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1.
基于作物模型灾损识别的黄淮区域冬小麦晚霜冻风险评估 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用近50年黄淮地区54个农业气象观测站的作物观测资料和气象资料,结合人工移动式霜箱试验结果,研究了WOFOST作物模型中增加晚霜冻影响的处理技术,揭示了晚霜冻对冬小麦各生长量的影响结果。利用修改后的作物模型提取晚霜冻灾损评估技术,建立以晚霜冻的危险性、暴露性和脆弱性为风险因子的风险评估模型,开展黄淮区域晚霜冻风险评估。结果表明,黄淮区域冬小麦晚霜冻风险分布呈西高东低分布,高风险地区主要分布在黄淮区域的河南西部、西南部、西北部及东部永城、沈丘一带。其中,黄淮西部的高风险主要是由晚霜冻高灾损引起的,河南西南部的高风险是由晚霜冻的高频率引起的,其西北部和东部的高风险则是由晚霜冻的高频率和高灾损共同引起的。 相似文献
2.
春季霜冻是农业生产的主要气象灾害之一,该文利用毕节1990-2019年0 cm地温和气温资料,分析春季霜冻特征和霜期内不同天气现象下气温与0 cm地温关系。结果表明:近30 a毕节春季霜冻日数随时间呈显著减少趋势,特别在21世纪10年代减少速率跃增,终霜冻期随时间呈显著提早趋势。空间上春季霜冻日数自西向东递减,终霜冻期自东向西推迟,威宁大部和赫章西部高海拔山区是春季霜冻发生最频繁区域,且终霜冻在该区域显著偏晚。突变检验显示毕节春季霜冻日数的减少趋势呈现2个阶段性下降,在21世纪10年代后减少趋势显著,终霜冻提早明显,存在突变年。周期变化中春季霜冻日数存在准3 a和准8 a周期变化,其中3 a周期变化显著性最高。不同天气现象下春季霜冻期内日最低0 cm地温和日最低气温差异大,晴天辐射霜冻是毕节春季主要霜冻类型,期间日最低气温较日最低0 cm地温平均高出4.2℃,且存在月份差异。 相似文献
3.
Global coupled climate model simulations of twentieth and twentyfirst century climate are analyzed for changes in frost days (defined as nighttime minima less than freezing). The model simulations agree with the observed pattern for late twentieth century of a greater decrease of frost days in the west and southwest USA compared to the rest of the country, and almost no change in frost days in fall compared to relatively larger decreases in spring. Associated with general increases of nighttime minimum temperatures, in the future climate with increased greenhouse gases (GHGs) the number of frost days is fewer almost everywhere, but there are greatest decreases over the western parts of the continents. The numbers of frost days are most consistently related to sea level pressure, with more frost days occurring when high pressure dominates on the monthly time scale in association with clearer skies and lower nighttime minimum temperatures. Spatial patterns of relative changes of frost days are indicative of regional scale atmospheric circulation changes that affect nighttime minimum temperatures. Increases of soil moisture and clouds also contribute, but play secondary roles. The linkages among soil moisture, clouds, sea level pressure, and diurnal temperature range are quantified by a statistical multiple regression model. Coefficients for present and future climate are similar among the predictors, indicating physical processes that affect frost days in present and future climates do not appreciably change. Only the intercept changes in association with the significant warming of the mean climate state. This study highlights the fact that, though there is a general decrease in the number of frost days with global warming, the processes that affect the pattern of those changes, and thus the regional changes of frost days, are influenced by several interrelated physical processes, with changes in regional atmospheric circulation generally being most important. 相似文献
4.
