共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Environmental impact of uncontrolled waste disposal in mining and industrial areas in Central Germany 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
P. Schreck 《Environmental Geology》1998,35(1):66-72
The present-day landscape in Central Germany, in particular the region of Leipzig, Halle and Bitterfeld, is characterized
by the scars of former industrial activities. Vast districts have been devastated by lignite strip mining. Industrial and
domestic waste, residues from ore smelting, and highly toxic waste products from petrochemical plants and pesticide production
were deposited in abandoned pits near population centers. The chief effects of waste on the environment are the contamination
of groundwater by dissolved pollutants, the acidification of soil and water by the oxidation of pyrite-containing mining waste,
and the salinization of shallow aquifers by rising brines from adjacent confined groundwater affected by mining. The consequences
for the region are serious: mining lakes used for recreational purposes are contaminated by leachates from adjacent waste
dumps. Pyrite-containing refuse from lignite mining under oxidation gives rise to the acidification of surface and groundwater,
a basic condition for pollutant mobilization. In former metal mining districts, metalliferous and radioactive residues from
smelting jeopardize public health. These effects are described in detail using three case studies.
Received: 30 July 1996 · Accepted: 24 February 1997 相似文献
2.
D. Sivakumar 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(5):903-916
An extensive use of solid-waste landfills for disposal of municipal and industrial wastes have prompted increased attention to groundwater pollution caused by leachate generated in such landfills. The potential for groundwater contamination by leachate has necessitated engineering designs for landfills. The quantity of leachate generated from the solid waste and the movement of water through the solid waste depends on water input and the solid-waste characteristics. This paper dealt with the experimental investigations using the laboratory solid-waste leaching column to estimate the total leachate volume/leachate flow for unsaturated and saturated conditions. The hydraulic properties of the solid waste like initial moisture content, field capacity, permanent wilting point, saturation moisture content, effective void ratio, saturation hydraulic conductivity and saturation suction pressure were determined from the small-scale laboratory experiments, which are the input for analytical model study of leachate flow/total leachate volume for both unsaturated and saturated conditions. The result of analytical model study was compared with the results of experimental investigations. Comparisons of measured and computed total leachate volume/leachate flow using Darcy’s law showed reasonable agreement. 相似文献
3.
为了弄清楚煤矸石回填地基对复垦区的环境效应,以开滦矿区吕家坨复垦新村为例,介绍了地基回填煤矸石工艺,分析了煤矸石化学成分及其含量;采用室内淋溶实验,对pH、总硬度（CaCO3）、F^-、SO4^2-、Pb、Cd和Cr^6＋浓度等地下水环境质量指标进行分析,探讨了煤矸石回填地基对水环境的影响;讨论了煤矸石回填地基对大气质量的影响;参照《城市放射性废物管理办法》规定,评价了回填地基煤矸石的放射性对人体健康的危害。结果表明：通过现场振动压实试验确定了回填地基分层充填、分层振动压实参数及碾压趟数,确定按照煤矸石与土体积之比5：2进行回填,若回填一层厚500mm煤矸石,则要回填一层厚200mm粉煤灰或土,地表覆土厚度确定为0．5m;煤矸石中SiO2和Al2O3含量较高,属基性岩类,同时煤矸石含有炭、铝和CaO等物质,易发生水解和风化等现象;地基分层回填压实的复垦工艺减少了煤矸石中有害物质的释放量,降低了污染物的迁移速度,不会对水环境造成污染;地基回填煤矸石也显著减少粉尘和有害气体的排放量,降低对大气的污染;研究区煤矸石不属于放射性废物,不会影响人体健康,可作为建筑材料使用。 相似文献
4.
