共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Residential relocation under market-oriented redevelopment: the process and outcomes in urban China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Fulong Wu 《Geoforum》2004,35(4):453-470
Residential displacement by urban regeneration in western economies and forced relocation in the Third World countries are contentious issues. This paper, based on a household survey in Shanghai, examines the process and outcomes of residential relocation under market-oriented urban redevelopment in China. The results show that commodification of the socialist tenancy right helped to initiate large-scale urban redevelopment. First, there has been a complicated process of negotiation during residential relocation, involving residents, development companies, and government agencies. The de facto right of public housing tenants is considered by a pragmatic attitude in urban redevelopment in the early years. Second, residential relocation is accompanied by the changes in housing tenure, housing conditions, and the improved built form of planned residential districts. Nevertheless, the social conflict has become intensified recently because the deepening of commodification began to favour property developers by constraining the compensation standard for relocated households. 相似文献
2.
3.
A model of a heterogeneous neighborhood 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tel Aviv is a highly ethnic city in which ethnicity is deeply embedded in people’s perceptions of their social milieus. Shapira,
as one of the most heterogeneous neighborhoods in Tel Aviv, supplies a unique demonstration of the inadequacy of the Chicago
model, which assumes the emergence of homogeneous neighborhoods. The study shows that ethnicity is exercised as a major force
in determining social life in Shapira. Interactive segregation indices reveal that residents of Shapira tend to prefer intra-ethnic
social networks although two-thirds of them maintain inter-ethnic networks as well. Despite this, residential and activity
spaces are highly heterogeneous. Residential spaces are heterogeneous on all scales from residents’ immediate surroundings
to the block and the neighborhood as a whole. In most buildings one may find neighbors from two or three different ethnic
groups with only non-Jewish residents excluded from publicly owned buildings. Most residents perform large part of their everyday
life outside the neighborhoods in ethnically heterogeneous surroundings, but nonetheless in choosing their more meaningful
partners for social networks they choose them from their ethnic groups. The fact that residents tend to perform a large part
of their activities out of their neighborhood, and to live in heterogeneous surroundings in social categories that are perceived
by them salient to their daily life, does not undermine the relevance of the neighborhood as a socially constituted entity
in the urban field. People organize and act in order to improve life conditions in the neighborhood, they feel sense of attachment
to the neighborhood and they develop some local social networks in the neighborhood. 相似文献
4.
Robert B. Kent 《GeoJournal》1994,33(4):453-458
This study provides a preliminary examination of the temporal and geographic variations of sound in Cajamarca, a provincial city in the Andes of northern Peru. Sound levels were sampled in four neighborhoods of the city each representing different land-use characteristics and hypothetically distinct environmental sound profiles. The sample sites included the central plaza, the business district, a residential neighborhood, and a small residential community on the urban periphery. Sound readings were taken each hour between 6 am and 12 pm on every day of the week. Sound profiles for each location for a weekday, a Saturday, and a Sunday are presented. Distinct decibel profiles emerge, both geographically and temporally. These changing sound patterns reflect the activities of the town's residents as they move between home, work, and social/recreational activities during the course of a week. Cajamarca's sound profiles are believed to be characteristic of other provincial cities throughout the Andean region. 相似文献
5.
Water and poverty in the United States 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Contrary to reports of 100% access to safe water and sanitation in international surveys, the United States (US) has a complex landscape of low-income water problems. This paper begins with a critical international perspective on water and poverty in the US. It shows that the US had a declining role in international water programs during the late-20th century, which contributed to limited international awareness of low-income water programs in the US, and limited US awareness of low-income water issues. To address the first problem, we provide an overview of low-income water programs in the US with an emphasis on those that serve small communities. We then examine census data on inadequate water systems in Colorado, which indicate that severe plumbing deficiencies persist despite these public water programs. Inadequate plumbing rates are lower than income poverty rates, however, which indicate partially successful strategies for achieving low-income water services. Analysis of local data in urban, rural, and mountainous areas of the state shows that poverty and water problems are correlated in complex ways, which has implications for all nations striving for universal access to safe water and sanitation. 相似文献
6.