1961—2010年青海省霜冻灾害变化特征及风险区划 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于青海省历史日最低气温、青海省农作物种植总面积、农作物产量等要素,运用数理统计构建致灾因子危险性、暴露性和灾损敏感性指数,采用图表法和指数乘积法开展青海省霜冻灾害变化特征及风险区划。结果表明,青海省作物种植区均有霜冻灾害,中心集中在东部农业区的门源、大通、互助、湟源和湟中,柴达木盆地东部的德令哈、都兰和乌兰,以及贵南和共和等地;发生时段主要在4—9月,5月发生频率最高;年际间霜冻灾害呈波动增加趋势,但趋势不显著,年代际间霜冻灾害呈显著波动增加趋势;霜冻灾害高风险区主要分布在东北部的门源、互助、大通和祁连东部。 相似文献
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Tošić Ivana Unkašević Miroslava Putniković Suzana 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,128(3-4):785-794
The extreme daily precipitation in Serbia was examined at 16 stations during the period 1961–2014. Two synoptic situations in May and September of 2014 were analysed, when extreme precipitation was recorded in western and eastern Serbia, respectively. The synoptic situation from 14 to 16 May 2014 remained nearly stationary over the western and central Serbia for the entire period. On 15 May 2014, the daily rainfall broke previous historical records in Belgrade (109.8 mm), Valjevo (108.2 mm) and Loznica (110 mm). Precipitation exceeded 200 mm in 72 h, producing the most catastrophic floods in the recent history of Serbia. In Negotin (eastern Serbia), daily precipitation of 161.3 mm was registered on 16 September 2014, which was the maximum value recorded during the period 1961–2014. The daily maximum in 2014 was registered at 6 out of 16 stations. The total annual precipitation for 2014 was the highest for the period 1961–2014 at almost all stations in Serbia. A non-significant positive trend was found for all precipitation indices: annual daily maximum precipitation, the total precipitation in consecutive 3 and 5 days, the total annual precipitation, and number of days with at least 10 and 20 mm of precipitation. The generalised extreme value distribution was fitted to the annual daily maximum precipitation. The estimated 100-year return levels were 123.4 and 147.4 mm for the annual daily maximum precipitation in Belgrade and Negotin, respectively.
相似文献7.
Variation of the number of days with thunderstorms on the territory of Belarus and peculiarities of their formation are considered.
This number is of great spatial and temporal variability. The spatial variability of this thunderstorm characteristic in Belarus
was estimated with the use of mapping. The temporal series of the number of days with thunderstorms were studied with the
aid of standard statistical methods. 相似文献
8.
基于自然灾害风险理论,利用1971—2020年宁波市127个气象站气象观测资料和茶叶生产相关资料,分析了宁波市茶叶早春霜冻空间分布规律,并通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)和专家经验相结合的方法,构建了宁波市茶叶早春霜冻风险因子集,通过加权指数求和的方法建立了宁波市茶叶早春霜冻风险模型,对早春霜冻灾害风险进行了综合和分年代的评估。结果表明,宁波市茶叶早春霜冻出现的年平均天数分布总体呈现西低东高的特征,霜冻年平均天数的范围在0.23~21.43 d;宁波市茶叶早春霜冻高风险区主要集中在余姚南部的四明山区域、宁海西部和宁海东北部的茶山区域,低风险区主要分布于宁波东部沿海地区;20世纪70—90年代宁波市茶叶早春霜冻低风险和较低风险区域基本呈增长趋势,中风险和较高风险区域呈减少趋势,高风险区域80年代最多、90年代次之、70年代最少,21世纪00—10年代,宁波市茶叶早春霜冻低风险和中风险区域呈减少趋势,较低风险、较高风险和高风险区域呈增长趋势。 相似文献
9.
近39年海南岛极端天气事件频率变化 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
利用1966--2004年海南岛大风、暴雨、雷暴、冰雹、高温、低温、霜冻、雾等极端天气事件的年发生日数资料，采用最小二乘法、Mann—KendaⅡ法及Modet小波等方法诊断分析其变化特征。结果指出：大风、雷暴和雾日呈显著减少趋势，并分别于1992年、1984／1985年、1983／1984年之交发生突变；高温、暴雨趋频及低温、冰雹、霜冻频数总体趋少变化不显著，其中，冰雹、霜冻基本处于少变的稳定态势。高温、雷暴存在阶段性中高频周期，其他极端天气则存在长期和阶段性中低频周期；冰雹日数的变化周期趋于变短，其余极端天气则有周期变长趋势。初步说明海南极端天气事件频率变化与气候变暖有一定的内在关系。 相似文献
10.
