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1.
The dissolved ionic constitutents of groundwaters are,in part,a recored of the minerals and rocks in aquifers through which the water has flowed.The chemical composition and association of these major ions in groundwaters have been used to trace groundwater flow paths and sources,In general,the chemical compostion of water in carbonate-rock aquifers in dominated by calcium,magnesium,and bicarbonate,whereas sodium,chloride,and sulfate can be dominant ions in the water that comes from volcanic aquifers or clay minerals.Since the 1990‘s,we have dealt with the geochemistry of groundwaters from more than 100 springs and wells in southern Nevada and eastrn california ,USA for major solutes and trace elements.This paper compiles the hydrochemical data of major ions of these groundwaters.Based on major ion geochemistry,groundwaters from southern Nevada and eastern California can be classified as carbonate aquifer water,volcanic aquifer water,and mixing water (either mixing of cabonate and volcanic aquifer waters or mixing with local recharges),Piper and stiff diagrams of major ions have graphically shown the general chemical characteristics,classification,and mixing relationships of groundwaters from southern Nevada and eastern California. 相似文献
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多矩形图解法及其在塔里木盆地中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
周金龙 《水文地质工程地质》2006,33(2):4-6
多矩形图解法（MRD）采用9个相邻的多矩形坐标系，分别代表9种地下水类型，它具有容纳大量地下水化学分析数据的功能。图解结果不但可以清楚地显示地下水中阴、阳离子含量的信息，而且也提供了更明晰、易懂的水化学类型的信息。本文简要地叙述了MRD法的原理，并应用该方法分析了塔里木盆地各流域地下水的水化学类型，结果表明：MRD法可以清晰地表征塔里木盆地地下水水化学类型的空间变化特征。 相似文献
4.
Evaporative process plays a dominant role in determining the water chemistry of the springs at Teels Marsh, a closed basin in western Nevada. Analysis of the spring waters indicates that calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and silica are removed from solution during dry periods, even though groundwater is undersaturated with respect to gypsum, amorphous silica, and sepiolite. The removal mechanism is precipitation of authigenic phases such as gypsum above the water table, in the vadose zone.In episodes of rain and snowfall in which none of the waters enters the phreatic zone, ions in the rain and snow accumulate near the ground surface. This accumulation of material, together with the sparse rain and snowfall, inhibits chemical weathering of silicate minerals. Only at high elevations in the basin is there sufficient fluxing of water through the alluvium for silicate weathering to make a significant contribution to the sodium content of the springs. When a sufficiently heavy rainfall occurs, salts are partially dissolved and the ions transported to the permanent groundwater. The kinetics of dissolution of secondary phases in the vadose zone exert an important control on the composition of the springs. 相似文献
5.
Franz May Stephan Hoernes Horst J. Neugebauer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(4):782-799
Three major, interdependent processes control the genesis and distribution of mineral and thermal waters in the Rhenish Massif,
Central Europe: (a) Magmatic processes in the upper mantle provide most of the CO2 to produce bicarbonate waters in shallow aquifers. (b) Extension of the brittle upper crust enables the ascent of sodium
chloride waters. (c) Uplift and erosion shape the massif's relief, which determines the extent of flow systems and the distribution
of thermal springs. The chemistry of mineral waters further depends on the aquifers' mineral composition. A comprehensive
set of hydrological, chemical, tectonic and geophysical data on the Rhenish Massif has been compiled. It was used to classify
the mineral waters and to map the spatial distribution of water properties. The composition of cuttings from several representative
wells producing different water types shows that the hydrothermal alteration of the aquifer rocks consists mainly of kaolinization
of chlorite and dissolution of feldspar. Numerical transport simulations favour two modes of groundwater flow: topography-driven
flow and the pressure-driven ascent of basement brines along active faults. Thermal convection is less important. 相似文献
6.
