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1.
砾质辫状河型冲积扇沉积微相及沉积模式:以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冲积扇砂砾岩储集层具有相变快、连续性差等特点,显示冲积扇内部沉积环境的复杂性。本次研究以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例,在丰富的野外露头资料基础上,结合区域水文资料以及冲积扇文献资料,对白杨河冲积扇沉积演化特征及沉积模式进行探讨。按其沉积机制,白杨河冲积扇属于辫状河型冲积扇,具有规模大(扇体总面积约327.6 km~2)、坡度平缓(约4‰~7‰)、沉积粒度粗和漫洪细粒沉积物不发育的典型特征。在白杨河冲积扇内共可识别出16种岩相类型,并根据岩相形成的流体动力差异划归为5类成因,即重力流成因、高流态牵引流成因、低流态牵引流成因、静水沉积成因以及风成沉积成因。白杨河冲积扇扇体建造过程可划分为洪水期和间洪期2个时期,洪水期以沉积作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根补给水道沉积、扇根片流沉积、扇中片流沉积、扇中辫状水道沉积、扇缘径流水道沉积和扇缘湿地沉积6种沉积微相类型;间洪期以改造作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根主槽沉积、扇中辫状沟槽沉积和扇缘湿地沉积3种沉积微相类型。最后,依据白杨河冲积扇建立了砾质辫状河型冲积扇洪水期和间洪期的沉积模式。 相似文献
2.
冲积扇砂砾岩储集层具有相变快、连续性差等特点,显示冲积扇内部沉积环境的复杂性。本次研究以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例,在丰富的野外露头资料基础上,结合区域水文资料以及冲积扇文献资料,对白杨河冲积扇沉积演化特征及沉积模式进行探讨。按其沉积机制,白杨河冲积扇属于辫状河型冲积扇,具有规模大(扇体总面积约327.6km2)、坡度平缓(约4‰~7‰)、沉积粒度粗和漫洪细粒沉积物不发育的典型特征。在白杨河冲积扇内共可识别出16种岩相类型,并根据岩相形成的流体动力差异划归为5类成因,即重力流成因、高流态牵引流成因、低流态牵引流成因、静水沉积成因以及风成沉积成因。白杨河冲积扇扇体建造过程可划分为洪水期和间洪期2个时期,洪水期以沉积作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根补给水道沉积、扇根片流沉积、扇中片流沉积、扇中辫状水道沉积、扇缘径流水道沉积和扇缘湿地沉积6种沉积微相类型;间洪期以改造作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根主槽沉积、扇中辫状沟槽沉积和扇缘湿地沉积3种沉积微相类型。最后,依据白杨河冲积扇建立了砾质辫状河型冲积扇洪水期和间洪期的沉积模式。 相似文献
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冲积扇研究现状及沉积模拟实验--以碎屑流和辫状河共同控制的冲积扇为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
近年来,对冲积扇复杂沉积机制与沉积过程的研究受到关注,取得了较大进展。从冲积扇的分类及其沉积特点、冲积扇沉积储层构型表征方法及冲积扇沉积机制等方面对冲积扇研究现状进行了详细综述。之后,针对碎屑流与辫状河共同控制下冲积扇水道演化机制不明的情况,利用水槽沉积模拟对冲积扇过程进行了沉积实验模拟。研究表明,冲积扇具有多种分类方案,反映了冲积扇的多样性和复杂性;冲积扇表征技术主要有现代沉积、野外露头、地下密井网解剖和水槽沉积实验模拟等方法;控制冲积扇发育的异旋回因素主要有:构造差异活动、同生断层的组合样式及物源气候的变化等;自旋回因素控制下冲积扇存在多种沉积机制,其决定了冲积扇内部构型单元的分布。通过水槽沉积模拟实验研究发现,对碎屑流与辫状河共同控制下冲积扇沉积过程具有如下特点:①在扇体初始雏形形成后,水携沉积物具有向扇面低势部位堆积的趋势;②扇面辫状水道存在两种重要的迁移方式,单一主水道迁移和分叉式次水道迁移方式。单一主水道的迁移是导致扇体辐向前积增大的主要原因,而分叉式次水道迁移方式是扇体展宽的重要机制;③在构造条件相对稳定的情况下,多期扇体具有明显向源退积的特征。在前述研究基础上,探讨了下一步冲积扇的研究方向。 相似文献