Climatology and trends of wet spells in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Summary Climatological features and variations of wet spells, especially their trends over China, are investigated using a dataset
of 594 meteorological stations across China from 1951 to 2003. The results show that the lower the latitude is, the longer
the annual duration of wet spells is. The mean annual precipitation from wet spells is higher in southeastern coastal areas
and much lower in western and northern China. The longest wet spells are found in Southwest China and the eastern Tibetan
Plateau. The maximum daily precipitation of wet spells decreases from the southeast to the northwest, with the highest in
southeastern coastal areas and the lowest in western China. The trends of wet spells exhibit striking regional differences.
In most areas of western China, the annual number of days in wet spells has slightly increased, but significantly decreased
over North China, Central China and Southwest China. The annual precipitation amount from wet spells displays significant
downward trends in North China, eastern Northeast China and the eastern part of Southwest China, but upward trends in the
eastern Tibetan Plateau and some southeastern coastal areas. Two clearly-contrasting regions in climatic changes of wet spells
are the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River and the eastern Tibetan Plateau, characterized by a decrease of about 24 days
and an increase of about 6 days in annual wet spell days from 1953 to 2003, respectively. 相似文献
11.
利用1972—2021年沧州市14个气象站常规观测资料,采用趋势系数、Mann Kendall检验、Hurst指数和Morlet小波分析方法,分析了河北省沧州地区霜冻日数、初霜冻、终霜冻的变化特征和趋势预测情况。结果表明：沧州市平均霜冻日数呈减少、初霜冻呈推迟、终霜冻呈提前趋势,且在2000年左右分别发生由多到少、由早到晚、由晚到早的显著突变。在空间上,霜冻日数、初霜冻、终霜冻大体由西北向东南分别减少、推迟、提前;三者变化趋势全区表现一致,但趋势强度空间分布不均。霜冻日数分别在11—13 a和28 a时间尺度上存在7—8 a和18—19 a的明显周期,初霜冻在25 a时间尺度上存在16—18 a的明显周期,而终霜冻在10—15 a时间尺度上存在6—7 a的明显周期。未来沧州市霜冻日数将在大幅波动中持续下降,初霜冻将平缓的持续推迟,而终霜冻将在大幅波动中持续提前。 相似文献
12.
利用2005—2018年辽宁沿海高速公路沿线气象站点观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对辽宁沿海高速公路浓雾气候特征及其与各相关气象要素的关系进行分析,并探讨了利于浓雾发生的环流特征和影响因子。结果表明：辽宁沿海高速公路年均浓雾日数由西至东呈现高—低—高的分布特点,同时,辽东沿海高速公路沿线各站年均浓雾日数差异较小,且存在明显的自东向西的下降趋势;辽西沿线高速公路各站差异最大,受到局地的影响最强。沿海高速公路年均浓雾日数具有明显的月变化与季节变化特征,全年有两个浓雾出现的集中时段,分别为2—3月和10—11月;秋季浓雾日数占全年的比率最高。秋季沿海高速公路浓雾以0—200 m的强浓雾为主;温度为10—15℃,相对湿度大于98%,风速为0—3 m·s-1,风向为偏东北风时,浓雾出现的概率最大。辽宁秋季沿海地区受副热带高压影响较小,受东亚大槽等中高纬度纬向环流和极涡的影响较大,纬向环流和极涡越强（弱）,辽宁沿海地区浓雾日数越多（少）;辽宁沿海地区浓雾的水汽一部分来源于辽宁东部山区,一部分来源于渤海、黄海北部。辽宁沿海地区秋季浓雾并非以海雾为主,而以辐射雾、锋面雾居多,同时辽东沿海地区有来自辽东山区的平流雾。 相似文献
13.
