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1.
古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土微量元素对植被格局的影响 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
横穿古尔班通古特沙漠,测度了沙漠植被盖度、物种多样性和丰富度等格局参数及微地形、土壤理化性质。在此基础上,借助ICP/MS仪测定了沙漠表层（0~10 cm）和次表层（10~30 cm）风沙土中Cu、Zn、Mo、Fe、Co、Ni、Mn、V、Se、B微量元素含量。利用t-检验和CCA排序的方法,分析了微量元素在风沙土中的空间分布特征和对植被格局的影响。结果显示,地势较高的东部Ni和Mn的含量高于其他地段。地势较低、土壤中水分、有机质、全盐含量较高的西部,Mo、Cu、Zn、Fe、Se含量较高。Fe的高含量值主要出现在分选差、有机质较多的风沙土中。另外,绝大多数微量元素在表层风沙土中的平均含量高于浅层。对比不同微量元素成分条件下的乔灌木和草本层片植物组成和结构特征,发现乔灌木层片基本格局所受影响不明显,草本层片则在沙漠生境下已形成的植物群丛内部发生分化,出现多个小的植物组合。 相似文献
2.
青海湖典型湿地土壤重金属分布特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
重金属污染是当今土壤污染中影响面最广、危害最大的环境问题之一。对青海湖典型湿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Fe、Mn 6种重金属元素的含量及分布特征进行了调查分析。结果表明:青海湖湿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Fe、Mn 6种重金属元素的平均含量分别为16.34μg/g、46.82μg/g、15.65μg/g、58.49μg/g、14.57mg/g和33.08μg/g;青海湖区南北两岸典型湿地土壤重金属含量存在明显的空间差异。南北两岸样带上表层土壤Cu、Cr、Fe的含量变化均呈"W"形,Zn仅在青海湖北岸样带表现出"W"形,Mn元素含量在400m处为最低点,Pb没有表现出明显的变化特征;Cu、Zn、Pb 3种元素含量呈极显著相关,说明青海湖湿地土壤重金属污染有一定的同源性。 相似文献
3.
海马齿对锌的耐性与富集特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了了解盐生植物海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)对Zn的耐性和富集特征,采用1/2 Hoagland营养液水培实验,进行不同质量浓度Zn处理(0 mg/L、10 mg/L、20 mg/L、30 mg/L、50 mg/L、90 mg/L和300 mg/L)30 d后,测定海马齿的株高、叶面积和生物量;并测定其根、茎和叶的Fe、Mg、Cu和Zn含量;计算耐性指数、富集系数、转运系数和移除率。结果表明,Zn质量浓度为0~50 mg/L时,海马齿能正常生长;当Zn质量浓度大于50 mg/L时,海马齿生长受到抑制;当Zn质量浓度大于90 mg/L时,海马齿出现死亡,完全致死的Zn质量浓度为300 mg/L。Zn处理显著抑制了根部对Fe的吸收,促进了叶对Mg的吸收。海马齿Zn含量最高的部位为根。海马齿的Zn富集系数远大于1,转运系数小于1。海马齿对Zn的移除作用主要体现在生物量大且富集能力强的地上部分。海马齿适用于修复Zn质量浓度小于90 mg/L水域的污染。 相似文献
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柴达木盆地盐湖周边灌丛沙丘微量元素特征与环境意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对柴达木盆地盐湖周边灌丛沙丘沉积物微量元素、粒度测试,并与其他体系沉积物对比,分析微量元素地球化学特征及环境状况。结果表明:1)微量元素以V、Cr、Zn、Rb、Sr含量较大,其中Sr含量最高,Rb次之;与中国黄土、新疆灰钙土相关系数R2为0. 96,斜率分别为1. 07和0. 99,含量总体相似; Sr、U高于灰钙土和黄土,其中,Sr含量表现为灌丛沙丘灰钙土黄土,Rb、Sn、Cs、Pb、Th含量介于二者之间,其余元素含量均低于二者;其与中国沉积层元素丰度存在差异。2) Sc、V、Co、Ni、Cu、Cs、U与黏粒(2μm)和粉砂(2～63μm)相关度均较高,而Ga、Rb、Pb主要受控于黏粒组分,Cr、Zn、Sr、Nb、Sn主要取决于粉砂组分; Y、Th与其他元素及不同组分无相关性; Rb/Sr比仅与Ga、Rb、Pb元素及 63μm的砂组分呈极显著正相关,与其余元素相关度低或不相关,或极显著负相关。3) Rb、Sr分别反映了沉积物近地化学风化成壤作用和源区物理风化过程; Sr/Cu值介于15～20之间,Th/U值介于3. 5～4之间,C. V值差异不大,元素垂直变异较小;总体表面灌丛沙丘沉积发育于极端干热环境,未发生明显还原作用。 相似文献
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为了研究南极不同苔藓植株及其器官间的元素组成和分布的差异 ,我们利用同步辐射X射线荧光对菲尔德斯半岛 3种金发藓植株进行了重元素分析。这 3种植物是高山金发藓(Polytrichumalpinum) ,桧叶金发藓 (P .juniperinum)和极地金发藓 (P .alpestre)。它们所含的元素种类大致相同 ,主要有K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn和Sr等 ,这说明在菲尔德斯半岛 3种金发藓植株的生境条件是相似的。但是 ,在Polytrichumalpinum叶内 ,K峰远大于Ca ,Ca峰大于Fe ;在P .juniperinum植物叶片中 ,K峰大于Ca ,而Ca峰接近于Fe ;在P .alpestre叶内 ,K、Ca和Fe峰几乎相等。通过对P .alpestre不同部位进行X荧光分析 ,并用荧光计数法表示元素相对含量 ,我们发现各部位间的元素含量差异很大。在顶芽处 ,K的含量最高 ,K/Ca比等于 1 .30 ,而其他部位的K/Ca比均小于 1。在假根部位 ,Mn的含量在所有部位中是最高的 ,并且Mn/Fe比值最大 ,为 0 .2 1。在老叶片和假根部位 ,Cu/Zn比分别等于 1 .2 0和 1 .84,而其他部位的Cu/Zn比均小于 1。特别是这两个部位还出现了Br元素 ,这可能与器官的衰老有关。 相似文献