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准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系干旱型冲积扇储层内部构型特征 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以克拉玛依油田一中区为例,综合现代沉积、岩芯、露头、密井网等资料,应用层次分析法深入解剖干旱型冲积扇内部构型。以冲积扇相带划分为基础,构建7~9级构型要素分级体系,明确构型要素的成因、规模及样式,建立精细的干旱型冲积扇构型模式。研究表明:①根据岩性组合、沉积构造等特征将冲积扇依次划分为槽流、片流、辫流及径流4个相带;②槽流带主体为宽带状槽流沉积体,由多期槽流砾石体垂向叠置而成,单期槽流砾石体顶部在间洪期受到小股牵引流侵蚀改造,发育网状的流沟系统;③片流带主体为扇状片流砂砾体,由多期片流朵体侧向—垂向复合而成,朵体顶部披覆的泥质夹层是稳定的渗流屏障;④辫流带主体为宽带状辫流水道,由洪水水道和间洪水道两种单一水道侧向复合而成,洪水水道规模较大、侧向迁移频繁、切割叠置关系复杂、物性较好,在油田注水开发过程中极易形成水窜通道,而间洪水道规模较小,侧向切叠程度较低、物性也较差;⑤径流带主体为漫流细粒沉积,在漫流细粒沉积的背景上发育径流水道,其水道规模小、物性差且易尖灭。 相似文献
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应用研究区丰富的密井网和邻近露头资料,探讨了新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型单元的层次划分系统,并建立相应的沉积构型模式。在冲积扇的扇根、扇中和扇缘各亚相带,进一步划分了3个级次的构型要素以表达其内的沉积复杂性。扇根亚相主要由主槽、片流带和漫洪带组成,其中,在主槽内主要发育槽流砾石（岩）体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）与泥石流沉积,在片流带内主要发育片流砂砾体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）,在漫洪带主要发育漫洪砂体和漫洪细粒沉积,总体构型样式以广泛分布的砾石坝夹含流沟和漫洪沉积的“泛连通体”为特征;扇中亚相主要由辫流带和漫流带组成,其中,辫流带的主体构型要素为辫流水道（可细分为砂坝和沟道）,总体构型样式为复合宽带状辫流水道砂体与漫流细粒沉积侧向相间、垂向互层为特征;扇缘亚相主要由径流带和漫流带组成,其中,径流带的主体构型要素为径流水道,总体构型样式以窄带状径流水道和漫流砂体镶嵌于漫流—湿地泥岩之中为特征。 相似文献
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砾质辫状河型冲积扇岩相类型、成因及分布规律 ——以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
冲积扇砂砾岩储层是准噶尔盆地一类重要的油气储层类型,由于其具岩相类型多、连续性差等特点,对冲积扇内部岩相成因解释一直是冲积扇相带认知的基础和难点。以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例,在大量的野外露头资料和粒度分析数据的基础上,结合冲积扇源区母岩类型、水文资料以及冲积扇文献资料,对现代白杨河冲积扇岩相的类型、成因及分布规律进行探讨。按沉积机制,白杨河冲积扇属于辫状河型冲积扇,具有规模大(扇体总面积约327.6 km^2),坡度平缓(约1‰～7‰),沉积粒度粗等特征。在白杨河冲积扇内共可识别出16种岩相类型,并根据岩相形成的流体动力差异划归为5类成因,即重力流成因、高流态牵引流成因、低流态牵引流成因、静水沉积成因以及风成沉积成因。重力流以洪流沉积为主;高流态牵引流主要包括片流沉积和湍流沉积;低流态牵引流以砂(砾)质河道沉积为主;静水沉积以蓄水细粒沉积为主;风成沉积以风携细粒沉积为主。根据各岩相沉积构造、粒度特征及展布规模,可将岩相划分为四类:Ⅰ类岩相沉积构造特征明显并具有较大展布规模;Ⅱ类岩相沉积构造特征明显但展布规模局限;Ⅲ类岩相为不具层理构造但具有较大展布规模的岩相;Ⅳ类岩相不具层理构造并且展布规模局限。其中Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类岩相多为牵引流成因,多发育于洪水期扇体扇中、扇缘区域以及间洪期扇体的扇中区域,并可在地下继承性发育为较好的储集相带。 相似文献
7.