Dawn Day Biehler 《Geoforum》2009,40(6):1014-1023
This paper traces changes in the political ecology of insects and chemicals in US public housing since Congress founded public housing in 1937. Drawing upon the literature of critical geographies of home, urban political ecology, and medical history, it argues that the constitution of “public” and “private” space within public housing was deeply entangled with pest control practices there. Prior to 1945, reformers treated the housing as a commons, in part compelled by the mobility of bedbugs and the pesticide used to combat them, both of which were seen as serious health threats. Managers were also motivated by social welfare ideologies, while residents eagerly assisted with communal control policies in order to achieve freedom from the health insults of bedbugs. Following 1945, however, new synthetic pesticides like DDT seemed to stay safely within one apartment unit, encouraging housing managers to abandon community-oriented pest control practices. Meanwhile, curtailed budgets, particularly after the Housing Act of 1949, left the infrastructure of public housing to decay, rendering units more physically permeable even as managers neglected the communities there. The new pesticides nearly eradicated bedbugs, but tenacious populations of German cockroaches blossomed thanks to the permeable buildings and synthetic pesticides. Residents grew increasingly resistant to pesticide use as they observed that cockroach populations went unabated. The paper serves as a case for applying political ecology frameworks to domestic spaces, and also argues that housing quality and domestic pesticide use are not merely private responsibilities but should be regarded as environmental justice issues. 相似文献
7.
In Ratnapura monsoonal flooding is a chronic problem of which the residents are acutely aware. Responses to structured interviews indicated that a wide range of actions are employed to reduce flood impact, although these actions are not perceived as specific adjustments to flooding. The only widely acknowledged means of mitigating the flood threat is government action. Dependency on government action reflects the government's role in dispensing aid to flood victims. While relief programmes do reduce personal, short-term losses, they simultaneously encourage resettlement in high-risk areas. In seeking a viable, long-term management policy, the Sri Lankan government recently adopted a plan to move the municipality of Ratnapura to invulnerable high ground. In making the decision to relocate, however, the attitudes of the residents were not evaluated, and government officials seemed unconcerned that residents viewed relocation as an unacceptable solution to the problem. Although individual attitudes concerning residential satisfaction in the context of the flood hazard varied with factors such as income, length of residency and land tenure, an overwhelming number of residents adamantly maintained that they would not move to the new town. 相似文献
8.
《Geoforum》2017
New state-subsidised ‘RDP’ housing in South Africa aims to provide former informally-housed residents with a better quality of life, stronger community and decreased levels of crime. Despite the state’s ambitions, this process is highly contradictory, increases in safety occurring alongside rising incivilities and tensions. This paper contributes to an emerging set of debates on the socio-political outcomes of state-led housing interventions in the global South, through an illustration of the limitations of efforts to produce ‘safe neighbourhoods’ in contexts of high unemployment alongside high levels of violence. The conceptual framing of ‘Southern Criminology’ (Carrington et al., 2015), centres the significance of histories of colonial and post-colonial violence, inequality, hybrid governance and justice practices, as well as informal living, and is employed to analyse recently housed residents’ experiences of crime and safety in South Africa, in a north eThekwini settlement, Hammond’s Farm. Recognising these ‘Southern’ factors, the paper argues that movement into new formal housing, is typified by significant material changes at the home and neighbourhood scale which foster privacy and safety, formalised governance practices and (partial) improvements in policing services. These occur in conjunction with access to new leisure activities including alcohol consumption and ‘township life’ which alongside ongoing poverty foster urban incivilities. A ‘Southern Criminology’ perspective frames concluding questions about the nature of crime in contexts of urban change, which are persistently shaped by inequality and wider historical and structural factors, challenging the state’s aspirations to achieve crime reduction through housing. 相似文献
9.
The paper examines women’s involvement in residential location/relocation decision-making among tenants in Ibadan, Nigeria. The data used in the paper is from a larger cross-sectional survey of 721 households on gender and housing in Ibadan, Nigeria. The analysis in the paper focused on 365 subgroup of households that are tenants in the sample survey. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and simple statistical techniques such as frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the data. The result shows that generally there is low involvement of women in residential location/relocation decision-making. There is significant intra-urban variation in the involvement of women in residential location/relocation decision-making. Significant relationships are found between the level of women involvement in residential location/relocation decision-making and their educational level, occupation, and marital status. In addition, significant relationships are found between cultural and social support variables and involvement of women in residential location/relocation decisions. These results suggest that female empowerment and greater involvement in decision-making could be greatly enhanced by improved access of women to education, employment, the provision of good and reliable social support facilities and a reorientation of women’s view about responsibility for household housing provision. 相似文献
10.
