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通过对四川凉山矮子沟流域的勘查,结合遥感解译及矮子沟流域的地质活动历史,分析“6·28”矮子沟泥石流的影响因素,在此基础上分析了矮子沟泥石流的成因。“6·28”矮子沟泥石流是在地震、人类活动及干旱影响下,受强降雨激发,坡面及支沟先发生泥石流,支沟泥石流堵塞主沟泄洪通道,强降雨使堵塞体瞬间溃决形成较大山洪,山洪的强大揭底作用使沟床松散固体物质启动,沿途不断有岸坡坍塌补给,中下游段有大块石加入,规模不断增大而形成。采用形态调查法计算的泥石流流量为925．91m3／s,泥石流总量为57．4×104m3,一次固体物质总量为27×104m3。通过对矮子沟流域的物源、地形及流域的气候特征研究,得出初步结论：近期泥石流的规模和频率都会降低,但在极端干旱、地震和强降雨的偶然联合作用下,依然可能发生大规模的泥石流灾害。 相似文献
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大渡河长河坝水电站区域泥石流特征及危险性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2009年7月23日,四川省甘孜州康定县舍联乡长河坝水电站施工区响水沟发生特大泥石流灾害,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。响水沟是大渡河上游段右岸一级支沟,近百年来泥石流活动不明显。由于之前近一个月的连续降雨,沟谷内的不稳定堆积物已基本处于饱水状态,当日的强降雨直接诱发了此次泥石流灾害。本文根据现场调查资料,就该沟泥石流的形成条件、灾害成因及特征进行分析,并应用灰色系统理论关联分析方法和沟谷泥石流危险度计算分析综合评价其危险性。结果表明,在极端气象条件下,响水沟仍有可能发生中等至大规模暴雨型粘性泥石流。 相似文献
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落井沟位于四川省泸定县得妥镇东南部,从沟口至其东南部约11 km处有正在运营的大岗山水电站。为有效防止落井沟泥石流对得妥人民的生命财产及大岗山水电站的运维造成的威胁与损毁,开展对泸定震后落井沟内物源分布特征与不同降雨周期下泥石流运动演化过程分析。“9·5”泸定地震后,耦合现场调查与地震前后遥感影像解译,得出强震致使落井沟流域内产生滑坡37处,总面积约0.125 km2,并采用LiDAR航拍技术优化解译结果,得到实际松散堆积物方量为15.52万m3。随后结合精准物源、精细化地形及5%、2%、1%降雨频率,开展基于OpenLISEM数值计算的落井沟泥石流运动演化特征研究。结果表明：5%、2%、1%降雨重现周期下落井沟泥石流运动过程的最大泥深分别为6、8、11 m,最大流速分别为5、7、10 m/s; 5%、2%降雨频率下泥石流对大渡河的堵江程度较小,1%频率下可造成半堵江状态。 相似文献
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对于有冰川发育的泥石流隐患点而言,获取冰川动态有助于分析泥石流触发成因.西藏波密县天摩沟是大型泥石流灾害隐患点,在过去二十年中多次暴发泥石流.本文利用Planet、TanDEM-X和Sentinel-2卫星数据估计了天摩沟冰川2016—2021年间的边界变化、2000—2016年间的表面高程变化,以及2016—2021年间的流速变化.冰川边界、表面高程和流速变化观测结果均表明天摩沟冰川在2018年7月11日大型泥石流暴发前未发生跃动或崩塌.通过分析高分辨光学影像和气象数据,认为冰川附近山体崩滑产生的岩屑,冰川前方的冰碛物和散冰,以及主沟中上游沟岸滑坡产生的松散物共同组成2018年7月11日泥石流的启动物源,灾前连续两天降水使得物源含水量达到饱和,土体抗剪强度降低,灾害当天持续小雨诱发高位物源启动,形成泥石流灾害.天摩沟冰川对泥石流发育的作用在于贡献了部分物源和水源.其流速明显高于周边冰川,主干峰值流速可达0.80±0.02 m·d-1.冰川高速流动使得高位冰碛物堆积速度快,而冰川融水使得泥石流降雨启动阈值更低.天摩沟在2018年7月之后没有再发生大规模泥石流,但是... 相似文献
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云南小江流域典型泥石流沟中底栖动物群落特征及其对河流地貌的响应 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
云南小江流域为典型干热河谷区,该区域干热少雨,流域内泥石流沟众多,生态环境十分脆弱.2017年4月和9月对小江流域的吊嘎河、蒋家沟、蓝泥坪沟、清水沟、陶家小河5条泥石流沟及小江干流开展了系统调查,旨在摸清5条泥石流沟及小江干流河流地貌、水环境及底栖动物群落现状,分析不同河床结构发育程度的泥石流沟间的底栖动物群落差异,揭示底栖动物对反映河床结构发育程度的河流地貌特征参数凹凸度的响应关系.调查期间于5条泥石流沟及小江干流中共采集到底栖动物70种,隶属于4门6纲38科69属,其中环节动物6种,软体动物2种,节肢动物61种,扁形动物1种.从种类类群来看,5条泥石流沟及小江干流的底栖动物物种数、密度、生物量上均以节肢动物占绝对优势,分别占总量的78.0%~92.5%、98.7%~100%、65.0%~100%.从功能摄食类群上来看,5条泥石流沟及小江干流底栖动物密度上均以直接收集者为主,占总量的74.3%~96.3%.回归分析表明,5条泥石流沟中底栖动物物种数、密度及生物量均与河流地貌特征参数凹凸度呈正相关关系,由此可见,发育良好的河床结构在维持河流地貌稳定和改善河流生态方面起着举足轻重的作用.本研究结果可为小江流域山区河流泥石流沟河床结构重建及生态修复提供科学依据. 相似文献
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循化县南山一带共发育了17条泥石流沟,严重影响了县城内人民生命财产的安全。南山泥石流群物源丰富,沟道纵坡降大,因此只要有足够的降雨就可以形成泥石流。在对循化泥石流群灾害特征分析的基础上,针对各泥石流沟不同的地质环境条件提出了相应的防治对策。 相似文献
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汶川Ms8.0级地震驱动的构造抬升作用和滑坡、泥石流剥蚀作用如何影响龙门山的地貌生长是目前争论的焦点。本文运用GIS技术,定量计算了湔江流域的坡度、地形起伏度、面积—高程积分等地貌参数,根据这些参数的计算结果,对湔江流域的构造地貌特征进行了量化分析;以汶川Ms8.0级地震重灾区湔江海子河右岸流域的滑坡、泥石流为例,并且利用野外实测资料、卫星照片及数字高程资料等,对于汶川地震驱动的构造抬升与滑坡、泥石流的表面侵蚀过程进行研究,获得以下初步认识:(1)湔江流域的映秀—北川断层以北地区地貌处于"壮年期",坡度、地形起伏度大;(2)汶川Ms8.0级地震后该地区发生了严重的同震滑坡及震后滑坡、泥石流灾害,海子河右岸流域的同震抬升量为5 339×104m3,同震滑坡量为3 852×104m3,同震抬升量大于同震滑坡量,地貌出现生长现象;(3)地震产生的泥石流量应略大于1 000×104m3,同震滑坡物质的30%转化为了泥石流量,因其海子沟右岸陡峻的坡度,绝大部分的泥石流冲入海子河,成为河道沉积物;(4)以目前湔江海子河流水搬运能力,在能够完全搬运出同震滑坡物质的前提下,同震滑坡物质搬运出龙门山至少需要283.2 a,表明在一个地震周期内,龙门山的同震滑坡物质可以搬运出龙门山;(5)准周期性相当震级地震引起的构造抬升及其均衡反弹作用也是龙门山的形成有重要作用的因素之一。 相似文献
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地震后经常会引发大量的泥石流灾害(称作地震泥石流),容易造成极大的破坏,无人机低空遥感技术以其便捷、时效性强等特点成为一种快速获取灾害信息的手段,但其影像的光谱信息较为缺乏,较难准确地检测地震泥石流灾害信息。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于迁移学习机制地震泥石流检测方法,该方法在已构建地震泥石流灾害样本库的基础上,将卷积神经网络训练得到的特征迁移到地震泥石流灾害信息检测中,完成地震泥石流灾害信息的自动检测,并将面向对象的地震泥石流灾害信息检测结果与迁移学习支持下的检测结果进行了对比与分析。结果表明:基于迁移学习的地震泥石流灾害信息检测结果在精度上稍优于面向对象的地震泥石流灾害信息检测结果,且前者在保持地震泥石流的平滑性和完整性上要优于后者。 相似文献