Waste dumps generated from mining that exposes sulfur-bearing overburden can be active sources of acid generation with the potential to severely contaminate soils, surface and groundwater, and endanger both local and downstream ecosystems. A waste rock management strategy ensure that disposal of such material is inert or at least stable and contained, and minimizes the surface footprint of the wastes, and explores options for alternate uses. Reclamation of waste dumps is another or parallel alternative to decrease the potential for adverse effects. At the coal mining area of Karmozd in Iran, large volumes of wastes have been produced and disposed of without any specific care for the environment. In this paper, the impacts of waste dumps on the environment were identified and this was followed by a research program to determine the characteristics of the wastes, their acid generation potential, the availability of hazardous contaminants, and a prediction of their environmental impacts on the site. Data was collected from the target site and by comparing several reclamation alternatives using a Multi-Attribute Decision-Making technique, forestry was selected as the post-mining land use for the waste dumps. Preliminary evaluations indicated that Zelkava could be a useful tree species for this region. 相似文献
5.
Sean G. Deen M. Jim Hendry S. Lee Barbour Soumya Das Joseph Essilfie-Dughan 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2022,82(1):125863
The mechanisms of abiotic sequestration of Se(VI) and Se(IV) on a sample of coal waste rock collected from the Elk Valley, Canada and on three pure mineral species (i.e., siderite, pyrite, and sphalerite) present in coal waste rock were assessed using sterile batch testing under water-saturated, anoxic conditions. Only siderite removed measurable Se(VI) from the test solutions with ~90% removal after 100 d attributed to initial adsorption to the siderite surface as Se(VI) and subsequent reduction to Se(IV) and Se(0). In contrast to Se(VI), all samples removed Se(IV) from the aqueous solutions. The rate of Se(IV) removal was pyrite > siderite > waste rock > sphalerite. The waste rock sample removed Se(IV) from solution in two stages: up to ~40% of the aqueous Se(IV) was rapidly removed (by day 1) followed by slower removal of Se(IV) with up to ~97% removal after 99 d. Se(IV) removal is attributed to the adsorption of Se(IV) and subsequent reduction to Se(0) onto the siderite and pyrite phases of the waste rock. The initial (1 d) removal of Se(IV) by waste rock was characterized using a distribution coefficient (Kd) of 15.5 L/kg. Longer-term Se(IV) removal was fitted with zero and first order removal rates. The removal of Se(IV) by sphalerite was minor and deemed to have a minimal effect on Se sequestration in the waste rock. Desorption tests on waste rock showed that the fraction of sequestered Se susceptible to desorption decreased with time as adsorbed Se(IV) was reduced to insoluble Se(0). These findings show that abiotic Se sequestration can occur in saturated, anoxic zones in coal waste rock dumps. 相似文献
6.
The physicochemical processes that affect acid mine drainage (AMD) in unsaturated waste rock piles and the capabilities of small-scale laboratory experiments to predict AMD from waste rock are not well understood. An integrated laboratory and field study to measure and compare low sulfide waste rock and drainage characteristics at various scales has been initiated. This paper describes the design, construction and instrumentation of three field-scale experimental waste rock piles (test piles), and six active zone lysimeters at the Diavik diamond mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada. The test piles are comprised of granitic and sulfide-bearing metasedimentary waste rock excavated during open pit mining operations. One test pile contains waste rock with a target S content of <0.04 wt.% S; the second test pile contains waste rock with a target S content of >0.08 wt.% S; and the third test pile contains the higher sulfide waste rock (>0.08 wt.% S) and was re-sloped and capped with a low permeability till layer and a low sulfide waste rock cover. The first two test piles are approximately 15 m high with bases of 50 m by 60 m, and the re-sloped test pile has a larger base of 80 m by 125 m. Instrumentation was selected to measure matrix flow, geochemistry of pore water and drainage, gas-phase O2 concentration, temperature evolution, microbiological populations, waste rock permeability to air, and thermal conductivity, as well as to resolve mass and flow balances. Instrument locations were selected to characterize coupled physicochemical processes at multiple scales and the evolution of those processes over time. Instruments were installed at a density such that the number of instruments that survived construction (40% to >80% by instrument type) was sufficient to allow adequate characterization of the physicochemical processes occurring at various scales in the test piles. 相似文献
7.
Distribution and environmental impact of coal-mining wastes in Upper Silesia, Poland 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
About 50 million tonnes/year of waste rock from coal-mining is generated in the limited area of the thickly populated Upper
Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland. There are 380 coal-mining waste dumps, including 76 active dump sites covering over
2,000 ha. About 15-16 million tonnes/year of waste rock is being reused for civil engineering purposes in the same area. This
brings about a problem of ground water deterioration by constituents leached from waste rock exposed to atmospheric conditions.