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白洋淀芦苇台地土壤理化因子及其酶活性特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2009年4月22日、6月23日、8月31日和10月31日,在白洋淀鸳鸯岛、北田庄和圈头村芦苇(Phragmites australis)台地3个垂直剖面(0～10cm、10～30cm和30～60cm)上采集了土壤样品,分析了不同季节的土壤理化因子和4种土壤酶活性的时空变化及其相互关系。结果表明,白洋淀芦苇台地土壤含水量随着土壤深度的增加而增加;土壤有机质含量随土壤深度的增加而减少,0～10cm表层土的有机质含量都在70g/kg以上;土壤的全氮和全磷含量随土壤深度的增加而减少,各采样地0～10cm表层土壤的全氮含量为2.04～3.41g/kg,全磷含量为0.71～1.14g/kg。3块采样地0～60cm土壤的蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、脱氢酶活性和荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性分别为0.53～28.56mg/g、0.44～2.36mg/g、1.62～12.18mg/g和8.07～172.65μg/g,表层土壤具有较大酶活性。芦苇台地4种土壤酶活性与土壤含水量呈显著负相关(p<0.01),与土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量呈显著正相关(p<0.01)。 相似文献
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为了研究不同生活型植物营养元素含量随季节变化的响应机制,在生长季内,对阿拉善地区荒漠植物霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)、猫头刺(Oxytropis aciphylla)、沙冬青(Ammopipta nthus mongolicus)、红砂 (Reaumuria soongorica)、驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)6种灌木及多裂骆驼蓬(Peganum multisectum)、葡根骆驼蓬(Pegamum nigrllastrum)、无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)3种草本植物连续观察,采集叶片,分析矿质养分含量和比叶面积(SLA)的季节变化特征,并对牧草的营养均衡价进行了评价,同时探讨了其叶片发育特征与矿质元素含量的关系。结果显示:(1)不同生活型植物在生长季内的SLA变化规律不同,9种植物叶片SLA均在中等偏下的水平。(2)4种常量元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg)含量在生长季内的波动较大,4种微量元素(Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu)含量在生长季内的随月份变化不大,且大部分植物叶片Zn和Cu含量在生长季内维持在"低"水平。(3)9种牧草SLA与矿质元素Cu之间表现出较强的负相关,而与其他元素无显著的相关性。(4)植物种类与采样月份对植物叶片元素的交叉分析显示,植物叶片K、Na、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn含量的变异主要受植物种类影响,植物叶片Fe含量的变异主要受植物种类和采样时间的交互作用影响。 相似文献
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为了研究黄河三角洲胜利油田的油气开采对当地芦苇(Phragmites australis)营养器官中重金属富集和迁移的影响,于2018年7月22～28日,采集新、老油田区和非油田区内芦苇根、茎、叶样品和表层(0～10 cm深度)土壤样品,测定芦苇各营养器官中的5种重金属(Pb、Mn、Co、Ni和Zn)含量以及表层土壤样品中的5种重金属含量和总石油烃含量,分析土壤中的总石油烃对芦苇营养器官内重金属富集和迁移的影响。研究结果表明,在新、老油井区,表层土壤中的石油烃主要对芦苇根部富集Pb、Mn、Co和Ni的能力产生影响;在新油井区,当表层土壤中总石油烃质量比为214μg/g时,芦苇根中的Co、Mn和Pb质量比最大,分别为3.14 mg/kg、206.59 mg/kg和9.10 mg/kg,当表层土壤中总石油烃质量比为283μg/g时,芦苇根中的Ni质量比最大,为27.16 mg/kg;在老油井区,当表层土壤中总石油烃质量比为262μg/g时,重金属Co、Mn、Ni和Pb含量都达到最大值,分别为3.28 mg/kg、166.74 mg/kg、18.60 mg/kg和4.27 mg/kg;在新油井区,当表层土壤中总石油烃质量比为283～385μg/g时,石油烃促进了芦苇营养器官中的Pb、Co和Mn向上迁移,当表层土壤中总石油烃质量比小于283μg/g时,石油烃的影响可以忽略不计;当新、老油井区表层土壤中总石油烃含量相近时,新油井区芦苇对土壤中重金属的去除效果优于老油井区。 相似文献
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《湿地科学》2019,(6)
于2015年10月28～29日,在黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区内的清水沟和清八汊河口,分别采集芦苇(Phragmites australis)盐沼、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)盐沼和柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)盐沼表层(0～10 cm深度)土壤样品,测定了土样中17种金属(V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Pb、Sr、Mn、Ti、Na、Mg、K、Fe、Ca、Al)的含量,并对两个河口土壤中的各元素含量进行了比较。研究结果表明,在清八汊和清水沟河口表层土壤中,与其它金属元素含量相比,Co质量比都相对最小,分别为7.97 mg/kg和8.35 mg/kg;Al质量比都相对最大,分别为86 664.06 mg/kg和102 319.51 mg/kg;除Na外,清水沟河口表层土壤中的其它金属元素(V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Sr、Pb、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、Mn、Fe)含量都高于清八汊河口;在清八汊河口,芦苇盐沼表层土壤中的各金属元素含量较高,而在清水沟河口,柽柳盐沼表层土壤中的各金属元素含量较高;在清八汊河口,表层土壤中Mg含量与Co、Ni、Zn、Ga、Pb、Al、Ca、Mn和Fe含量显著正相关,在清水沟河口,表层土壤中Co含量与Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Pb、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Mn和Fe含量显著正相关,说明这些金属元素可能具有同源性。 相似文献