Werner F. Giggenbach 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1978,42(7):979-988
On the basis of isotopic and chemical analyses of 45 spring, well and meteoric water samples from the El Tatio geothermal field in Northern Chile, four main processes giving rise to the formation of a wide range of thermal discharges can be distinguished. (1) Deep dilution of a predominant, primary high chloride (5500 mg/l, 260°) supply water derived from precipitation some 15 km east of El Tatio with local groundwater produces a secondary chloride water. (4750 mg/l, 190°) feeding springs over a limited area. (2) Single step steam separation from these two waters leads to isotopic shifts and increases in chloride contents to 8000 and 6000 mg/l respectively. (3) Absorption of this separated steam and carbon dioxide into local ground water and mixing with chloride waters at shallow levels produces a series of intermediate temperature (160°), low chloride, high bicarbonate waters. (4) Absorption of steam containing H2S into surface waters leads to the formation of zero chloride, high sulfate waters; the isotopic enrichment observed is governed by a kinetic, steady state evaporation process. 相似文献
7.
Mineral and thermal waters are a special kind of ground-water, distinguished by specific chemical or physical properties such as higher mineralization, concentration of certain constituents, dissolved gas, radioactivity, or temperature. Hydrologically, they are a part of ground-water system. Mineral or thermal waters are usually connegted with specific and unique geological and tetuunic structure.. The classical territory of mineral and thermal waters is Europe, where these waters have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. The development of spas and increased demands for mineral water for spa operation necessitated increased knowledge of spring structures and the development of optimal balneotechnical works. These problems are discussed on the examples of the Karlovy Vary Spa (Karlsbad) and Jàchymov Spa (St. Jachimstha) in W Bohemia. The location of mineral springs in the Karlovy Vary Spa, the largest spa in Czechoslovakia, in a highly urbanized area required a thorough investigation and unique methods for capturing thermal water at a greater depth to provide a steady supply of thermal water and to protect the springs against pollution from the surface. The Jachymov radioactive thermal springs, which were accidentally discovered in a deep, subsurface uranium mine, present a unique problem of protecting the stability of spring's regime in a mining environment. 相似文献
8.
兰坪-思茅盆地水化学特征及找钾指标探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
文章对兰坪-思茅盆地水(主要是盐泉水)的化学特征、离子比值进行了研究,探讨了找钾指标。收集文献资料,获得思茅地区217件矿化度大于3 g/L盐泉水样数据,并通过野外考察和采样分析获得兰坪-思茅盆地25件水样数据。该区盐泉水的矿化度范围3.026~316.526 g/L,盐泉水p H值范围5.3~9.2;化学类型主要为硫酸钠亚型(占54.19%,n=217),其次为碳酸盐型(占17.73%),对找钾有利的氯化物型和硫酸镁亚型盐泉水分别占14.29%和13.79%;钾盐系数和溴氯系数最高值分别为18.520和14.470。通过对背景值的统计分析,确定了盐泉水的水化学组分和离子比值异常阈值。综合分析研究区盐泉水的水化学组分和特征系数分布图,初步认为在兰坪盆地内景谷—宁洱一带及周边和磨铺—宝藏(勐野井)—二官寨一带及周边均具有找钾潜力。 相似文献
9.
N. V. Ramamohana Rao N. Rao K. Surya Prakash Rao R. D. Schuiling 《Environmental Geology》1993,21(1-2):84-89
Geochemical and hydrochemical studies were conducted in Nalgonda District (A.P.), to explore the causes of high fluorine in waters, causing a widespread incidence of fluorosis in the local population. Samples of granitic rocks, soils, stream sediments, and waters were analyzed for F and other salient chemical parameters. Samples from the area of Hyderabad city were analyzed for comparison. The F content of waters in areas with endemic fluorosis ranges from 0.4 to 20 mg/l. The low calcium content of rocks and soils, and the presence of high levels of sodium bicarbonate in soils and waters are important factors favoring high levels of F in waters. 相似文献
10.