The major factors determining the ground water contamination potential from waste rock are chloride salinity, sulfur content
and acid generation potential. The concept behind the presented studies was to provide data for correct evaluation and prediction
of contaminant release from the waste rock, based on the characterization of coal-mining waste properties, as well as on long-term
laboratory, lysimetric and field studies. The results show that coal-mining waste dumps can be a long-term source of ground
water contamination, lasting for decades and increasing with time. Ground water down-gradient from the disused 15–30-years-old
part of the studied dump displays high and increasing acidification, high TDS, SO4, and the highest, still increasing concentrations of Mn, Fe and Zn. Cost-effective and efficient pollution control measures,
similar to the presented design and construction elements of the dump site, can mitigate the negative environmental impacts.
Received: 3 July 1997 · Accepted: 9 September 1998 相似文献
8.
Hydrochemical data were gathered throughout the last 12 years from 57 sampling stations in the drainage basin of the Sarcheshmeh copper mine, Kerman Province, Iran. The mean values of these data for each sampling station were used to evaluate water quality and to determine processes that control water chemistry. Principal component analyses specified the oxidation of sulfide minerals, dissolution of carbonate and sulfate minerals and weathering of silicate minerals as the principal processes responsible for the chemical composition of water in the study area. Q-mode cluster analysis revealed three main water groups. The first group had a Ca-HCO3–SO4 composition whereas the second and third groups had Ca–SO4 and Ca–Mg–SO4 composition, respectively. The results of this study clearly indicated the role of sulfide minerals oxidation and the buffering processes in the geochemical evolution of water in the Sarcheshmeh area. Due to these processes, extensive changes occurred in the chemical composition of water by passage through the mining area or waste and low-grade dumps, so that the fresh water of the peripheral area of the pit evolved to an acid water rich in sulfate and heavy metals at the outlet of the pit and in the seepages of waste and low-grade dumps. 相似文献
9.
Unscientific disposal of municipal solid waste causes groundwater contamination. The migration of leachate from the solid waste dumpsite to the aquifer varies according to the geohydrological profile of the dumpsite. A detailed study of the mechanism of leachate percolation to the groundwater helps to design a proper groundwater remediation technique. Multilevel boreholes were drilled in the periphery of the Perungudi dumpsite, Chennai, India. The major lithological layers and the geochemical analysis of the contaminant migrated from the dumpsite to the underlying aquifer has been studied. The distribution of heavy metals such as Pb, Fe, Zn, Cr, and Cd follows a similar trend in the pollutant source, groundwater samples around the dumpsite, and at various litho units beneath the dumpsite. The analysis thus helps to find an appropriate groundwater remediation technique to remove the specific contaminant and thereby provide a safe drinking water for the surrounding community. 相似文献
10.
煤炭开采后峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐演化过程研究 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
文章运用水化学和同位素水文学等手段,寻求奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐演化过程的“指纹”,通过不同含水层间水化学、稳定同位素差异的比对,分析其与上覆含水层间的水力联系和硫动力分馏过程,阐述采矿活动影响下峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐的演化过程。研究结果表明:煤矿开采后,峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐含量普遍增高,演化特征呈现多样性,存在多种硫动力分馏过程。分馏动力主要来自矿坑水和孔隙水通过导水裂隙的渗漏（越流）补给,以及脱白云石化过程中自身蒸发岩矿物（石膏）的溶解。 相似文献
11.
