乎不明显。 相似文献
11.
Roland Schmidt Monika Roth Richard Tessadri Kaarina Weckström 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(1):453-469
Major and trace elements, minerals and grain-size were analysed from a sediment core covering the last 4,000 years of an Austrian
Alpine lake (Oberer Landschitzsee, ObLAN, 2,076 m a.s.l.). These analyses were combined with autumn and spring temperature
anomalies and ice-cover estimated from a diatom and chrysophyte cyst, thermistor-based regional calibration dataset and selected
pollen markers published previously. Diatom-inferred pH (Di-pH) and DOC (Di-DOC) completed the multi-proxy approach, which,
together with ordination techniques (PCA and RDA), helped (1) to confirm proposed climatic patterns and hypotheses, and (2)
to disentangle the complex interactions between climatic and anthropogenic impacts. Shifts in chemical and physical weathering,
erosion, production, lake stratification, redox potentials and air pollution were the major processes that have affected Oberer
Landschitzsee in relation to climate, lake/catchment interactions, and human impact. Geochemistry supported the finding that
the four waves of high-altitude land use (Early to Middle Bronze, ca. 1,800–1,300 B.C.; Late Bronze to Hallstatt, ca. 1,000–500
B.C.; Celtic to Roman, ca. 300 B.C.–400 A.D.; and Medieval, ca. 1,000–1,600 A.D.) were coupled mainly with warm periods. Increased
production, onset of lake stratification, and the deterioration of hypolimnetic oxygen conditions were the major changes governing
in-lake processes during climate warming. They resulted in specific element assemblages associated with organic matter accumulation
(Br), oxygen depletion (As, Ga, Cu, S), and changes in redox (Fe/Mn). The Se/Di-DOC ratio was introduced to track shifts between
in-lake production and allochthonous sources. Nutrient loading from pastures, coupled with climate warming, could explain
that in-lake production was highest during Roman and Medieval land use. Lithogenic elements mainly originated from chemical
weathering of silicate bedrock and they increased when intense land-use was coupled with climate deterioration and/or increased
humidity. These perturbations were highest during a High Medieval climate fluctuation around 1,000 A.D. The association of
sand with LOI and C/N and the decoupling of sand from quartz and feldspar separates erosion from physical weathering. Di-DOC,
S, and C/N showed hybrid characters in relation to climate and human impact. The mineral proportions indicated gradients in
relation to weathering, snow-cover and running waters, as well as vegetation. Air pollution by metallurgic industries, starting
during the High Medieval and culminating during the Late Medieval, caused lead accumulation and could have contributed to
As and S enrichment. Corresponding features in the distribution of selected elements and pollen tracers, as well as changes
in mineral proportions, supported the hypotheses of shifts in seasonal climate and an overall trend towards more continental
climate conditions since Medieval times. 相似文献
12.
Bjarne Holm Jakobsen Ph.D. 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(1):9-14
Jakobsen, Bjarne Holm: An Interpretation of the Occurrence of Pyrite at two Localities in Western Jutland, Denmark. Geografisk Tidsskrift 85: 9–14. Copenhagen, June 1985. The pronounced occurrence of pyrite in two geomorphologically different wetland areas in Western Jutland, Denmark is described. Two models for pyrite formation are outlined and discussed. 相似文献
13.
中世纪暖期和小冰期是近2 000年气候变化中重要的气候事件,厘清其在低纬度地区干湿变化特征及其对古代农业发展及人口增长的影响,具有重要的意义。通过对广西柳州岩溶洞穴中一60 cm岩芯进行孢粉、炭屑分析发现,研究区的气候、稻作农业从唐末以来先后经历了6个阶段演化：1）875―940 a A.D.,C/P值及花粉记录指示：研究区气候整体偏干,水稻种植减少;2）940―1 050 a A.D.,C/P值及花粉记录指示：夏季风增强,水稻种植稍增长,人口增加;3）1 050―1 140 a A.D.,C/P值及花粉记录指示：夏季风减弱,稻作农业及人口较前期有所增长;4）1 140―1370 a A.D.,C/P值及莎草科花粉含量指示：研究区当时气候处于“中世纪暖期”温暖湿润期,稻作农业面积扩大,人口增加;5）1 370―1 900 a A.D.,C/P值及莎草科花粉含量指示：“小冰期”气候变干,水稻种植及人口逐渐减少;6）1 900―2 009 a A.D.气候变暖湿,水稻种植扩大,人口迅速增长。进一步对研究区气候事件与稻作农业及人口关系研究发现：历史时期气候事件与水稻种植、人口具有耦合关系,即中世纪暖期,气候暖湿,水稻种植扩大,人口增殖;小冰期,气候冷干,水稻种植萎缩,人口锐减。在非原地沉积时,莎草科和C/P 对水分反映敏感,可以用来指示气候干湿变化。 相似文献
14.