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三江平原12种湿地植物光合特性与叶功能性状的关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用野外气体交换测量和实验室分析等方法,对三江平原湿地12种优势草本植物的光合生理指标、植物叶功能性状指标及其关系进行了研究.结果表明,12种草本植物的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、叶干物质含量等指标,在不同植物科、种间表现出了一定的差异性;12种植物中,有10种植物的植物气孔导度介于0.15～0.40 mol/(m2·s)之间;胞间CO2含量在植物间的变异相对比较平缓(250μmol/mol左右);燕子花(Iris laevigata)的叶绿素含量最大,毛苔草(Carex lasiocapa)的最小,前者的叶绿素含量是后者的24.4倍;12种植物中,有9种植物叶片氮含量介于1.5～2.0 mg/g之间.Pearson相关和线性回归分析表明,12种植物叶片的平均比叶面积值与其相应的平均氮含量有显著正相关关系(R2=0.73,p<0.01),平均含水量与其相应的平均叶绿素含量、平均比叶面积也呈显著正相关关系(前者R2=0.615,p<0.05;后者R2=0.664,p<0.05).同时,12种植物的叶功能性状指标与光合生理指标关系密切,最大光合速率与其相应的单位干质量水平上的平均叶片氮含量、平均比叶面积之间存在着显著的正相关关系(前者R2=0.571,p<0.05;后者R2=0.861,p<0.01). 相似文献
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Peter Hovingh 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1993,9(1):41-54
The artesian springs of Tule Valley are similar to those of adjacent Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat based on conductivity and temperature. All three valleys support Ranidae amphibians and the leechErpobdella punctata. The artesian springs in Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat contain six and two species of fish and contained up to 18 and 12 species of mollusk respectively, whereas Tule Valley artesian springs contain neither fish nor mollusks. The leechesHelobdella stagnalis, Glossiphonia complanata, andHaemopis grandis were found in Snake Valley whereasHelobdella triserialis, Theromyzon rude, andHaemopis marmorata were found in Tule Valley. These springs which were covered by Lake Bonneville to a depth of several hundred meters, 16 000 BP., became isolated after the paleolake desiccated 13 000 years BP. The marsh snailCatinella is found above the paleolake level in Snake and Tule Valley and has not penetrated to the valley floor habitats once covered by the paleolake, whereas another marsh snailOxyloma has penetrated into these habitats in Snake Valley. The leech and molluscan distributions in Tule, Snake and Fish Springs Valleys suggest that the paleolake did not allow for much movement among the valleys, and successful passive aerial transport has not occurred after the paleolake desiccation 13 000 years BP. Paleozoological models are proposed to explain the presence and absence of these species in Tule Valley. Both lateral movement (along paleolake shorelines) and vertical movement (to new habitats formed after the desiccation of the paleolake) by amphibians, mollusks and leeches is restricted in large terminal lakes and is species dependent in both spatial and temporal scales of the hydrological cycle. 相似文献
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Estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits on a statewide basis offer a different perspective on the nation's undiscovered resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. Mean estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits statewide were extracted from the estimates of undiscovered deposits nationwide. More than 50 undiscovered deposits are estimated to occur in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, and Wisconsin. Estimating the number of undiscovered deposits statewide serves as a measure of a state's total remaining mineral resources in known conventional deposit types. 相似文献