This study reports on the transfer of contaminants from waste rock dumps and mineralised ground into soils, sediments, waters
and plants at the rehabilitated Mary Kathleen uranium mine in semi-arid northwest Queensland. Numerous waste rock dumps were
partly covered with benign soil and the open pit mine was allowed to flood. The mineralised and waste calc-silicate rock in
the open pit and dumps has major (>1 wt%) Ca, Fe and Mg, minor (>1,000 ppm) Ce, La, Mn, P and S, subminor (>100 ppm) Ba, Cu,
Th and U, and trace (<100 ppm) As, Ni, Pb, Y and Zn values. Consequently, chemical and physical weathering processes have
acted on waste rock and on rock faces within the open pit, mobilising many elements and leading to their dispersion into soils,
stream sediments, pit water and several plant species. Chemical dispersion is initiated by sulfide mineral breakdown, generation
of sulfuric acid and formation of several soluble, transient sulfate minerals as evaporative efflorescent precipitates. Radiation
doses associated with the open pit average 5.65 mSv year−1; waste dumps commonly have lower values, especially where soil-covered. Surface pit water is slightly acid, with high sulfate
values accompanied by levels of U, Cu and Ni close to or above Australian water guideline values for livestock. Dispersion
of U and related elements into soils and stream sediments occurs by physical (erosional) processes and from chemical precipitation.
Plants growing in the mine void, on waste dumps and contaminated soil display evidence of biological uptake of U, LREE, Cu
and Th and to a lesser degree of As, Ni, Pb, Y and Zn, with values being up to 1–2 orders of magnitude above background sites
for the same species. Although rehabilitation procedures have been partly successful in reducing dispersion of U and related
elements into the surrounding environment, it is apparent that 20 years after rehabilitation, there is significant physical
and chemical mobility, including transfer into plants. 相似文献
12.
《Applied Geochemistry》2004,19(3):261-271
The distribution of Rare Earth Elements (REE) was investigated in the acidic waters (lake and groundwater) of a lignite mining district (Germany). The Fe- and SO4-rich lake water (pH 2.7) displays high REE contents (e.g. La∼70 μg/l, Ce∼160 μg/l) and an enrichment of light REE (LREE) in the NASC normalised pattern. Considering the hydrodynamic model and geochemical data, the lake water composition may be calculated as a mixture of inflowing Quaternary and mining dump groundwaters. The groundwater of the dump aquifer is LREE enriched. Nevertheless, the leachates of dump sediments generally have low REE contents and display flat NASC normalised patterns. However, geochemical differences and REE pattern in undisturbed lignite (LREE enriched pattern and low water soluble REE contents) and the weathered lignite of the dumps (flat REE pattern and high water soluble REE contents) suggest that lignite is probably the main REE source rock for the lake water. 相似文献
13.
稳定同位素因其指纹效应已成为分析矿区污染来源的重要技术手段。文章以招远金矿区为例,应用硫同位素联合水化学分析、聚类分析及氢氧同位素分析招远金矿区水污染特征和成因。通过分析可知,矿区内地表水和地下水主要接受大气降水补给,水力联系密切。水化学类型以SO4—Ca和SO4—Na型为主,阴离子以SO42-为主,地表水和地下水的NO3-和Cl-在空间上变异性较大。地表水硫酸盐含量普遍偏高,硫酸盐污染较为严重,高值区出现在玲珑金矿、金翅岭金矿和张星镇附近;而地下水高值区都出现在玲珑金矿附近,且SO42-浓度沿着径流方向逐渐降低。地表水中硫酸盐δ34S值介于1.8‰~9.8‰,地下水中硫酸盐δ34S值介于2.7‰~9.6‰,地表水和地下水硫酸盐含量受玲珑金矿硫化、玲珑花岗岩和胶东岩群影响明显。在地下水径流途中,有地表水入渗污染地下水的现象。另外,工业废水的排放也是硫酸盐含量升高的主要原因。研究表明:硫同位素在金矿区硫酸盐污染的来源和特征方面有很好的指示作用,是评价矿山开采对地下水污染的有效工具。 相似文献
14.