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GAO Yitang Engineer Soil Water Conservation Bureau Yellow River Conservancy Commission Zhengzhou P.R.China. QI Pu Senior Engineer Institute of Hydraulic Research Yellow River Conservancy Commission Zhengzhou P. R. China 《国际泥沙研究》1997,(3)
Debrisflow,definedasakindofhighlycondensedtit!o-phaseflowofsolidandfluid,iscomposedofslurryandrocksofdifferentsizeswithageneraldensity'ofI.2to2.3t/m3.Theactivityliesbetweenfloodandlandslide.Itflowslikenormalfloodandsholvsturbulentstateaswithlesssolidcontentsandlowerviscosity,itisplasticviscousflowwithunstablegUstmovementwhellitisofhighsolidcontainsandhighviscosity.Debrisflowisformedunderthreebasicconditionsfprecipitousslopeoflandform,solidwasteoflargevolume,andenoughwatersupply.Theoccurrence,… 相似文献
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鹅掌河泥石流对四川邛海影响的初步研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
沉积作用在湖泊的演化和消亡过程中至关重要,洪水泥石流的淤积作用对我国西南地区广泛分布的构造断陷湖泊是一个普遍的环境问题．通过调查鹅掌河泥石流发育背景,人类的活动对泥沙进入邛海的影响和对比1988年与2003 年邛海水下地形图得出:在近30年的时间内,鹅掌河洪水和泥石流改沿固定河堤流入邛海,在湖底形成浊流,将更大量泥沙带到湖中．浊流在鹅掌河河口的水下扇陡坡上形成一水下冲沟,在湖底沉积区形成一条长2 km的水下堤．计算发现, 鹅掌河泥石流带入邛海的泥沙远大于一般土壤侵蚀产沙量,其中以1996,1997和1998三年泥石流输入的泥沙量最多．鹅掌河洪水和泥石流对邛海的影响以及水下地形、湖泊基本特征和湖泊环境的变化,应引起人们对邛海保护的高度关注． 相似文献
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Ing-Jia Chiou Ching-Ho Chen Wei-Lin Liu Shiao-Mei Huang Yu-Min Chang 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(3):775-792
“Disaster risk assessment” is important in the planning of risk management strategies that reduce societal losses. However, governmental agencies in Taiwan generally assess risks that emerge from debris flows without adequately considering risk management and taking a systems approach. This work proposes an approach to thoroughly consider the interactive influence mechanism of debris flow disaster risk. Additionally, a systematic method for assessing disaster risks is developed. This proposed method can be used in the current risk assessment and as a basis for management strategy planning. Based on systems thinking, the components and attributes of a conceptual system of disaster risk management associated with debris flows in a river basin are identified. Subsequently, a conceptual mitigation–hazard–exposure–resistance framework and an indicator system for assessing the debris flow disaster risks in a river basin are identified. The disaster risks for each exposed community in each drainage zone can be systematically calculated based on the current status or plans of prevention and evacuation measures using the proposed indicator system. A case study of implementing the proposed methodology that involves the Chishan River Basin is presented, in which disaster risk according to the current status of prevention and evacuation measures is assessed. Drainage zones and communities with a significant debris flow disaster risk are located; this risk is associated with a lack of adequate prevention and evacuation measures that have been planned of government agencies. Analytical results indicate that the proposed methodology can systematically and effectively assess the disaster risks of a river basin. The proposed methodology provides a valuable reference for governmental agencies that must manage disaster risk associated with debris flows. 相似文献