近800年来内蒙古岱海地区古气温的定量重建 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8
根据对现代湖水、现生介形类壳体以及湖泊沉积岩芯中同一种属介形类壳体的Sr/Ca分析,利用现代湖水Sr/Ca与湖水盐度的关系,确定了不同沉积时期湖水盐度;其次,在室内模拟实验,建立了湖水盐度与湖水氧同位素的函数关系;结合210Pb测定沉积速率和14C测年资料,利用沉积剖面的自生碳酸盐氧同位素及由湖水盐度推算的湖水氧同位素组成,定量恢复了不同时期的湖水温度,进而根据碳酸盐结晶时水温与年均气温关系推测了古气温。结果表明:在近800年内蒙古岱海地区的气温变化序列中,中世纪暖期、现代小冰期以及近百年增温均有明显表现。研究时段内,岱海地区中世纪暖期比当代30年的年均气温高1℃以上;在公元1240年左右突然降温过程表现特别突出,在其后约60年的时段内气温下降1.8℃;小冰期最大降温幅度2℃以上,大于华北其它地区。不同于我国西部古里雅冰芯的记录,岱海地区近百年增温程度仍没有达到中世纪暖期水平,预示气候变暖对我国西部地区的影响将大于东部。 相似文献
15.
Philip Cooke 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2016,70(3):190-201
ABSTRACTThe study objective is to assess why official statistics give the impression that Norway has low levels of innovation compared to other Nordic countries. The author examines innovation practices in Denmark and Norway to demonstrate that this is not the case. The results reveal that official statistics are misleading and that Norway has a high level of innovation but spends relatively less on scientific research. A further finding is that in Finland and Sweden innovation is heavily based on science and technology, whereas Denmark and Norway are clearly more pragmatic and base their innovation more on a ‘doing, using, and interacting’ (DUI) post-science, technology, and innovation (STI) approach. Additionally, in Denmark systems are led by small and medium-sized enterprises, whereas in Norway they are led by large enterprises. The author discusses the explanations for such differences in national and regional ‘innovation systems’ among countries that appear to outsiders to have a lot in common. He concludes that, by contrast, the ‘insiders’ are aware that they are quite distinctive societies that are evolving notably divergent developmental pathways. A key and probably controversial conclusion is that in the contemporary post-specialisation and post-cluster era the DUI systems have advantages over the STI-led ones. 相似文献
16.
HENNING MØRCH M.Sc. 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(1):89-92
Mørch, Henning: Population and resources in two types of rural landscape—Denmark 1860, 1900, and 1960. Geografisk Tidsskrift 80: 88–92. Copenhagen, June 1980. An investigation on the basis of simple, linear regression of the relationship between size of population and physical resources in two types of landscape—moraine and outwash plain—Denmark 1860–1960. 相似文献
17.