《Geoforum》2017
Drawing on findings from a study of Indigenous housing in a regional Western Australian city, this paper examines the experiences of Indigenous peoples as a particular set of ‘right bearers’ within the right-to-the-city discourse. In settler-states, colonial discourses of absence, threat, and authenticity have informed policy frameworks that have militated against various Indigenous claims of belonging, rights, and aspiration in relation to urban places. Housing has been a representative domain of struggle in this respect. Consequently, today, Indigenous peoples have disproportionately high rates of dependence on more volatile and discriminatory forms of tenure than their non-Indigenous counterparts.The paper examines the incongruence between State aspirations to move (Indigenous) people along a housing continuum in urban environments, and the actual experiences of Indigenous urban residents, which fix discursively on barriers to such movements. It also traces the deleterious, displacing impacts for urban Indigenous households of the retreat of the State in its role as a landlord for the socio-economically disadvantaged, and in responding to market signals and particular sociological theses regarding poverty, with specific spatial logics. In so doing, we advance two interwoven arguments. First, we assert that Indigenous people face a unique precarity in the Australian urban housing system, which is a result of both colonial and racially discriminatory forces, and economically discriminating processes such as capital concentration and the commodification of land. Second, we contend that this precarity sets many Indigenous people on housing career trajectories that are antithetical to policy intentions. 相似文献
11.
The differential impact of physical disorder and collective efficacy: a geographically weighted regression on violent crime 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
While much of the research on neighborhood crime considers the neighborhood as a whole, this study utilizes spatial analysis techniques to examine how the presence of disorder and collective efficacy create unique pockets of opportunities for criminal behavior within neighborhoods. This spatial perspective reveals how the effect of disorder and efficacy upon crime patterns itself varies across a neighborhood. Physical disorder is measured through systematic social observations and the level of collective efficacy is evaluated through survey responses of neighborhood residents. The indices of disorder and efficacy are compared to crime data from police call logs using geographically weighted regression. Our findings demonstrate a complex spatial relationship between disorder and efficacy. The effects of disorder and efficacy are not consistent across an entire neighborhood, but rather display local variations in small geographical areas within neighborhoods, including some pockets of the neighborhood where the relationships between disorder, efficacy, and crime were contrary to the expected relationships. Based upon these findings, we conclude opportunity is central to understanding crime, and emphasize the role of informal social control in neighborhoods. 相似文献
12.
Addressing issues of spatial spillover effects and non-stationarity in analysis of residential burglary crime 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aim of this paper is to address two critical but largely neglected issues in the spatial analysis of urban crime which are spatial spillover effects of crime penetrating neighborhood boundaries and non-stationarity regarding the relationships between contextual factors and neighborhood crime. We use a GIS-based spatial approach to normalize the estimate of burglary crime at block group level and use the geographically weighted regression (GWR) to investigate the correlates of neighborhood crime. Results suggest that the use of normalized measure of neighborhood crime helps better reveal the spatial patterns of burglary crime and the use of GWR accounts for the spatial variations of relationships between contextual factors and crime. In particular, the normalized measure of crime has implications for improving the measurement accuracy of the risk of crime across urban neighborhoods and can be applied to the spatial analysis of other socioeconomic issues such as housing foreclosures and environmental hazards which are also plagued by the spatial spillover issue when geographically contiguous data are analyzed. 相似文献
13.
The re-industrialization of brownfields has become an important economic redevelopment strategy in many “Rust Belt” cities, and labor-community coalitions have sought to ensure that such projects bring economic justice through good jobs to inner-city neighborhoods with high rates of unemployment. These coalitions have in many cases succeeded in establishing geographically defined job standards, such as living wage ordinances and community benefits agreements, but few studies have investigated how such “spatial fixes for labor” influence or fail to influence the relocation and investment decisions of firms. In this article, we compare and contrast two efforts to define and defend inner-city brownfields redevelopment projects as spaces for good local jobs in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We find that the influence of spatially defined job standards on relocation decisions varied with the different scales of political engagement and economic mobility involved in each case. In addition, we identify a common political factor in these decisions that previous research in labor geographies has not emphasized: the discursive trivialization of a firm’s primary product. In combination, the two cases suggest that future geographic research on economic justice and the agency of labor and its allies needs to attend both to the complex scalar dimensions of geographically defined job standards and to the roles of nonhuman products in political controversies over redevelopment. 相似文献
14.