通过天山北缘白杨河及玛纳斯河现代辫状河沉积作用为主的洪积扇的研究,认为此类洪积扇以活动的辫流带和洪水
期才发生沉积的漫洪带为特征。扇面上不能全区同时发生沉积,而是选择扇面低势能区发生沉积。辫状河道呈条带状分
布,与常规砾质辫状河沉积特征类似,并向扇缘散开,沉积的砾石条带物性好。洪积扇的发育受构造、气候、水系的共同
控制,这些条件决定了洪积扇的沉积特征及发育规模。准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系古代洪积扇以辫状河道沉积作用为主,是
发育在盆地边缘低坡度洪积扇,更倾向于辫状河沉积特征。 相似文献
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《地学前缘》2017,(6):370-380
逆断层正牵引构造广泛发育于挤压盆地边缘,伴随逆断层的幕式活动而生成,并影响山前冲积扇沉积过程与沉积构型。为进一步认识这种特殊的凸起构造对冲积扇沉积过程及其内部构型的控制作用,利用水槽实验对正牵引构造发育背景下的冲积扇沉积过程进行模拟与观测。研究表明,携带大量沉积物的碎屑流冲出供水槽后很快受到正牵引构造的阻挡,大量的粗粒沉积物快速卸载在正牵引构造的迎水面,形成一个砂砾坝,同时水流被分成两股分支水流。由于较粗粒的沉积物快速在迎水面卸载,砂砾坝迎着水流逐步向物源方向生长,形成逆向(生长)砂砾坝。分支水流绕过正牵引构造后形成两个新的次级物源,在次级物源持续供给下,形成两个由多期碎屑流朵体复合而成的次级扇。受控于正牵引构造的阻挡,冲积扇表面不同位置的沉积物卸载过程差异较大,相较于正常冲积扇沉积体,砂砾坝沉积物偏粗、分选更差,而次级扇沉积物粒度偏细、分选更好;正牵引构造凸起幅度高低也会影响冲积扇沉积构型,凸起幅度越高,正牵引构造对水流的阻挡作用越强、越持久,逆向砂砾坝和次级扇的规模越大、空间结构也越复杂。正牵引构造完全被沉积物覆盖后,扇面沉积特征与一般冲积扇无异。受控于正牵引构造的冲积扇与一般冲积扇的内部构型存在较大差异,在顺物源剖面上前者依次发育碎屑流朵体、逆向砂砾坝及次级扇,而后者则整体以碎屑流朵体为主;在由近端至远端的切物源剖面上,前者依次以碎屑流朵体主控、逆向砂砾坝主控及次级扇主控,而后者则均以碎屑流朵体主控为主。 相似文献
9.
正断层构造广泛发育于盆地内和造山带中,其对可容空间分配及沉积物分布具有明显的控制作用,从而影响了冲积扇形态。为进一步探究正断层构造对冲积扇沉积过程及其内部构型的控制作用,利用水槽实验对正断层构造发育背景下的冲积扇发育过程进行模拟再现。研究表明,携带大量沉积物的碎屑流优先在上盘近断层处泄载,后经牵引流的改造,形成沿断面垂向生长、尖端指向物源的三角形分水滩。水动力较强时碎屑流越过分水滩并在分水滩尾部发育越滩朵体,水动力较弱时碎屑流遇分水滩尖端分流后沿断面在分水滩两侧发育断面朵体。受控于断面及分水滩的阻挡,冲积扇表面不同位置的沉积物泄载过程差异较大,粒度差异明显,上盘扇体中分水滩沉积物偏粗,越滩朵体次之,断面朵体最细。冲积扇的发育过程依据分水滩砂体厚度和断距大小之间的差异,共分为3个阶段。断距大小还会影响冲积扇沉积构型,断距越大,上盘可容空间越大,分水滩发育时间越长,扇体内部砂体叠置样式越复杂。受控于正断层的冲积扇内部构型在垂直物源剖面上从近端至远端,分别发育纵向沙坝、分水滩及碎屑流朵体,在平行物源剖面上以复合水道主控、分水滩叠复体主控、多期朵体叠复体主控为主。 相似文献
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冲积扇砂砾岩油藏是准噶尔盆地勘探热点,尤其是玛湖凹陷特大型砂砾岩油藏的发现,更加表明砾质冲积扇储层研究的必要。选取白杨河冲积扇为研究对象,对砾质辫状河型冲积扇内部片流带以及支撑砾岩的沉积特征和分布规律进行研究,结果表明:1）扇内片流带沉积介于扇根补给水道与扇中辫状水道沉积环境之间,与二者呈过渡接触,片流带规模可达千米级别,内部支撑砾岩的发育改善了片流带储层物性;2）识别出三类支撑砾岩,分别是片流支撑砾岩、沿层理面发育的支撑砾岩以及沟槽底部支撑砾岩,前两者均为超临界水流淘洗成因,后者则为径流改造成因;3）片流支撑砾岩发育于片流沉积,具有较好的成层性以及较高的线密度;沿层面发育的支撑砾岩发育于辫状沟槽沉积环境,形态受限于沟槽规模,可与交错层理砾岩匹配形成大规模优质岩相组合;沟槽底部发育的支撑砾岩发育于辫状水道底部,规模小但连通性好。综上,基于野外露头片流带以及支撑砾岩研究可以为井下砂砾岩油藏开发提供理论支撑。 相似文献
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通过对新疆现代白杨河冲积扇的地貌和现代沉积进行调查,发现冲积扇表面发育两种不同类型的河道,一种为季节性河道,另一种为暂时性河道。暂时性河道内水流占有率小于50%直至接近于0,主要由暴雨形成突发性洪水造成,季节性河流河道内流水占据率为50%左右,输出水流特征介于暂时性河道和常年性河流河道之间。白杨河主河道属于季节性河道,河道占冲积扇表面面积2.1%,沉积物以砾石质为主,颗粒粗、磨圆度高、分选较好,泥质含量低、叠瓦状排列特征明显,沉积物具有向下游变细的趋势,河道形态沿程变化明显。暂时性河道占冲积扇表面面积97.9%,沉积物粒度相对较细,磨圆度低、分选差、泥质含量高,河道规模向下游减小,分叉增多。季节性河道以河道径流为主,暂时性河道主要以片流、泥石流等方式搬运沉积物。季节性河道沉积物主要来自上游较远的源区,暂时性河道的沉积物来源于冲积扇扇根附近基岩风化形成的倒石锥,塌积扇和山地泥石流沉积,一部分来自于对冲积扇原有沉积物的改造、搬运和再沉积。季节性河道是形成冲积扇扇体的主要动力,暂时性河道主要对冲积扇起改造作用。研究深化了对干旱地区冲积扇沉积过程和沉积特征的认识,丰富了冲积扇的沉积模式。 相似文献
12.
Chonglong Gao Youliang Ji Chenliang Wu Jun Jin Ying Ren Zhao Yang Dawei Liu Zhijun Huan Xiaobing Duan Yuqi Zhou 《Sedimentology》2020,67(4):1750-1796