In this paper, European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Reanalysis-Interim(ERAInterim) data and daily precipitation data in China from May to October during 1981-2016 are used to study the climatic characteristics of the meridionally oriented shear lines(MSLs) over the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The relationship between the MSL and rainstorms in the eastern TP and neighboring areas of the TP during the boreal summer half-year is also investigated. An objective method, which uses a combination of three parameters, i.e. the zonal shear of the meridional wind, the relative vorticity and the zero line of meridional wind, is adopted to identify the shear line. The results show that there are two high-occurrence centers of MSL. One is over the central TP(near 90°E) and the other is over the steep slope area of the eastern TP. Fewer MSLs are found along the Yarlung Zangbo River over the western TP and the southern Tibet. There are averagely 42.2 MSL days in each boreal summer half-year. The number of MSL days reaches the maximum of 62 in 2014 and the minimum of 22 in 2006. July and October witness the maximum of 10.2 MSL days/year and the minimum of 4.2 MSL days/year, respectively. The annual number of the MSL days shows periodicities of 2-4 and 4-6 years, which is quite similar to those of the MSL rainstorm days. In the neighboring areas of the TP, nearly56% of the MSLs lead to rainstorms, and nearly 40% of rainstorms are caused by the MSLs, indicating a close relationship between the MSLs and rainstorms in this region. 相似文献
14.
利用1971-2010年河南省均匀分布的110个地面气象站霜的观测资料,采用线性倾向率和单相关分析法,对近40 a河南省初霜期、终霜期和无霜期的时空分布特征及其对气温的响应进行研究,利用M-K法分析霜期的突变特征。结果表明：1971-2010年河南省平均无霜期为221.3 d,纬度与初霜期（R=-0.806）和无霜期（R=-0.707）均呈显著负相关,与终霜期（R=0.557）呈显著正相关;初霜期以2.6 d/10 a的速率呈明显推迟（p<0.01）,而终霜期的线性变化趋势不明显,无霜期以4.7 d/10 a的速率呈明显延长（p<0.01）;初霜期、终霜期和无霜期的突变点均在1998年。从各地区看,初霜期在各地区呈明显推迟,豫西地区推迟趋势最大（3.5 d/10 a,p<0.01）;终霜期仅在豫西和豫南地区呈显著提前;除豫东地区外,无霜期在其余5个地区均呈明显延长,豫西地区延长趋势最大（7.7 d/10 a,p<0.01）。从各观测站霜期的变化趋势空间分布来看,初霜期显著推后、终霜期显著提前和无霜期明显延长的站点分布在豫西和豫南地区。河南省初霜期与10月、终霜期与3月气温因子相关性较强;初霜期推迟和终霜期提前主要由气温升高引起的,其中平均最低气温是最重要的影响因素。初霜期推迟和终霜期提前导致无霜期延长。 相似文献
15.
1983与1985年夏季北半球500hPa高度场大气低频波的振荡特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
本文利用观测资料分析了1983与1985年夏季半球500hPa高度场大气低频波的振荡特征。结果表明，1983年（厄尔尼诺年）夏季热带中、东太平洋和印度洋以及东亚季风区上空的低频振荡比1985年（反厄尔尼诺年）夏季的低频振荡强，而热带西太平洋的情况恰好相反。这是由于反厄尔尼诺年夏季热带西太平洋对流活动强盛所致。分析结果还表明：1983年夏季低频波基本上是东传的；1985年夏季，在中高纬度地区低频波主要还是东传，热带是西传。西藏高原是大气低频振荡的汇区。 相似文献
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利用2008—2016年5—9月中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)格点融合分析降水资料以及降水观测资料,在对CLDAS格点降水融合资料进行验证的基础上,对贺兰山区降水时空分布特征以及与地形的关系进行了分析。结果表明：贺兰山区降水呈“东多西少、南多北少”的分布特征,贺兰山主峰偏西0.1°存在一个超过240 mm的降水高值中心,日降水量极值西侧高于东侧。8月降水量和短时强降水次数最多,11:00—18:00降水次数最多,午后到前半夜短时强降水次数最多。贺兰山区降水以小雨为主,其次是中雨,中雨和小雨雨量占区域总雨量的比例高达85%。贺兰山区降水量随海拔高度的增加而增加,西坡降水随高度的增加率为5.1 mm/hm,东坡降水随高度的增加率为2.1 mm/hm,西坡明显高于东坡。中雨日数与地形高度的相关性较好,其它级别降雨日数与地形相关性不强。 相似文献
18.