Studies of groundwater chemistry in the Koilsagar project area of Andhra Pradesh indicate that the waters are sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, mixed cationic-mixed anionic, mixed cationic Na dominating bicarbonate, and mixed cationic Ca dominating bicarbonate types. Of them, sodium bicarbonate and mixed cationic Mg dominating bicarbonate types of waters are more prevalent.Isocone mapping of specific conductance indicates that the ionic concentration increases from east to west in the area. Graphical treatment of chemical data reveals that, in general, the area has basic water, whereas the left flank canal area is dominated by secondary alkaline water, and Pallamarri and Pedda Rajmur villages have strongly acidic waters. Ion-exchange studies show that cation-anion exchanges exist all over the area except for two places, which have a base exchange hardened type of water.Graphical representation further shows that most of the area has medium salinity-low sodium (C2S1) water useful for irrigation purposes. High salinity-low sodium (C3S1) and high salinity-medium sodium (C3S2) waters are present in some areas, which need adequate drainage to overcome the salinity problem. 相似文献
11.
H. Murat Özler 《Hydrogeology Journal》1999,7(4):405-418
The purpose of this study is to determine the hydrological properties, groundwater potential, and water quality of the Çürüksu basin, western Turkey, and to contribute to the efforts of providing an adequate water supply for the city of Denizli. To achieve these objectives, the study consisted of mapping the geology and hydrogeology, determining the water balance, and defining the water quality. The basement rock units in the study area include several impervious metamorphic rock types and Mesozoic karstic limestone, which are overlain by Oligocene fluvial and lacustrine strata, Pliocene travertine and limestone, and Quaternary alluvium. The karstic limestone and the travertine and limestone strata constitute potential aquifers in the Çürüksu basin. The discharge regimes of the 22 springs in the two basins show little change through the year. The flow systems of the springs also have a large storage capacity and drainage occurs very slowly. The discharge of the springs does not appear to be affected immediately by monthly variations in precipitation. According to the water balance, the precipitation in the Çürüksu basin cannot provide all of the measured surface runoff. Excess runoff is 2?m3?s–1 in the Çürüksu basin, and in the adjacent Gökp?nar basin the deficit in surface runoff is also 2?m3?s–1. Thus, the underground catchment area of the springs extends beyond the surface drainage area of the Çürüksu basin. Although the P?narba??, Kazanp?nar, and Böceli springs emerge from the karstic limestone aquifer in the Çürüksu basin, these springs are fed from the adjacent Gökp?nar basin. The spring waters emerging from karstic limestone are fresh, of the calcium bicarbonate type, soft, and potable. The spring waters emerging from the travertine and limestone aquifer are low-temperature, brackish, of the calcium sulfate type, very hard, and not potable but useful for the irrigation. The occurrences of coal strata and hydrothermal activity have caused some deterioration of groundwater quality. 相似文献
12.
It is important to know the quality of water resources for drinking, domestic and irrigation in the rural area. Because, in recent times, there has been increased demand for water due to population growth and intense agricultural activities, so, hydrogeochemical investigations come into prominence for the groundwater use. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate water quality of Ba?köy springs for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The geochemical processes and quality of springs were followed as seasonal in the study area. In view of geochemical classification, springs are Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type for both seasons. Comparison of geochemical data shows that majority of the spring samples are suitable for drinking water. On the other hand, chemical indexes of springs with various classifications were calculated for irrigation purposes. According to the classifications (electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, salinity hazard, percent sodium, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, residual sodium bicarbonate, permeability index, potential salinity, soluble sodium percentage, magnesium ratio, and Kelly’s ratio), Ba?köy springs are suitable for irrigation purposes. However, water quality of Çaygözü spring is different the other springs due to the high electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Also, groundwater mineralization processes and rock–water interaction are controlled with bivariate diagrams of major elements. 相似文献
13.
Semnan thermal springs with high TDS and moderate temperature are located northwest of Semnan, the northern part of Iran. The spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical characteristics of the thermal and cold springs were investigated for the recognition of origin and dominant hydrogeochemical processes. Results show that the thermal springs have the same origin, but due to different ascending flow paths and different conductive cooling mechanism, their temperatures vary. The chemical composition of thermal waters is controlled by dolomite, halite and sulfate minerals dissolution and calcite precipitation and bacterial sulfate reduction. The concentration of major and trace elements in the thermal springs does not change in wet and dry seasons notably because they are derived from old groundwater with deep circulation and high temperature. Seasonal change in the concentration of some trace elements is due to the seasonal variation of pH, Eh, temperature and dilution by shallow waters. Decreasing SO4 and carbonate saturation index and increasing Na/Cl ratios and Ca content in the dry season show dilution effect caused by the previous heavy rainfall events. The temperature of the heating reservoir based on K–Mg, chalcedony, quartz and chemical equilibrium approach was approximately estimated in the range of 60–80 °C. Hydrogeologically, a conceptual model was suggested for the thermal springs. The general groundwater flow direction is probably from the dolomite Lar Formation in Chenaran anticline toward the adjacent syncline in a confined condition, and then a thrust fault acts as a conduit and redirects the thermal water to the emerging springs at the surface. 相似文献
14.