Alluvial fans are usually constructed through episodic flood events. Despite the significance of these ephemeral floods on the morphodynamics of alluvial fans, depositional responses to the variations in flood conditions are still poorly documented. This greatly limits the ability to interpret ancient sedimentary successions of fans and the associated flood hydrodynamics. The Quaternary Poplar Fan from endorheic Heshituoluogai Basin provides an optimal case for addressing this issue. Based on the variations in facies associations and flood conditions, three depositional stages – namely; lobe building stage, channel building stage and the abandonment stage – are identified. During the lobe building stage the Poplar Fan is predominately constructed through incised channel flood, sheetflood and unconfined streamflood, with coeval development of distal surficial ephemeral ponds. The channel building stage is characterized by the development of gravelly braided rivers. However, only scour pool fill deposits are preferentially preserved in the Poplar Fan. During the abandonment stage, erosional lags and aeolian sands randomly occur throughout the fan, while gully deposits can only be found in the distal fan. The distinctive facies architecture of the Poplar Fan is likely to be the result of periodicity of climate fluctuations between wetter and drier conditions during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. The ephemeral floods formed under wetter conditions usually show high discharge and sediment concentrations which facilitate the lobe building processes. During the drier periods, only gravelly braided rivers can be developed through ephemeral floods as the intensity and frequency in precipitation, discharge and sediment concentrations of the flood flows significantly decrease. The abandonment stage of the fan may occur between recurring flood episodes or during the driest periods. Furthermore, the long-term (105 to 106 year) geomorphic evolution of the Poplar Fan shows the influence of tectonic activities. The ongoing thrust uplift tectonic activities have caused destruction of the fan but can also facilitate the fan-head trench/incision of the fan, which in turn facilitate the progradation of the fan. This study proposes a new depositional model for alluvial fans constructed through episodic flood events, which shows the character of both sheet-flood dominated and stream-flow dominated end members of alluvial fans. These findings supplement the understanding of the variability of the alluvial fans and provide means to characterize rock record of alluvial fans and their associated flood and climate conditions. 相似文献
13.