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Northwestern California is prone to regional, high magnitude winter rainstorms, which repeatedly produce catastrophic floods in the basins of the northern Coast Ranges. Major floods on the Eel River in 1955 and 1964 resulted in substantial geomorphic changes to the channel, adjacent terraces, and tributaries. This study evaluated the changes and the effects of a moderate flood in 1997 through field observations and examination of aerial photographs that spanned from 1954 to 1996. The purpose was to document the nature and magnitude of geomorphic responses to these three floods and assess the rates and controls on the recovery of the Eel River and its tributaries. Channel widening from extensive bank erosion was the dominant geomorphic change along the lower Eel River during major floods. As a result of the 1964 flood, the largest amount of widening was 195 m and represented an 80% change in channel width. Channel narrowing characterized the periods after the 1955 and 1964 floods. More than 30 years after the 1964 flood, however, the river had not returned to pre-flood width, which suggests that channel recovery required decades to complete. A long recovery time is unusual given that the Eel River is located in an area with a “superhumid” climate and has an exceptionally high sediment yield. This long recovery time may reflect highly seasonal precipitation and runoff, which are concentrated in 3–5 months each winter. In contrast to the main stem of the Eel River, the dominant effects of floods on the tributaries of the Eel River were rapid aggradation of channel bed and valley floor followed by immediate downcutting. Dendrogeomorphic data, aerial photographs, and field observations indicate that thick wedges of gravel, derived largely from hillslope failures in upper reaches of the tributaries, are deposited at and immediately upstream of the mouths of tributaries as the stage of the Eel River exceeded that of the tributaries during major floods. In the waning stages of the flood, the tributaries cut through the gravel at a rate equal to the lowering of the Eel and generated unpaired terraces and nickpoints. The complete process of deposition and incision can occur within a few days of peak discharge. Although reworking of some sediment on the valley floor may continue for years after large floods, channel morphology in the tributaries appears to be a product of infrequent, high magnitude events. The morphology of the tributary channel also appears to be greatly influenced by the frequency and magnitude of mass wasting in headwater areas of small basins. 相似文献
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Women,Politics, Elections,and Citizenship 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(1):1-10
Abstract Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-2001) includes only 56 women members, 12% of the total membership of the House and Senate. Likewise, women hold only 22% of the total seats in state legislatures. The purpose of this article is to examine this paradox. It first examines the history of the women's movement in the United States. It then turns to an evaluation of women's progress in gaining elected office. Finally it considers three primary obstacles to women gaining equitable representation: solidarity among women, political culture, and the single-member district system now employed in the United States. 相似文献
