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西北太平洋热带气旋活动的年际变化引起了业内广泛关注。本文选取1950—2016年7—10月的西北太平洋热带气旋为研究对象,分析各等级热带气旋活动特征与Ni珘no-3.4区7—10月平均海表面温度异常(SSTA)的关系,统计了生成频数、生命期、累积气旋能量指数(ACE)、生成位置及路径的变化特征,并探究ENSO循环的暖事件年与冷事件年中大尺度背景场的差异。结果表明:(1)在暖事件年,强台风和超强台风的生成频数、生命期均有增加的趋势,ACE指数与SSTA正相关性更强,说明其强度有所增加,冷事件年情况相反。(2)强台风和超强台风在暖事件年生成位置偏东偏南,在冷事件年生成位置偏西偏北。(3)季风槽区的高低层环流形势配合垂直风切变及对流层暖湿空气,导致热带气旋的生成位置在冷暖事件中发生变化。 相似文献
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ENSO事件对西北太平洋热带气旋影响的分级研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用1951-2006年联合台风警报中心(JTWC)最佳路径数据集和气候预测中心(CPC) ENSO资料,分析了西北太平洋不同等级热带气旋累积能量(accumulated cyclone energy,ACE)与ENSO指数之间的关系.结果表明;ACE与ENSO指数间存在正相关关系;分级热带气旋中,ENSO事件主要通过超强台风(Super TY)的活动与ACE指数联系起来的,超强台风频数在El Ni(n)o期间多于La Ni(n)a 期间,同时持续时间也更长;ENSO指数和热带气旋活跃季超强台风ACE指数的滞后相关(ENSO指数滞后5个月内)与它们的同时相关大小相当.此外,还研究了分级热带气旋持续时间、强度和频数分别对ACE指数的贡献,结果显示超强台风频数的贡献最大.接下来,利用1951-2006年不同ENSO位相情况下NCEP再分析资料,分析了ENSO影响超强台风发生发展的物理机制.主要结论为:西北太平洋存在一些SuperTY频数与源地分布在ENSO年与平常年相比有明显差异的关键区;ENSO事件改变关键区低层相对涡度以及海表温度是其影响SuperTY源地及频数变化的重要途径. 相似文献
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近百年西北太洋热带气旋频数变化特征与ENSO的关系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文根据西北太平洋近106年(1899～2004年)热带气旋系列资料,分析了热带气旋年频数多年变化的统计特征.结果表明:西北太平洋台风频数既存在明显的短周期的年际变化也存在明显长周期的年代际变化,是一种短周期与长周期相互作用的多时间尺度的变化.年际变化与ENSO有明显关系,ENSO事件的当年9月到次年8月冷事件年相对与暖事件年会有更多的台风生成和登陆.在年代际尺度上,106年的台风活动可以分为几个明显的活跃期和不活跃期,这种年代际的变化可能与海气耦合的经向模态调制有关系. 相似文献
4.
对1997年西北太平洋热带气旋的特征进行了统计分析,研究结果表明:El Ni(n)o发生年,西北太平洋生成热带气旋以偏少为主,强度偏强,且热带气旋生成位置偏东,热带低压加强成为热带风暴的平均位置也较多年平均位置偏东;副热带高压强度和Ni(n)o 3.4区海表面温度(SST)变化趋势基本一致,但副热带高压强度变化落后SST变化6个月左右. 相似文献
5.
西北太平洋超强台风活动特征及其与ENSO的关系 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用1965～2005年西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)资料,对发生在西北太平洋的超强台风(STY)进行统计,总结了超强台风的活动范围及季节演变特征。结合海表面温度(SST)分析了超强台风活动与ENSO现象的关系以及ENSO现象对超强台风活动的影响机制。结果表明:超强台风的数量占全部热带气旋总数的1/5,在7～11月间活动最为频繁,且11月达到超强台风的比例最高,出现频率最高的区域是菲律宾以东洋面上。在El Nio年,由于海温和季风槽的共同作用,热带气旋生成的位置比较偏东,再加上弱垂直风切变的影响,超强台风数量会比较多,La Nia年热带气旋生成的位置比较偏西,超强台风活动区域垂直风切变比较强,超强台风数量会比较少。 相似文献
6.
西北太平洋热带气旋发生的时空变化特征 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
利用中国气象局整编的1949-1988年的《台风年鉴》和1989-2000年的《热带气旋年鉴》资料，统计分析了西北太平洋热带气旋的主要发生源地、各强度等级热带气旋发生的经纬度变化特征、各强度等级热带气旋发生源地和发生频率的季节变化特征。结果表明：西北太平洋有三个热带气旋的主要发生地，分别是南海中北部偏东洋面、菲律宾以东至加罗林群岛之间的洋面、加罗林群岛一带洋面；热带气旋强度越强，发生位置越偏南、偏东；热带气旋平均发生源地存在明显的季节变化特征，冬季平均发生源地偏南偏东，以后逐渐向北向西偏移，夏季以后又向南向东偏移；各强度等级热带气旋2月平均发生频率最小，8月平均发生频率最大，全年TC较集中地发生在7～10月期间。 相似文献
7.
1997年影响南海的热带气旋异常活动特征及成因分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
统计分析了近30年(1976-2005)来影响南海的热带气旋特征,对1997年影响南海的热带气旋异常活动的成因作了进一步的分析.结果表明,El Nino发生后,西北太平洋生成的热带气旋以偏少为主,强度偏强,且热带气旋生成位置偏东,热带低压加强成为热带风暴的平均位置也较多年平均位置偏东;副热带高压强度和Nino 3.4区SST变化趋势基本一致,但副热带高压强度变化落后SST变化6个月左右.由于El Nino事件多发生于上半年,赤道中东太平洋Nino 3.4区SST偏高,当年冬季或次年春夏季往往副热带高压异常偏强;El Nino发生年的次年,暖水向西回涌,西太平洋海温逐渐恢复正常,副高强度偏强. 相似文献
8.
《海洋气象学报》2018,(4)
秋季是西北太平洋热带气旋平均强度最强的季节,热带气旋累积能量(accumulated cyclone energy,ACE)是热带气旋平均强度的表征指标,基于1979—2015年日本气象厅最佳路径热带气旋数据集,以及美国冰雪中心海冰数据和哈得来环流中心海温数据,利用回归分析和多元逐步回归等方法,对秋季西北太平洋ACE指数进行了分析和预报。研究表明:秋季西北太平洋ACE指数具有显著的年际变化特征,与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)有关,最大和最小值分别出现在1991年的厄尔尼诺年和1999年的拉尼娜年,在厄尔尼诺发展年的秋季ACE一般较强,而在拉尼娜衰减年的秋季热带气旋强度则较弱; ACE指数变化受来自北极海冰变化强迫中纬度异常波列的影响及其受到厄尔尼诺海温模态的调制;由于海冰在波弗特海的异常增多,强迫对流层高层夏季出现类似北半球环球遥相关型异常波列,波列正压下传,使得夏秋季西北太平洋副热带高压东退北移;副热带高压活动的变化和太平洋海温的异常分布影响了局地的环流,热带气旋生成源地弱的垂直风切变区域偏东和涡度显著增大有利于热带气旋在暖海洋上发展强盛。最后进行建模预报,预报效果为0.69。若单独使用海温或海冰作为唯一要素来预报,预报效果将大大降低。 相似文献
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Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
12.
Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
13.
Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
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G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
16.
Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
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The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
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The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
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