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1.
Locating the seismic event hypocenter is the very first issue undertaken when studying any seismological problem. Thus, the accuracy of the obtained solution can significantly influence consecutive stages of an analysis, so there is a continuous demand for new, more efficient, and accurate location algorithms. It is well recognized that there exists no single universal location algorithm which performs equally well in all situations. Seismic activity and its spatial variability over time, seismic network geometry, and the controlled area’s geological complexity are factors influencing the performance of location algorithms. For example, in the case of mining applications, the planarity of the seismic network usually operated at the exploitation level becomes an important issue limiting the accuracy of location of the hypocenter depths. In this paper, we push forward the discussion on the performance of the newly proposed location algorithm called the extended double difference (EDD), concentrating on the reliability of source depth estimation for mining-induced seismic events. We demonstrate that the EDD algorithm very efficiently uses information originating from the nonplanarity of the seismic network, improving the hypocenter depth estimates with respect to the classical double difference technique. Methodological considerations are illustrated by real data analysis of selected events from the Rudna copper mine (Poland). 相似文献
2.
Most amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis and inversion techniques are based on the Zoeppritz equations for plane‐wave reflection coefficients or their approximations. Real seismic surveys use localized sources that produce spherical waves, rather than plane waves. In the far‐field, the AVO response for a spherical wave reflected from a plane interface can be well approximated by a plane‐wave response. However this approximation breaks down in the vicinity of the critical angle. Conventional AVO analysis ignores this problem and always utilizes the plane‐wave response. This approach is sufficiently accurate as long as the angles of incidence are much smaller than the critical angle. Such moderate angles are more than sufficient for the standard estimation of the AVO intercept and gradient. However, when independent estimation of the formation density is required, it may be important to use large incidence angles close to the critical angle, where spherical wave effects become important. For the amplitude of a spherical wave reflected from a plane fluid‐fluid interface, an analytical approximation is known, which provides a correction to the plane‐wave reflection coefficients for all angles. For the amplitude of a spherical wave reflected from a solid/solid interface, we propose a formula that combines this analytical approximation with the linearized plane‐wave AVO equation. The proposed approximation shows reasonable agreement with numerical simulations for a range of frequencies. Using this solution, we constructed a two‐layer three‐parameter least‐squares inversion algorithm. Application of this algorithm to synthetic data for a single plane interface shows an improvement compared to the use of plane‐wave reflection coefficients. 相似文献
3.
Yuehua Zeng 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(2-3):533-548
One of the many important contributions that Aki has made to seismology pertains to the origin of coda waves (Aki, 1969; Aki
and Chouet, 1975). In this paper, I revisit Aki's original idea of the role of scattered surface waves in the seismic coda.
Based on the radiative transfer theory, I developed a new set of scattered wave energy equations by including scattered surface
waves and body wave to surface wave scattering conversions. The work is an extended study of Zeng et al. (1991), Zeng (1993) and Sato (1994a) on multiple isotropic-scattering, and may shed new insight into the seismic coda wave
interpretation. The scattering equations are solved numerically by first discretizing the model at regular grids and then
solving the linear integral equations iteratively. The results show that scattered wave energy can be well approximated by
body-wave to body wave scattering at earlier arrival times and short distances. At long distances from the source, scattered
surface waves dominate scattered body waves at surface stations. Since surface waves are 2-D propagating waves, their scattered
energies should in theory follow a common decay curve. The observed common decay trends on seismic coda of local earthquake
recordings particular at long lapse times suggest that perhaps later seismic codas are dominated by scattered surface waves.
When efficient body wave to surface wave conversion mechanisms are present in the shallow crustal layers, such as soft sediment
layers, the scattered surface waves dominate the seismic coda at even early arrival times for shallow sources and at later
arrival times for deeper events. 相似文献
4.
近年来构造高精度、高效且具有长时程跟踪能力的保结构算法已逐渐成为地震波模拟算法发展的重要方向之一. 本文基于谱元法(SEM)进行空间域离散结合新推导的三阶辛算法(NTSTO)进行时间域离散,构造了一种具有时-空保结构特性的新算法. 本文给出的多组数值试验对比结果表明,本算法无论在内存消耗、稳定性及计算耗时,还是长时程跟踪能力方面都有上佳的表现; 另外,本文给出的起伏地表多层介质模型的数值算例验证了该算法处理复杂几何形状和复杂介质时的有效性. 该多辛结构谱元法的发展将为长时程地震波传播的计算及模拟提供更为广泛而有效的选择. 相似文献
5.