利用延时相机以及3D激光扫描仪等设备,通过水槽实验获得了74组扇面地貌数据,并采用定量化的软件对这些数据进行了精细的沉积学分析,明确了干旱条件下冲积扇的沉积演化过程及其控制的沉积构型。研究表明: (1)干旱条件下冲积扇沉积演化过程中水动力、水流样式、扇体增生规律等均存在明显的差异性,根据这些差异将整个模拟实验分为早期、中期、晚期3个阶段。(2)实验早期,扇体水动力较强,主控沉积作用为片流沉积,根据片流沉积的分布范围,可将其分为整体片流沉积和局部片流沉积。(3)实验中期,扇体中远端水动力及扇面扩大速率均有所减小,主控沉积作用为非限定性水道,主要沉积体为朵体沉积,非限定性水道主要分布在近源端,而朵体主要分布在水道末端的开阔地带。(4)实验晚期,受巨大的扇体影响,水动力进一步减小,主控沉积作用为限定性水道沉积。(5)通过实验研究,建立了具有明显3层结构的干旱条件下冲积扇沉积构型模式,其中底层是片流朵体复合体、中层为非限制性水道与末端朵体复合体、顶层是水道和小型末端朵体复合体。 相似文献
14.
Zhu Yi-Jie Xia Rui Zheng Yun-Ke Liu Chen-Hu Yu Bin Lü Jun-Ling Feng Wen-Jie 《古地理学报》2021,22(6):1081-1094
Using time-lapse cameras and a 3D laser scanner,74 groups of geomorphic data of alluvial fans were obtained through flume experiments. Then a detailed sedimentary analysis based on these data was performed by using a quantitative software to reveal the sedimentary evolution process of the arid alluvial fan and its depositional architecture. Results suggest that there are obvious differences in hydrodynamics,water flow patterns and growth pattern during the evolution of arid alluvial fans. Based on these differences,the experiment is divided into three stages,including an early,middle,and late stage. In the early stage,the fan surface hydrodynamics was relatively strong,and the sheet flow dominated the deposition. According to the distribution of sheet flow deposits,it can be divided into wide-spread sheet flow deposition and local sheet flow deposition. In the middle period of the experiment,the hydrodynamic strength and expansion rate at the middle-distal part of the fan body reduced. The non-confined channel which is close to the source dominated the deposition,and terminal lobe was mainly deposited on the edge of the river channel. In the late stage of the experiment,the hydrodynamic further reduced causing by the large fan surface and confined channels were the main deposits. Through the flume experiment,an arid alluvial fan depositional architecture model with a three-layer structure has been established. The bottom layer is of a sheet flow lobe complex,the middle layer is characterized by unconfined channels and terminal lobes,and the top layer is constituted by stacked confined channels and small terminal lobes. 相似文献
15.
Alluvial fans and fan deltas can, in principle, have exactly the same upstream conditions, but fan deltas by definition have ponding water at their downstream boundary. This ponding creates effects on the autogenic behaviour of fan deltas, such as backwater adaptation, mouth bars and backward sedimentation, whereas alluvial fans may lack these effects. Hence the present authors hypothesize that morphodynamics on alluvial fans are determined primarily by upstream boundary conditions, whereas morphodynamics on fan deltas are determined by both the upstream and the downstream boundary condition and changes therein. To isolate the effects of the upstream and downstream boundaries, five new alluvial fan experiments are compared with the details of three fan deltas published earlier that were formed under very similar and simple conditions. Similar to the fan deltas, the alluvial fans build up by sheet flow, whilst quasi‐regular periods of incision cause temporary channelized flow. Incision is followed by channel backfilling, after which the fan returns to sheet flow. The channelization and backfilling in alluvial fans is markedly less pronounced and more prone to autogenic disturbance than in fan deltas. The difference is caused by morphodynamics at the downstream boundary. In a fan delta, the flow expansion of the channel causes deposition of all the sediment, which forms a mouth bar and causes strong backfilling. In an alluvial fan, on the other hand, the slope break at the fan perimeter causes some deposition, but transport is not reduced to zero. Consequently, the backfilling in alluvial fans is less pronounced than in fan deltas. Other published experiments support this trend: removal of the mouth bar by a river leads to permanent channelization, whilst pronounced mouth‐bar formation in highly channelized deltas promotes backward sedimentation. The experimental results for this study predict that, when alluvial fans prograde into lakes or deep rivers, they transition to fan deltas with increasingly deeper channels and thicker backfill deposits. 相似文献
16.
冲积扇是发育于盆地边缘的一种重要的沉积相类型。近20年来,在冲积扇分布的控制作用、内部构型及储集层特征研究等方面取得了很大的进展:(1)深化了断层活动、物源岩性条件及不同级次基准面旋回对冲积扇沉积构型的控制作用机理;(2)建立了碎屑流主控、碎屑流与河流主控、河流主控的冲积扇以及末端扇的沉积构型模式;(3)分析了冲积扇沉积机制及沉积构型对储集层质量的控制作用。今后有必要充分应用水槽模拟实验、沉积数值模拟和探地雷达等先进技术,对冲积扇沉积过程、内部构型及储集层非均质性进行更为深入的研究。 相似文献