Phosphorite from the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation has been mined in southeastern Idaho since 1906. Dumps of waste rock from mining operations contain high concentrations of Se which readily leach into nearby streams and wetlands. While the most common mineralogical residence of Se in the phosphatic shale is elemental Se, Se(0), Se is also an integral component of sulfide phases (pyrite, sphalerite and vaesite–pyritess) in the waste rock. It may also be present as adsorbed selenate and/or selenite, and FeSe2 and organo-selenides.Se release from the waste rock has been observed in field and laboratory experiments. Release rates calculated from waste rock dump and column leachate solutions describe the net, overall Se release from all of the possible sources of Se listed above. In field studies, Se concentration in seepage water (pH 7.4–7.8) from the Wooley Valley Unit 4 dump ranges from 3600 µg/L in May to 10 µg/L by Sept. Surface water flow, Q, from the seep also declines over the summer, from 2 L/s in May to 0.03 L/s in Sept. Se flux ([Se] ? Q) reaches a steady-state of < 150 mg/day in 1–4 months, depending upon the volume of Q. Se release (mg/L) follows a first order reaction with a rate constant, k, = 1.35 – 6.35e?3 h? 1 (11.8–55.6 yr? 1).Laboratory experiments were performed with the waste shale in packed bed reactors; residence time varied from 0.09 to 400 h and outlet pH ～ 7.5. Here, Se concentration increased with increasing residence time and release was modeled with a first order reaction with k = 2.19e?3 h? 1 (19.2 yr? 1).Rate constants reported here fall within an order of magnitude of reported rate constants for oxidation of Se(0) formed by bacterial precipitation. This similarity among rate constants from both field and laboratory studies combined with the direct observation of Se(0) in waste shales of the Phosphoria Formation suggests that oxidation of Se(0) may control steady-state Se concentration in water draining the Wooley Valley waste dump. 相似文献
15.
This paper presents the main results from an investigation into the slope stability of unsaturated waste rock piles with various configurations and surface recharge conditions. The analyses first consider waste rock piles with different internal and external configurations, under steady-state conditions to evaluate the effect of the pile geometry on the factor of safety. Transient analyses are then conducted to evaluate the influence of rainfalls of different intensities and durations. For six waste rock pile configurations, the results illustrate how the external geometry of the pile influences the factor of safety. The results presented here show how surface infiltration (water recharge), external geometry, and internal pile features affect unsaturated water flow, pore water pressure (matric suction), and material strength, which in turn influence slope stability. Despite the relatively large imposed recharges, following major precipitation events, the results indicate that the decrease of the factor of safety FS is relatively small when compared with the effect of other influential factors. The results also demonstrate that the external geometry of the waste rock pile has the most significant impact on the factor of safety, indicating that pile stability can be controlled with an appropriate design. Waste rock piles with a uniform slope (single bench) should be avoided as this construction method leads to the lowest factor of safety. The overall results clearly demonstrate that the best way to improve the stability of waste rock piles is to use a design and construction method with benches of limited size.
相似文献16.
E. O. Longe Ph.D. L. O. Enekwechi B.Sc M.Sc 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2007,4(1):133-140
The influence of local hydrogeology on natural attenuation of contaminants from landfill leachates in shallow aquifer underlying the active Olusosun landfill base in Lagos was investigated. In addition, the level of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of the landfill and of leachate migration pattern in groundwater down gradient of the landfill base was equally assessed. Landfill leachate and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed and characterized. Physico-chemical analyses of sampled water followed standard analytical methods. Analytical results showed a measurable impact of leachate outflows on groundwater quality. Elevated levels of anions: nitrate, chloride and sulphate in the groundwater body and heavy metals: Cr3. Cd and Cu, were detected at measurable levels in groundwater down gradient of the landfill location without any particular attenuation pattern. The migration pattern and dispersion of leachates down gradient, 750 m away from the landfill location are irregular and difficult to predict as depicted by levels of contaminants present in groundwater. The study highlighted the importance of soil stratigraphy beneath the landfill base as an important factor in the natural attenuation of leachate constituents in the groundwater body. 相似文献
17.
Wolfgang Rolland Hella Wagner Robert Chmielewski Uwe Grünewald 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2001,73(2):307
The reconstruction of the hydrogeochemical composition of the dumps in the active Lusatian lignite mining region is necessary to forecast the acid mine drainage into the residual lakes and the natural groundwater systems. Therefore, a three-dimensional geochemical model of the Jänschwalde dump was developed. By analysing the geological situation and the mining technology, it is possible to calculate the pyrite oxidation in different parts of the mine (groundwater lowering in front of the mine, natural and dump slopes, marginal pits and the dump surface).Only 4% of the total pyrite content is oxidised during the mining process within its time of operation (43 years). The major fraction (about 60%) is oxidised on the surface of the dumps, whereas the other zones contribute less to the production of acidity (groundwater lowering 5.4%, short term exposed slopes (1.2% natural slopes; 7.4% dump slopes) and 22.4% inclusion of O2 during the tipping). It may be concluded that the technology of conveyor belt bridges, combined with the selective tipping of loamy sediments on the surface is very favourable to minimise the oxidation of pyrite. It is also shown that in the open cast mine of Jänschwalde the buffer capacity of the carbonate dominates over the produced acid. 相似文献
18.