In regions where active source seismic exploration is constrained by limitations of energy penetration and recovery, cost and logistical concerns, or regulatory restrictions, analysis of natural source seismic data may provide an alternative. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using locally‐generated seismic noise in the 2–6 Hz band to obtain a subsurface model via interferometric analysis. We apply this technique to three‐component data recorded during the La Barge Passive Seismic Experiment, a local deployment in south‐western Wyoming that recorded continuous seismic data between November 2008 and June 2009. We find traffic noise from a nearby state road to be the dominant source of surface waves recorded on the array and observe surface wave arrivals associated with this source up to distances of 5 kms. The orientation of the road with respect to the deployment ensures a large number of stationary points, leading to clear observations on both in‐line and cross‐line virtual source‐receiver pairs. This results in a large number of usable interferograms, which in turn enables the application of standard active source processing methods like signal processing, common offset stacking and traveltime inversion. We investigate the dependency of the interferograms on the amount of data, on a range of processing parameters and on the choice of the interferometry algorithm. The obtained interferograms exhibit a high signal‐to‐noise ratio on all three components. Rotation of the horizontal components to the radial/transverse direction facilitates the separation of Rayleigh and Love waves. Though the narrow frequency spectrum of the surface waves prevents the inversion for depth‐dependent shear‐wave velocities, we are able to map the arrival times of the surface waves to laterally varying group and phase velocities for both Rayleigh and Love waves. Our results correlate well with the known geological structure. We outline a scheme for obtaining localized surface wave velocities from local noise sources and show how the processing of passive data benefits from a combination with well‐established exploration seismology methods. We highlight the differences with interferometry applied to crustal scale data and conclude with recommendations for similar deployments. 相似文献
6.
利用地震波正向传播方程对属于波形线性反演问题近似求解方法的地震数据偏移成像进行重新推导,得到了适合散射地震数据的散射偏移成像方法和适合反射地震数据的反射偏移成像方法.以地震波传播的散射理论为出发点,首先根据描述一次散射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立散射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论;利用高频近似对产生散射波场的地下速度扰动函数的空间变化进行近似,推导出地下反射率函数,再由散射波传播方程推导出基于反射率函数的反射波传播方程,然后根据描述一次反射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立反射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论.本文指出和修正了Claerbout偏移成像方法中的不足,提出的地震数据偏移成像方法是对当前偏移成像方法理论的完善,使反射地震数据偏移成像具有了更坚实的数学物理理论基础,得到的偏移成像结果相位正确、位置准确、分辨率提高. 相似文献
7.
Specially designed arrays of strong motion seismographs located near earthquake sources are required for engineering studies of near-source earthquake properties as well as spatial variation of seismic waves. The SMART-1 array in Tath provides good records for this type of study. Based on the SMART-1 array data, the analysis of the principal direction wave propagation and the space-time correlation of some events recorded by SMART-1 have been studied. A stoce model for predicting the differential ground movement was also developed. This stochastic model includes the effect of source characteristics, attenuation of wave passage and spatial correlation characteristics. The performance of this more discussed and compared with the ground movement recorded by the SMART-1 array. From the present study, it is that spatial correlations do exist as seismic waves propagate across the array site. Generally, the loss of coherence is direction of propagation can be explained by energy at the same frequency exhibiting a slightly different velocity with the measurement intervals. It is also concluded that the phase velocity of seismic waves and the corner frequency of the grep displacement spectrum are controlling factors in the prediction of the root mean square of differential grep displacement. 相似文献
8.