Designing appropriate post-disaster emergency and recovery housing policies requires accurate estimation of the indirect or
“flow” loss generated by the involuntary displacement of households to housing other than their own destroyed homes. We employed
the stated choice method to measure residence choice following a hypothetical disaster in a procedure developed to estimate
flow loss due to house destruction. This method was applied to households in the city of Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture to
estimate flow loss for a range of residence types and residence attributes following relocation. The results revealed that
the relocation residence type itself (such as a shelter, temporary dwelling, rental housing, or one’s own home) had a substantial
effect on residence choice. Regarding residence attributes, residential expenses such as rent, housing loans, and spaciousness
had a significant effect on residence choice. Moreover, we found that respondents placed a very high value on living in their
own home compared with other residence types, indicating that subsidizing the prompt repair and rebuilding of private homes
is likely to be an effective recovery support policy. In addition, a cost–benefit analysis of our results revealed that rent
subsidies are more efficient than the construction of public housing as a means of financially assisting economically constrained
households after a disaster. 相似文献
15.
To date, research into the subjective aspects of high density has focused mainly on the negative consequences of overcrowding.
This study, in contrast, outlines some of the positive aspects of high density in neighborhoods, exploring the physical–spatial
environment of two neighborhoods in the city of Haifa, Israel. It was found that while the relatively high residential density
was similar in both neighborhoods (40 housing units per acre), this was more positively evaluated in one neighborhood as compared
to the other. This can be attributed to some specific environmental and planning features. In particular, where physical planning
enabled the potential advantages of high density to be realized, this was positively perceived and evaluated by local residents.
Such advantages mainly comprised accessibility to a variety of services, more frequent public transportation, and access to
open spaces within walking distance. Particularly advantageous were the increased opportunities for social gathering. At the
same time, however, high density did not foster social relationships on the neighborhood level. The study further identified
the gender and age groups that benefited most from the high density. Thus, women evaluated high density more positively than
men. Young families with children and senior citizens (over 65) were also more likely to benefit, and to evaluate the high
density environment more positively than other social groups. 相似文献
16.
Death tolls from tornadoes in Bangladesh are the highest in the world due to lack of storm warnings, poor communication, weak
housing, and lack of shelters from strong winds in tornadoes and nor’westers. Based on surveys of housing types and designs
in the Tangail district, a household tornado shelter is proposed to be placed in the elevated storage platform that is common
in houses. The shelter is 2 m tall, 1.2 m wide, and 2–4 m long (4.8–9.6 m3 in volume) with the floor of the shelter placed one meter below the floor of the house. Walls are 7–10 cm thick and made
of concrete or an earthen wall stabilized with cement or strengthened with bamboo or bricks. A survey of 200 residents of
the region found nearly universal acceptance for the shelter design, and residents were eager for installation of the household
shelters. The shelter cost is 2,500–10,000 taka (US50 to50 to 200) depending on local material and labor costs but residents
were willing to pay an average of only 1,071 taka (US$21) toward the cost of the shelter. Families with greater income and
land holdings and families in villages with recent tornado experience were willing to spend more for a shelter. A pilot project
to install household tornado shelters in selected villages and monitor their use, along with continued efforts to issue storm
warnings, communicate the warnings, and improve education about storm hazards, will prevent injuries and save lives in Bangladesh
and reduce the descent into poverty that results from losses in severe local storms. 相似文献
17.
This article explores the spatial differentiation and integration between the post-disaster victims and the indigenous peasants 8 years after a rapid off-site resettlement oriented by governments in New Beichuan. Data were broadly collected from placement documents, questionnaires, interviews and site measurement by empirical research and on-site investigation in 2014. The resettlement plan was introduced and analyzed for housing resettlement, open space systems, public facilities allocation and resettlement policies. Based on statistical analysis of the questionnaire data and observation on the usage of the built environment, problems with the spatial usage and mismatches between the specific spatial requirements and subjective planning intention of integration are analyzed and preliminary findings are shown. The results showed that the excessive pursuit of speed and deficiency in economically self-sustaining efforts might contribute to insufficient attention given to spatial, social and economic aspects and leads to inevitable and long-standing problems, such as housing quality problems, neighborhoods management and security concerns, contradictions between the housing layout and local living habits, different spatial usage preferences between the indigenous peasants and post-disaster migrants, and disequilibrium of public facility allocation.
相似文献18.