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Debris flows in the mountainous regions south west of Beijing, China occur frequently and often result in considerable mass movements with disastrous consequences for human life, infrastructure and agriculture. Obtaining chronological information on such events is important for the prediction of the return frequency of these debris flows, risk assessment and climate change research. In this project, we use quartz single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods to determine the burial ages of five debris flow samples from the Zhai Tang region ∼60 km west of Beijing. OSL characteristics were found to be acceptable despite the low inherent brightness of quartz extracted from these samples. Single-grain thermal transfer was determined to be negligible and beta dose recovery experiments were satisfactory. The quartz single-grain dose distributions strongly indicate that the samples were poorly bleached prior to deposition; relative over-dispersions are larger than 60%. Minimum age modelling indicates that all five samples were deposited within the past few hundred years, indicating that catastrophic debris flows are occurring under the historically-recent land-use pattern. 相似文献
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Abstract Sediment is transported in the form of debris flows in major gullies dissecting permeable volcanic slopes as exemplified by the Kami-kamihori Valley in the northern Japan Alps. Four years of hydrological observations in the headwater area of the gully showed that the surface runoff which triggers debris flows is related to peak 10- to 20-minute rainfall. Sediment production in such a short time is not sufficient to prepare a debris flow. Therefore, debris must have been accumulated at a particular section by repeated sediment discharge due to minor rainstorms. The volume of the debris produced in the headwaters was evaluated and correlated to an effective rainfall. The quantity of sediment transport at seven sections along the gully by debris flows in three periods was evaluated through the measurement of the topographic changes. It was compared with the total effective rainfall for the pertinent period, and the mean “sediment concentration” in the debris flow was calculated for each section and for each period. It was shown that the change in the sediment concentration along the gully reflects the entrainment of debris from the gully floor in the acceleration zone and the deposition in the deceleration zone. It was also demonstrated that the sediment delivery of a debris flow depends on the time distribution of rainfall, because rainfall time bases appropriate to prediction of the sediment transport at different reaches vary. 相似文献
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Alessandro Simoni Martino Bernard Matteo Berti Mauro Boreggio Stefano Lanzoni Laura Maria Stancanelli Carlo Gregoretti 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(14):3556-3571
In the Dolomitic region, abundant coarse hillslope sediment is commonly found at the toe of rocky cliffs. Ephemeral channels originate where lower permeability bedrock surfaces concentrate surface runoff. Debris flows initiate along such channels following intense rainfall and determine the progressive erosion and deepening of the channels. Sediment recharge mechanisms include rock fall, dry ravel processes and channel-bank failures. Here we document debris flow activity that took place in an active debris flow basin during the year 2015. The Cancia basin is located on the southwestern