The effluent contamination of groundwater at two industrial sites at Visakhapatnam, India, was studied using factor analysis.
Thirty groundwater samples near a zinc smelter plant and 19 from the polymers plant were analyzed for specific conductance,
chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. The data were subjected to R-mode factor analysis
and the factor scores transferred to areal maps. While magnesium and sulfate are the dominant contaminants at the zinc site,
sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate from the effluent are affecting groundwater in the polymers area. Contour maps for each
factor suggest the areal extension of the contaminants.
Received: 1 March 1995 · Accepted: 18 September 1995 相似文献
15.
Monitoring groundwater in the discharge area of a complex karst aquifer to assess the role of the saturated and unsaturated zones 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
The hydrochemical response at springs in the drainage area of the Sierra del Rey—Los Tajos carbonate aquifer (province of
Málaga, southern Spain) was monitored in order to determine the hydrogeological functioning of this aquifer. Analysis of the
most important chemical parameters, using methodologies such as the temporal evolution of chemical components, principal component
analysis and discriminant factorial analysis revealed that the high level of hydrochemical heterogeneity to be found in this
discharge zone, in addition to particular spatial and temporal factors, is responsible for the mineralisation of the spring
water. Sampling in karst systems where discharge occurs by several springs should take into account the hydrochemical variability
of them; otherwise conclusions about the hydrological functioning of aquifers deduced from mixture of spring waters can be
inaccurate. 相似文献
16.
Mustafa Afsin Diana M. Allen Dirk Kirste U. Gokcen Durukan Ali Gurel Ozcan Oruc 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(1):7-23
Mixing is a dominant hydrogeological process in the hydrothermal spring system in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. All springs emerge along faults, which have the potential to transmit waters rapidly from great depths. However, mixing with shallow meteoric waters within the flow system results in uncertainty in the interpretation of geochemical results. The chemical compositions of cold and warm springs and geothermal waters are varied, but overall there is a trend from Ca–HCO3 dominated to Na–Cl dominated. There is little difference in the seasonal ionic compositions of the hot springs, suggesting the waters are sourced from a well-mixed reservoir. Based on δ18O and δ2H concentrations, all waters are of meteoric origin with evidence of temperature equilibration with carbonate rocks and evaporation. Seasonal isotopic variability indicates that only a small proportion of late spring and summer precipitation forms recharge and that fresh meteoric waters move rapidly into the flow system and mix with thermal waters at depth. 3H and percent modern carbon (pmC) values reflect progressively longer groundwater pathways from cold to geothermal waters; however, mixing processes and the very high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of the water samples preclude the use of either isotope to gain any insight on actual groundwater ages. 相似文献
17.
Groundwater at the Azores archipelago is a strategic resource for the freshwater supply. Freshwater, mineral and thermal water discharges occur in the archipelago, and especially at the Fogo and Furnas volcanoes (São Miguel). These discharges provide data for case studies of groundwater chemistry from volcanic monitoring due to the stable composition of the sampled waters. The mineral and thermal discharges are mainly of sodium bicarbonate types and present a large range of temperatures, from cold springs to waters at about 90 °C. Some boiling discharges have a sulfate-dominated composition, suggesting a steam-heating mechanism. Geochemical studies on these mineral and thermal waters began in the 19th century. Data gathered since these earlier studies provide a baseline for pH, temperature, CO2 and major-element composition. Weekly measurements of pH and temperature also denote a rather stable behavior. 相似文献
18.