R. A. Olu Sule Prof. Dr. 《GeoJournal》1990,22(1):81-91
Conclusion The sporadic application of ‘slum clearance’ programmes served only to exacerbate the already intransigent problem of urban
housing shortage, as the example of Lagos has demonstrated. The continued application of Western assumptions in urban development
(whereas they have since been modified in those countries) has inhibited a reassessment of issues in the Nigerian context.
Some of the issues at stake have been considered in this paper. Conventional Western concepts have not only proved inappropriate
to the realities of rapid urban growth and limited resources in Nigeria and most of tropical Africa, but have intensified
the problems still further. In the context of Maroko slum clearance exercise as contained in this paper, they must be seen
as an unsuccessful attempt to control rather than resolve the housing problems of the urban poor.
I terms of planning five procedural steps are necessary to be followed to accomplish a desirable urban renewal exercise for
the community. They are (1) to acquire land in accordance with the plan, consisting of purchase of land and the structures
on it. (2) Relocation of residents from the acquired buildings into satisfactory quarters. The relocation exercise must be
made not only mandatory on the government (local or state) undertaking renewal but made a legal requirement. (3) Site clearance
— the razing of the structures on the land may be carried out only after the quality of such structures have been determined.
This exercise also assumes that a process of data collection and analysis have been accomplished (social and physical). (4)
Site improvements and supporting facilities and services are undertaken by the agency. Site improvements include streets,
sewers, lightiing etc. Others may include parks, play ground, schools etc. (5) Land may be built upon by agency or sold to
original owners if compensations have been paid. They may also be given back to owners with loans to rebuild either through
self-help or cooperative venture. Amortization and interest on such loans should be made generous for the poor.
Since demolition of housing must precede new construction in the project area, the existing stock of housing is decreased,
forcing the displacees to seek shelter in the remaining housing in the city or erect squatter housing. This is especially
likely at the low-quality end of the housing market, since the greatest reduction in the housing stock occurs there. The condition
may remain depending on government’s degree of responsiveness. Perhaps the only way to avoid the problem of a reduced housing
stock in any urban renewal project, thus curbing the incidence of the spiral process of slums among the poor, as the Maroko
example has demonstrated in Lagos, is by building new dwelling units for relocatees before demolishing their present homes.
Such policy would merge with general attempts to relocate the poor in suburbs, seeking a reduction in the concentrations of
poverty in central cities of Nigeria. 相似文献
19.
James L. Cobban 《GeoJournal》1993,29(2):143-154
Colonial society in Indonesia during the first forty years of the 20th century faced housing problems for both the European and native populations analogous to those in many Third World countries today. Some colonial cities tried to provide more housing first by annexing more land and so making building sites available and second by supporting the few private building societies which arose. In the mid-1920s housing proponents organized two national housing congresses. One result was the creation of limited liability public housing companies financed jointly by the central and city governments. By 1940 these companies had failed to provide more housing and so improve housing conditions particularly for the urban native population. The poverty of the masses, the shortage of funds, increasing populations, and government priorities which existed in colonial Indonesia are different in scale in Third World countries today and one may wonder if present-day solutions to housing problems will be any more effective. 相似文献
20.
One of the biggest impacts of a disaster is the effect it can have on community and regional housing and the ability of people, communities and regions to recover from the damages. Policy decisions involving investments in loss reduction measures and response and recovery are best informed by the integration of scientific and socioeconomic information. Natural scientists develop hazard scenarios for stakeholders and emergency officials to assess the impacts of a particular disaster outcome. Social scientists have found that housing losses and recovery affect individuals in lower socioeconomic status disproportionately. By combining socioeconomic status data from the US Census with an earthquake scenario for southern California, an event-driven conditional distribution of earthquake risk is used to prioritize investment decisions for earthquake hazard mitigation. Simulation of the damages in the scenario showed a statistically significant risk concentration in census tracts with large numbers of residents of lower socioeconomic status living in multi-family housing and mobile homes. An application of the approach is demonstrated in Los Angeles County as a decision criterion in a building retrofit program. The earthquake scenario was used to evaluate the economic benefits of a program for voluntary mitigation and a combined program of voluntary mitigation and regulated mitigation based on socioeconomic status (mandate requiring mitigation in census tracts meeting specific damage and income thresholds). Although the analysis is a hypothetical scenario based on a simulation of a great earthquake, the results and potential outcomes show that a regulated program with a socioeconomic decision criterion would have significant benefits to vulnerable populations. 相似文献