slope of Mount Antelao (3264 m a.s.l.) in the dolomitic region of the eastern Italian Alps. The 2.5 km2 basin is incised in dolomitic limestone rocks. The data consist of repeated topographic surveys, distributed rainfall measurements, time-lapse (2 s) videos of two events and pore pressure measurements in the channel bed. During July and August 2015, two debris flow events occurred, following similarly intense rainstorms. We compared rainfall data to existing rainfall triggering thresholds and simulated the hydrological response of the headwater catchment with a distributed model in order to estimate the total and peak water discharge. Our data clearly illustrate how debris entrainment along the channel is the main contributor to the overall mobilized volume and that erosion is dominant when the channel slope exceeds 16°. Further downstream, sediment accumulation and depletion occurred alternately for the two successive events, indicating that sediment availability along the channel also influences the flow behaviour along the prevailing-transport reach. The comparison between monitoring data, topographical analysis and hydrological simulation allows the estimation of the average solid concentration of the two events and suggests that debris availability has a significant influence on the debris flow volume. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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IINTRODUCTIONDebrisflowisaphenomenonhappeninginextremeseveresit'Uationofsoilerosion(Guan,1996).ItoccursfrequentlyanddistributesdenselyinupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverandtransportsahugeamountofsedimentilltotheriver.Debrisflowdepositinfluencesthecompositionofsedimentandthemorphologyoftheriverbedfromupstreamt6downstreamandthenaffectsthedynamiccharactersandsedimentbudgetoftheYangtzeRiver.Furthermore,itimpactsonthefloodandwaterconservancyengineering.2DEBRISFLOWGULLY--HIGHWAYOFSEDI… 相似文献
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Debris flows are gravity-driven mass movements that are common natural hazards in mountain regions worldwide. Previous work has shown that measurements of ground vibrations are capable of detecting the timing, speed, and location of debris flows. A remaining question is to what extent additional flow properties, such as grain-size distribution and flow depth can be inferred reliably from seismic data. Here, we experimentally explore the relation of seismic vibrations and normal-force fluctuations with debris-flow composition and dynamics. We use a 5.4 m long and 0.3 m wide channel inclined at 20°, equipped with a geophone plate and force plate. We show that seismic vibrations and normal-force fluctuations induced by debris flows are strongly correlated, and that both are affected by debris-flow composition. We find that the effects of the large-particle distribution on seismic vibrations and normal-force fluctuations are substantially more pronounced than the effects of water fraction, clay fraction, and flow volume, especially when normalized by flow depth. We further show that for flows with similar coarse-particle distributions seismic vibrations and normal-force fluctuations can be reasonably well related to flow depth, even if total flow volume, water fraction, and the size distribution of fines varies. Our experimental results shed light on how changes in large-particle, clay, and water fractions affect the seismic and force-fluctuation signatures of debris flows, and provide important guidelines for their interpretation. 相似文献