《大气与海洋》2013,51(2):243-256
Abstract Trends and variations in daily temperature and precipitation indices in southern Québec are examined for the period 1960–2005. The indices are based on daily temperature and daily precipitation which have been recently adjusted at 53 climatological stations. The adjustments were made for site relocation, changes in observing programs, known instrument changes and measurement program deficiencies. The results show that the surface air temperature has increased in southern Québec over 1960–2005. Significant warming is evident in the western, southern and central parts of the province but the increasing trends become smaller toward the east. The warming is greater during the winter although many significant increasing trends are found in the summer. The analysis of the temperature extremes strongly indicates the occurrence of more nights with extreme high temperatures in all seasons. The temperature indices also suggest an increase in the number of thaw/frost days during the winter (days with maximum temperature above 0°C and minimum temperature below 0°C), a decrease in the length of the frost season, an increase in the length of the growing season, a decrease in heating degree days and an increase in cooling degree days. The precipitation indices show an increase in the annual total rainfall although many stations indicate decreasing trends during the summer. The number of days with rain has increased over the region whereas the number of days with snow and the total snow amounts have decreased over the past 46 years. 相似文献
19.
春季的霜冻事件是北半球温带地区与农业相关的最严重的极端事件之一。在气候变化背景下,探究整个中国地区春霜冻的变化趋势和未来可能变化有利于增进人们对春霜冻的认识,对我国未来农业结构调整有一定的参考价值。本文采用不易受离群值影响且考虑了自相关的非参数方法,在分析1960~2020年观测资料的基础上,利用24个耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6,CMIP6)模式模拟的中等辐射强迫(SSP2-4.5)情景下的逐日最低温数据,在评估模式模拟性能后对中国地区未来(2021~2100年)的春霜冻日数、终霜日的变化趋势的空间分布特征以及与1991~2020年气候态相比的全国平均的距平序列进行了分析。结果表明:1)1960~2020年,全国约60.3%站点的春霜冻日数呈现显著减少趋势[-3.5~0 d(10 a)^(-1)],40%站点的终霜日呈显著提前趋势[-4.3~0 d(10 a)^(-1)];全国平均的春霜冻日数呈^(-1).3 d(10 a)^(-1)的显著减少趋势,终霜日则呈^(-1).7 d(10 a)^(-1)的显著提前趋势。2)2021~2100年,预估我国大部分地区的春霜冻日数均呈现显著减少趋势[^(-1).6~0 d(10 a)^(-1)],终霜日则呈显著提前趋势[^(-1).4~0 d(10 a)^(-1)];全国平均的春霜冻日数呈现-0.8 d(10 a)^(-1)的显著减少趋势,终霜日呈现-0.8 d(10 a)^(-1)的显著提前趋势。 相似文献
20.
Spring frosts are feared by farmers, fruit growers, and wine growers as they can cause significant damage to crops when they occur during the development of the plants. In the second half of April 2017, following a very warm period that had caused premature vegetation growth, a cold air mass from the Arctic penetrated central and western Europe, causing severe damage to natural and cultivated vegetation over broad areas. Here, we analyze how exceptional this event was in Switzerland and Germany in relation to the accumulated growing degree days (GDD), used as a proxy for plant phenology advancement. Although this damaging frost was not the latest on record in terms of calendar days, our results show that it was, in some regions, unprecedented in relation to the accumulated warmth during the preceding period, at least since the beginning of instrumental temperature records (1864). Our results also highlight how global warming has considerably increased the number of days with mean temperature above 5 °C in late winter and early spring, especially since 1970 (+?16.8?±?4.7 °C days decade?1). However, in spite of earlier spring phenology due to climate warming, our results suggest that the risk of damaging frost events to vegetation has remained unchanged over the last 150 years in lowlands of Switzerland and Germany, due to the concurring earlier occurrence of the last potentially damaging frosts (about ??20 days since 1864). Our analyses reveal therefore that the April 2017 damaging frost was a true outlier in terms of risk of frost damage to plants. 相似文献