The techniques of downward continuation and imaging invented for seismic waves can be applied to other types of waves. We show how they can be applied to electromagnetic surveys conducted with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The algorithms used closely follow those used for seismic waves. Differences are induced by alternate wavelengths, wave velocities, distances between sources and reflectors, etc. We analyse in detail a survey carried out using a satellite; difficulties arise from because the orbit of the satellite cannot be approximated by a simple straight line if the spatial resolution of the survey is high. We determine appropriate techniques for the correction of the distortion induced by the latter and we delimit the resolution of the observed data, as seen from a satellite. Finally we show examples of the application of the technique of seismic migration to satellite data that were irradiated to Earth during the short but productive life of Seasat . 相似文献
9.
10.
PP波和PS波联合反演方法作为有效的地震技术,比单纯纵波反演精度要高,能够提高地震储层识别的精度.以Russell近似理论为基础,推导了新的转换波AVO近似公式,双层模型界面的反射特征数值模拟显示,新公式具有较高的近似精度,且具备直接反演流体因子f、剪切模量μ和密度ρ等参数的优势,有效避免间接反演带来的误差.结合纵横波联合反演理论,提出了基于贝叶斯理论的新型联合反演算法.在实际应用中,对纵波和转换波角道集进行同相轴匹配处理,综合利用纵波和转换波资料携带的信息,实现基于Russell近似的多波联合反演.模型数据和实际资料测试结果表明,反演结果与真实值或测井结果匹配度较高,证实该方法真实有效. 相似文献
11.
Guided Waves from Sources Outside Faults: An Indication for Shallow Fault Zone Structure? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Miko Fohrmann Heiner Igel Gunnar Jahnke Yehuda Ben-Zion 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(11-12):2125-2137
— Using 3-D numerical modeling of seismic wave propagation we investigate the possibility of generating fault zone (FZ) trapped wave energy from sources well outside a fault. The FZ is represented by a O(200 m) wide vertical low velocity layer in a half space. We find that FZ trapped waves can be excited from sources well outside the fault if (1) the low-velocity structure extemds only to shallow depth and the source is located at greater depth or (2) the structure of the low-velocity zone is such that only the shallow part of the FZ traps energy. FZ trapped waves are not excited from sources well outside a FZ continuous with depth. The results support, in conjunction with recent observational evidence, a model for natural faults with shallow trapping structures rather than ones that span the entire seismogenic zone. This may have implications for fault mechanics as well as for aspects of shaking hazard near faults. 相似文献
12.
应用可控震源地震勘探,当环境噪声很强,采用组合震源工作仍不能满足信噪比要求时,引入能形成定向地震波的相控震源.由相控震源定向照明地震理论分析,主波束方向上3单元相控震源产生的反射地震波信号信噪比比单震源高6.53~9.54 dB,比组合震源高1.76~4.77dB.为研究相控地震实际效果,在同一测区进行了三种震源地震对比实验.由单炮地震记录和水平叠加时间剖面可知,相控震源反射波信号信噪比明显高于单震源情况,略高于组合震源情况.进一步对反射波信号功率谱特性做定量分析,得到如下结果：与单震源情况相比,相控震源使各道反射波信号信噪比提高了0.75~8.15 dB,平均提高3.65 dB;与组合震源情况相比,各道信噪比提高了0.93~3.17 dB,平均提高2.02 dB,实验结果与理论分析吻合.综上所述可知,基于相控震源的定向照明地震技术是可行的,可以有效提高地震信号的信噪比. 相似文献
13.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2017,(10)
The active sources generate seismic waves transmitting appropriate through the deep is underground key and can be used to image Abstract high-resolution subsurface structures.Therefore,an seismic source the factor to active source exploration.In order to study the structure of continental crust and its temporal variations,we selected an artificial seismic source generated from releasing air bubbles in water(airgun source hereinafter)out of a variety and of artificial sources like the is explosion,new electronic sparkers,source hammering,eccentric proven vibration,be heavy-duty train vibration,vibroseis etc.Airgun Three source Fixed a type of artificial that have been to environmentally friendly,safe,and highly efficient.Airgun western Signal China Transmission and Stations(FASTS)have been for built a few years ago in Yunnan,Xinjiang,and Gansu provinces in have been continuously them running several years.Seismic waves generated away by the the airgun sources are highly seismic reproducible waves and stacking in of can produce can good seismograms on 1300 stations km far from source,for instance,an produced Xinjiang FASTS be well about recorded 60 nearly away after 5000 stacking,China covering area of 6 million km2 and penetrating down to of a depth of km.Establishing about 10 FASTSs in would enable long-term illuminate continuous subsurface underground structures,monitoring can all 9.6 million km2 of land area.Treating from airgun sky active sources as lanterns to we achieve the situation with"Beidou surveys the and lantern illuminates underground". 相似文献
14.