中国中世纪气候异常期温度的多尺度变化特征及区域差异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中世纪气候异常期（MCA,约950-1250年）是地球气候变化史上距今最近的长达数百年的典型温暖气候阶段,因此常被作为研究温暖气候及其影响与适应问题的主要历史相似型而备受瞩目。综合利用近年所发表的长度超过千年的中国4个区域（东北、西北、东中、青藏高原）高分辨率气候变化重建结果,结合历史文献的冷暖记载,采用集合经验模态分解的方法,对MCA期间中国温度的年代—多年代—百年尺度波动特征及其区域差异进行了分析。结果显示：从全国总体看,尽管在12世纪中后期存在数十年的相对冷谷,但在百年尺度上,10-13世纪是过去2000年中持续时间最长的显著暖期,且这一温暖期的起讫时间和温暖程度存在区域差异。各个区域温度变化序列的集合经验模态分解表明：在准30年尺度上,950-1130年间中国区域的温度波动位相基本同步;但在其后的1130-1250年,各区温度波动幅度变小,也存在位相差异。在准百年尺度上,各个区域均自10世纪前期起显著转暖,在MCA期间总体温暖背景下,出现2次冷波动;但除西北与东中部在整个MCA期间的百年尺度温度变化基本同步外,东北和青藏高原地区在MCA期间与其他区域存在显著的波动位相差异,且其温暖气候结束时间也较西北与东中部早40~50年。在百年以上尺度的趋势变化上,东北部和东中部2个区域均显示MCA和其后出现的小冰期（LIA）2个阶段温度差别较显著,而西北、青藏高原2个区域则均显示MCA和LIA的阶段温度差别不大。综合各种尺度的波动特征显示：MCA温暖程度在东中部与20世纪相当,在东北部较20世纪略低,在西北和青藏高原则显著低于20世纪。 相似文献
18.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):189-193
A population density model is presented for urban areas containing multiple centers. Utilities of this model include evaluating time series for a transformation from monocentricity to polycentricity and testing the assumption of monocentricity at any point in time. Following a discussion of the method of calibrating this model, a case study of Toronto is presented. The major finding from 1971 and 1976 Toronto data is that no transformation is yet detectable. Interpretation of the model is exemplified in this empirical exercise. 相似文献
19.
Cladoceran stratigraphy in two shallow brackish lakes with special reference to changes in salinity, macrophyte abundance and fish predation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Sub-fossils of Cladocera and Foraminifera were used to reconstruct changes since 1870 in the trophic dynamics of two brackish lakes, Glombak and Han Vejle, located in the Vejlerne nature reserve, Denmark, a site of international conservation importance. After creation of the lakes in the mid-1870s following land reclamation, the two lakes have developed quite differently; today Glombak is turbid, while Han Vejle is clear. In both lakes, stratigraphic changes in the assemblages of foraminifers and cladocerans indicate an abrupt shift from marine to brackish conditions at the end of the 19th century, coinciding with land reclamation. However, the composition of the fossil invertebrate assemblages in the 20th century implies differences in the exposure to salinity, in fish predation and in habitat diversity. In Glombak, the cladoceran record suggests relatively saline conditions in the first quarter of the last century and high macrophyte abundance followed by lower salinities and subsequently a major decrease in macrophyte abundance and an increase in fish predation during the past ca. 40 years. By contrast, in Han Vejle low salinity, high abundance of macrophytes and only minor changes in fish predation seem to have prevailed throughout most of the 20th century. The results are consistent with recent contemporary data, the few historical records, as well as with trends in the records of diatoms and macrofossils. This study highlights the potential of using crustacean remains as indicators of long-term changes in the trophic dynamics of brackish lakes. 相似文献
20.
依据近期发表的古丝绸之路沿线若干地区(点)的温度重建序列,结合干湿变化等代用记录,分析了过去千年古丝绸之路沿线温度变化的基本特征,以及这些地区(点)在“中世纪气候异常期”(MCA,约950-1250年)和“小冰期”(LIA,约1450-1850年)的干湿特征异同。主要结论为：①过去2000年古丝绸之路的温度变化经历了1-3世纪温暖、4-7世纪前期寒冷、7世纪后期-11世纪初温暖、11世纪中期-12世纪初偏冷、12世纪中期-13世纪中期温暖、13世纪末-19世纪中期寒冷和20世纪快速增暖的百年际波动过程;但不同区域间的年代至百年尺度变化位相不完全同步,波动幅度也存在差异。②各地干湿特征在MCA和LIA也存在一定差异：中国的关中平原及河西走廊在MCA间的干湿变率较LIA大;中亚干旱区MCA期间气候偏干,LIA期间偏湿;欧洲中北部以及斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部等地在MCA间气候较LIA偏干,且中部地区LIA间的干湿变率较MCA大;芬兰和斯堪的纳维亚半岛北部以及俄罗斯等地MCA间的气候较LIA更湿润。 相似文献