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Barney Warf 《Urban geography》2015,36(6):927-946
Scholarly attention devoted to global cities has emphasized their economic and political significance. Yet global cities are also deeply cultural and ideological in nature. Contrary to a long tradition of urban studies that views urban life as inherently alienating, this essay argues that the social and cultural diversity of global cities renders them mechanisms for the generation of tolerance and empathy. It opens with a brief review of global cities. Second, it traces the contours of cosmopolitanism as an ideology that fosters respect for social and cultural differences and a wider community of caring. Third, it reviews the empirical evidence of American global cities to make the case that their diversity leads them to generate a progressive cosmopolitan ethnics. It draws on the literature of social psychology, the work of Richard Florida, and indices of immigration, religious and linguistic diversity, homophobia, and voting patterns to substantiate the claim that cosmopolitan values are most evident and deeply rooted in globalized metropolitan centers. 相似文献
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Removed overburden, burial, maturation, and petroleum generation analysis indicates that maturity in the Arkoma Basin and the Ouachita Foldbelt is explained effectively using simple burial models that account for the significant surface erosion that has occurred and assuming geothermal gradients similar to present-day gradients have been approximately constant through geologic time. Regional models, based on analysis at 115 well locations, indicate that from 5,000 to 15,000 ft (1.5–4.5 km) of section, differing with location from north to south and west to east, has been removed from the Arkoma Basin region, and as much as 25,000–40,000 ft (7.5–12 km) have been removed from areas of the Ouachita Foldbelt. Based on burial and thermal history reconstruction, increasing maturation from west to east across the basin is primarily the result of increasing overburden and subsequent surface erosion from west to east. The models predict most publicly available vitrinite reflectance data within a factor of 1.5 at two standard deviations. Comparison of model and measured reflectance-depth trends in six wells indicates that hydrothermal fluid movement should not have modified reflectance by more than approximately 20% in the center of the basin. Analysis indicates that most of the basin is overmature for oil production from intervals below the Spiro Sandstone, except to the north and northwest. Although thermal maturities are high, methane is stable throughout the basin. Except for the basal Arbuckle Group, all formations were thermally immature for oil generation prior to burial by the Mississippian and Morrowan in the Ouachita Foldbelt of Oklahoma and by the Atokan and Desmoinesian over most of the basin and study area. In the deeper part of the present basin, all strata entered and passed through the oil window during or within 10 My after Atokan time. Because no additional major quantities of hydrocarbons were generated after Atokan time, the hydrocarbons must have been emplaced and trapped during this brief time interval. 相似文献