Hua‐You Chai Tian‐Bin Li Kok‐Kwang Phoon Elton J. Chen Dian‐Ji Zhang 《Geophysical Prospecting》2017,65(4):992-1003
In the free state, Rayleigh waves are assumed to travel in the form of planar wavefronts. Under such an assumption, the propagation behaviour of the modes of Rayleigh waves in layered half‐spaces is only frequency dependent. The frequency behaviour, which is often termed as dispersion, is determined by the shear wave velocity profile of layered soils within the depth related to wavelength (or frequency). According to this characteristic, the shear wave velocity profile can be back‐analysed from the dispersion. The technique is widely used in the surface wave testing. However, the wavefronts of Rayleigh waves activated by the surface sources are non‐planar. The geometric discrepancy could result in Rayleigh waves manifesting distance‐dependent behaviour, which is referred to as spatial behaviour in this paper. Conventional analysis ignoring this spatial behaviour could introduce unexpected errors. In order to take the effects of sources on the propagation behaviour into account, a new mathematical model is established for Rayleigh waves in layered elastic media under vertical disc‐like surface sources using the thin‐layer method. The spatial behaviour of the activated modes and the apparent phase velocity, which is the propagation velocity of Rayleigh waves superposed by the multiple modes, are then analysed. Aspects of the spatial behaviour investigated in this paper include the equilibrium path, the particle orbit, and the geometric attenuation of the activated Rayleigh waves. The results presented in this paper can provide some guidelines for developing new inverse mathematical models and algorithms. 相似文献
15.
高斯束逆时偏移结合了射线类偏移的高计算效率和波动方程逆时偏移的高精度,能很好地处理焦散点、大倾角成像问题,并且具有面向目标成像的能力.多分量地震资料的偏移技术可以对地下复杂构造进行更准确的成像,由于实际地下介质具有黏滞性,研究黏弹性叠前逆时偏移具有一定的现实意义.本文采用高斯束逆时偏移方法对多分量地震数据进行吸收衰减补偿,首先分别给出纵波和转换波共炮域高斯束叠前逆时偏移方法原理,在此基础上推导补偿吸收衰减的表达式,校正Q引起的振幅衰减和相位畸变,实现基于吸收衰减补偿的多分量高斯束叠前逆时偏移.数值模型的测试结果显示,在考虑地下介质的黏滞性时,本文方法具有更高的成像分辨率. 相似文献
16.
基于萤火虫算法的雷瑞波非线性反演(英文) 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
雷瑞波具有强振幅、低频和低速的特点,在反射地震勘探中通常是需要被压制的强噪声。本文研究如何利用雷瑞波获取近地表地层的横波速度和地下结构,选取萤火虫优化算法进行面波的反演,萤火虫优化算法是一种新的粒子群算法理论,具有稳定、快捷、全局搜索等特点。针对萤火虫优化算法优缺点进行了讨论和改进,通过对理论模型和野外数据的测试应用,将提取的瑞利面波频散曲线反演得到横波速度信息。结果表明萤火虫优化算法能实现面波非线性反演,并具有分辨率高、抗干扰能力强等优点和实际使用前景。 相似文献
17.
P. Gouédard L. Stehly F. Brenguier M. Campillo Y. Colin de Verdière E. Larose L. Margerin P. Roux F. J. Sánchez-Sesma N. M. Shapiro R. L. Weaver 《Geophysical Prospecting》2008,56(3):375-393
Random field cross‐correlation is a new promising technique for seismic exploration, as it bypasses shortcomings of usual active methods. Seismic noise can be considered as a reproducible, stationary in time, natural source. In the present paper we show why and how cross‐correlation of noise records can be used for geophysical imaging. We discuss the theoretical conditions required to observe the emergence of the Green's functions between two receivers from the cross‐correlation of noise records. We present examples of seismic imaging using reconstructed surface waves from regional to local scales. We also show an application using body waves extracted from records of a small‐scale network. We then introduce a new way to achieve surface wave seismic experiments using cross‐correlation of unsynchronized sources. At a laboratory scale, we demonstrate that body wave extraction may also be used to image buried scatterers. These works show the feasibility of passive imaging from noise cross‐correlation at different scales. 相似文献
18.