《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2015,75(3):287-300
The chemical and isotopic characteristics (oxygen, hydrogen, and strontium) of spring waters and isotopic compositions of helium (He) and neon (Ne) in gases escaping from spring waters in the Lanping–Simao Basin are studied. A total of twenty-one spring water samples (twelve hot springs, four cold springs, and five saline springs) and eleven gas samples were collected from the study area, including one spring and one gas sample from northern Laos. It is found that saline spring waters in the study area are of chloride type, cold spring waters are of carbonate type or sulfate type, and hot spring waters are of various types. High total dissolved solids levels in saline springs are significantly related to Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene salt-bearing strata. On the basis of hydrochemical geothermometry, the reservoir temperatures (Tr) for hot springs, cold springs, and saline springs are 65.5–144.1, 37.8–64.4, and 65.1–109.0 °C, respectively, and the circulation depths of saline springs are much larger than those of hot and cold springs. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of springs in the Lanping–Simao Basin and northern Laos are primarily controlled by meteoric waters with obvious latitude and altitude effects, and are also influenced by δ18O exchange to some extent. Most Sr2+ in spring waters of the study area is derived from varied sources (carbonate, evaporite, and silicate mineral dissolution), and the Sr isotopic compositions are greatly influenced by volcanic rocks. Wide distribution of crust-derived He in the Lanping–Simao Basin and northern Laos reveal that faults in these areas may not descend to the upper mantle. It is concluded that water circulation in the study area may be limited above the upper mantle, while saline springs may originate from the Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene evaporites. Hydrochemical characteristics demonstrate affinities among the Lanping–Simao Basin, northern Laos, and Yanjing, eastern Tibet, while disaffinities are observed between these areas and Tengchong on the basis of the hydrochemical characteristics and noble gas isotopic compositions. 相似文献
19.
Thermal and mineral waters in north-eastern Slovenia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Mura basin in north-eastern Slovenia is made up of two depressions, developed during the Late Neogene and Early Pliocene
all within a widespread system of Pannonian basins. Both depressions are characterized by the occurrence of thermal waters
of somewhat different hydrogeochemical character. Radgona depression is in the northern part of the basin and reaches depths
of about 2 km. Thermal waters are generally dominated by sodium-bicarbonate, not related to the age of an aquifer, its wallrock
composition, the type of porosity or total concentration of dissolved solids. Locally, sulphate-rich waters are encountered,
and they are related to the presence of gypsum in the rocks of pre-Tertiary basement. The adjacent Ljutomer depression is
over 4 km deep and comprises compartments with stagnant or semi-stagnant aquifers. Herein saline waters predominate, even
in the aquifers of carbonate composition and abundant CO2 gas. In shallower, unconsolidated, intergranular aquifers sodium-bicarbonate waters predominate. Thermal aquifers of this
type are very important to the economy of the region, but they are also subjected to overexploitation which is reflected in
time-dependent changes of dynamic pressures, temperature, conductance, salinity, pH and concentration of major ions, trace
elements, dissolved gasses, and total organic carbon. Mineral waters occur in shallow aquifers or springs in marginal areas
of the Radgona depression. Bicarbonate waters are dominated by calcium, or both calcium and sodium. Some mineral waters are
formed mainly by penetration of CO2 gas into shallow aquifers and consequent water–rock interaction. Composition of some mineral waters indicate their possible
evolution from thermal waters which have risen from central parts of the Radgona depression along deep-seated faults, and
have been modified by cooling and mixing processes.
Received: 30 November 1998 · Accepted: 22 March 1999 相似文献
20.
韩城矿区奥灰水化学特征及形成机制探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以岩石化学成分、水质分析、同位素组分以及水质动态长期监测等资料为基础，分析了矿区岩溶水介质的赋存与分布等水文地质背景，重点研究了水化学组分特征及其形成机制。结果表明：由矿区边部至中深部，水化学类型由重碳酸硫酸钙镁型向硫酸盐氯化钠钙型过渡，TDS随含水层埋深升高而水质变差，水化学组分主要由溶滤作用经去膏盐化和脱白云岩化过程形成，开采井群水质变劣的主因是矿区中深部高矿化水的混合作用所致。 相似文献