Continuous monitoring of a 15 m high heavily instrumented experimental waste rock pile (0.053 wt.% S) since 2006 at the Diavik diamond mine in northern Canada provided a unique opportunity to study the evolution of fresh run-of-mine waste rock as it evolved over annual freeze–thaw cycles. Samples were collected from soil water solution samplers to measure pore water properties, from twelve 4 to 16 m2 basal collection lysimeters to measure basal leachate properties in the region underlying the crest of the pile (the core), and from basal drains to measure aggregate total pile leachate properties. By 2012, monitoring of pore water geochemistry within the core structure of the test pile revealed an apparent steady state with respect to weathering geochemistry, represented by (i) a flush of pre-existing blasting residuals and applied tracers, (ii) declining pH, (iii) a stepwise progression and subsequent equilibrium with acid-neutralizing phases (depletion of available carbonates; equilibrium with respect to aluminum hydroxide phases and subsequent iron (III) hydroxide phases), and (iv) concordant release of SO4, major cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Si), and trace metals (Al, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn). Distinct, high concentration ‘spring flushes’, characteristic of drainage in northern environments and primarily explained by a combination of fluid residence time and the build-up of oxidation products over the winter, were released from core drainage each season. Following the initial flush, the concentration of all dissolved constituents steadily declined, with distinct minimums prior to freeze-up. The opposite trend was observed in the cumulative pile drainage, in which early season leachate dominated by snowmelt and batter flow had low concentrations and late season leachate dominated by contributions from the core of the pile (indicated by season end merging of core and cumulative drainage geochemistry) had higher concentrations. Northern waste rock pile drainage geochemistry is strongly influenced by freeze–thaw cycling and varying core and batter subsystem contributions to total drainage. A comprehensive understanding of thermal cycling in waste rock piles is an important component of temporal predictions of drainage water composition based on up-scaling or reactive transport modeling. 相似文献
19.
Carl-Olof Morfeldt 《Engineering Geology》1993,34(3-4):135-143
For centuries back, man has searched for and utilised geological material resources for many different purposes. These efforts have left many, large wounds or “eyesores” in bedrock and soil strata, that have destroyed the appearance of the original landscape, and which now often serve as waste dumps and scrap sites. Worked-out gravel and sand pits, as well as extinct quarries and open-pit mineral mines, can extend over wide areas of land and reach considerable depths. Depths which subsequently have become particularly attractive as waste storage sites, especially when these offer short transport distances to suppliers in major, built-up areas and communities.
This paper gives some examples as to how Stockholm has replaced worked-out overburden and rock masses from eskers and rock strata with waste masses, simultaneously restoring land formation into its original condition through landscaping. Specific engineering-geological survey methods, control systems, as well as risk and sequel analyses, relating to long-term interplay between rock, soil strata and groundwater, with particular consideration to surface construction and property development planning and isostatic uplift, will be presented. 相似文献
20.
渔塘坝是中国较为典型的高硒地区之一。从该区选取了4个典型的富硒碳质岩样品,并在常温条件下进行了淋滤实验研究(pH=2.0,4.0和6.5)。初步结果表明:随着液固比的增大和淋滤时间的延长,淋滤液中硒含量变化的总体呈降低趋势。不同岩类间硒的淋失量有所差别,但岩石总量硒并不是影响硒淋失的主要因素。淋滤原液的不同pH值对岩石硒的淋失有显著影响,其淋失量的排列顺序是pH=2.0>pH=6.5>pH=4.0。岩石中碳酸盐与黄铁矿含量之比同淋滤液pH的变化有关,并且极可能是影响岩石风化初始阶段硒淋失的重要因素之一。 相似文献