根据大震速报和快速预警实际需要,首先对Inglada线性单事件定位方法进行了适当的改进, 使其在仅有P波到时数据的情况下也能快速定位,且求解过程仅需简单迭代而不用奇异值分解; 其次, 尝试将改进后的方法从单层均匀模型引入到分层均匀模型中的近源台网定位情形,并通过单层均匀和分层均匀两种不同模型的理论实验讨论了该方法的可行性和适用范围; 最后整合了质量高且分布较好的距离2008年汶川MS8.0地震震中最近的强震、微震, 以及川西流动台阵等观测记录资料,对汶川MS8.0主震初始破裂点的时空参数进行了多种模型的定位实验. 结果表明, 改进后的线性单事件定位方法简单、快捷、易用,可广泛应用于近源地震定位,尤其是用于无法得到S波到时的中强以上直至巨大地震的速报、地震现场流动台网的快速定位以及地震的快速预警等. 相似文献
19.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(6)
The perfectly matched layer(PML) boundary condition has been proven to be effective for attenuating reflections from model boundaries during wavefield simulation. As such, it has been widely used in time-domain finite-difference wavefield simulations. The conventional PML has poor performance for near grazing incident waves and low-frequency reflections. To overcome these limitations, a more complex frequency-shifted stretch(CSF) function is introduced, which is known as the CFSPML boundary condition and can be implemented in the time domain by a recursive convolution technique(CPML). When implementing the PML technique to second-order wave equations, all the existing methods involve adding auxiliary terms and rewriting the wave equations into new second-order partial differential equations that can be simulated by the finite-difference scheme, which may affect the efficiency of numerical simulation. In this paper, we propose a relatively simple and efficient approach to implement CPML for the second-order equation system, which solves the original wave equations numerically in the stretched coordinate. The spatial derivatives in the stretched coordinate are computed by adding a correction term to the regular derivatives. Once the first-order spatial derivatives are computed, we computed the second-order spatial derivatives in a similar way; therefore, we refer to the method as two-step CPML(TS-CPML). We apply the method to the second-order acoustic wave equation and a coupled second-order pseudo-acoustic TTI wave equation. Our simulations indicate that amplitudes of reflected waves are only about half of those computed with the traditional CPML method, suggesting that the proposed approach has computational advantages and therefore can be widely used for forwarding modeling and seismic imaging. 相似文献
20.
Chin-Hsiung Loh 《地震工程与结构动力学》1985,13(5):561-581
Specially designed arrays of strong motion seismographs located near earthquake sources are required for engineering studies of the near-source properties and the spatial variation of seismic waves. The SMART-1 array in Taiwan provides good records for this type of study. Careful study of the observed strong motion data permits the identification of wave types, directions and apparent wave velocities. In this paper, a principal direction ratio R (f,α) is defined; this indicates the principal direction of the motion (along a nearly straight line) within the range 0 < R < 1. Vertical motion of the ground is also included in this study. Orbit spectrum analysis is used to verify the identification of wave directions and wave types. The spatial variation of seismic waves along the principal direction is studied. From frequency-domain analysis, mathematical models of the spatial variation of ground displacement are developed using a wave-number spectrum and the cross-spectral density function between two spatial coordinates; these models in turn can provide two alternative models for the random vibration analysis of extensive structures subject to multiple point seismic excitation. The SMART-1 array data gathered during the January 29, 1981 earthquake also are used to demonstrate calculation of the ground strains and differential movements of the array site. From time-domain analysis, the spatial variation of seismic waves is defined for ground motion along the identified principal direction. The time variation of evolutionary spectra characterized by frequency-dependent parameters is used for this formulation. The SMART-1 array data again form the basis for discussion of the spatial variation of model parameters. 相似文献